“Erika”轮溢油事故推动船舶油污法制进步之回顾

为总结"Erika"轮原油泄漏事故造成的影响,通过概述事故概况,分析因事故引发的民事诉讼和刑事诉讼的过程及其法律争议及欧盟相关立法和相关公约修改,认为"Erika"轮溢油事故在客观上推动各国国内立法和国际公约的进步,从而为促进海洋环境保护提供法律层面的保障。     

"JS"轮与"GR"轮碰撞事故调查

2007年5月12日0308时左右,从烟台开往大连的圣文森特籍集装箱船"JS"轮和从营口开往韩国DANGZIN港的韩国籍杂货船"GR"轮在38°14'.41N121°42.17E处发生碰撞,事故造成"GR"轮沉没,船上16名船员6人死亡、10人失踪.     

"国家赔偿"遭遇尴尬

2001年4月17日,在东海长江口外,韩国"大勇"轮与香港"大望"轮相撞.虽然上海海事、环保等部门实行了紧急清污、防污处理,但"大勇"轮依然泄露了700多吨苯乙烯.这是迄今为止世界上最大的苯乙烯泄露事故.由于苯乙烯是国际卫生组织确认的致癌物,具有强烈的腐蚀性和毒性,危害胜于石油污染,此次泄露,不仅严重影响了海洋生物链,而且还对附近的空气和居民生命造成一定的污染和威胁.     

建立海上避难地的意义与现状

船舶在航行中可能发生船舶损害,需要沿岸国家提供合适的水域场所——避难地进行维修、后勤保障及人员医疗等安全的操作。文中总结提出了设置避难地的发展历程以及对海上船舶、人命和环境安全的保障作用;介绍了国际海事组织（IMO）和有关国家对建立海上避难地的观点;提出了选择避难地应该考虑的基本问题。     

雾中雾后"5·12"——"GOLDEN ROSE"轮沉没的日日夜夜

5月12日,韩国籍货船"GOLDEN ROSE"轮与圣文森特籍货船"JIN SHENG"轮在渤海湾口以东海域发生碰撞,造成"GOLDEN ROSE"轮沉没。事发后,中央领导高度重视,多次作出重要批示。中国海事局迅速组织了大规模的搜救行动,并及时与韩国有关方面进行沟通。中、韩两国对碰撞事故及搜救行动极为重视,依据两国在2005年达成的海上事故调查合作协议,由中国海事局、大韩国中央海洋安全审判院组成的"5·12"碰撞事故联合调查组,对事故展开联合调查。6月15日,中韩事故调查组组长签署了《中国海事局与大韩民国中央海洋安全审判院联合调查会议纪要》。6月19日,"5·12"碰撞事故新闻发布会同一时间分别在北京和首尔召开。中国交通部体改法规司司长、新闻发言人何建中与中国海事局常务副局长刘功臣、副局长王金付在北京发布会上公布了"5·12"碰撞事故调查结果,并答中外记者问。     

船舶油污事故中行政责任和民事责任之辨析——以"达飞佛罗里达"轮船舶油污事故为例

船舶油污事故中肇事船舶的违法行为同时符合多种法律规定,肇事船舶除了承担污染侵权行为的民事赔偿责任,还应当被追究行政责任。在海事行政管理以及司法实践中,两种责任之间交错、混淆的情况极为常见。结合"达飞佛罗里达"轮案例,对船舶油污事故中的民事责任、行政责任加以辨析,厘清两者在法律适用上的区别,以期为海事行政主管机关处理相关类似案件提供指引。     

谈如何选取船舶避难场所

船舶在遭遇严重险情事故时,需要在一个适当的海域采取必要的措施以稳定险情事故的状况,防止其进一步恶化升级。作为国家海上交通安全的主管机关,海事部门在接到遇险船舶的避难申请时,如何根据险情事故的具体情况对可能作为避难场所海域面临的风险做出全面评估?文中尝试分析船舶避难场所选择的基本原则、考虑因素和评估指标,为科学评估和选择船舶避难场所提供决策参考。     

"J.R"轮主机连杆大端化瓦事故原因分析及处理措施

文章分析了“J.R”轮主机连杆大端化瓦事故的直接原因,以及造成事故扩大的原因,并提出处理措施及日常管理注意问题.     

中国救捞史上创新之举——记"大舜"轮整体打捞成功

1999年的".11.24"渤海海难事故,是我国建国以来最大的一次海难事故.交通部救捞局奉命整体打捞"大舜"轮,这是一项重要的事故善后工作,事关稳定,事关大局,中央关心,群众瞩目,责任重大,任务艰巨.     

解析一起碰撞事故"第三者"的责任

本文通过对一起碰撞事故的经过及原因分析,依据相关法律规定,阐述了事故方存在的相互关系的相应责任,并提出了横越过程中的汽渡船舶应作为碰撞事故"第三者"必须承担的责任,也针对目前汽渡船的航行现状提出了安全管理建议。     

EU maritime transport

The purpose of this paper is to summarize the European maritime transport policy within the context of maritime politics at large. At the outset the legal framework conditions and supportive instruments for the shipping and port industries are presented. Against the background of recent accidents at sea, such as the sinking of ERIKA and PRESTIGE, the EU legislation on maritime safety is of particular interest as it is both complex and rapid in reaction to environmental needs and political pressure. Finally, the sensible relationship between the EU as a regional organization and the IMO as “the competent international organization” is discussed with a view to reconcile possible rivalry and to suggest a complementary cooperation between the two organizations.     

The need for a structured policy towards reducing human-factor errors in marine accidents

The paper questions why so little attention has been given to the primary control centre of a merchant ship, namely the bridge, when so many accidents at sea are caused by 'human error'. The paper then suggests that there is a need for a policy which will draw the various threads of the problem together in a form suitable for international discussion and even legislation. The identified areas are those of training, bridge design, psychology and marine traffic discipline.     

近岸钻井平台造成的海洋污染及国际海事立法

墨西哥湾"深水地平线"钻井平台漏油事件震惊世界,使国际社会再度关注近岸钻井平台的污染问题。文中通过介绍近岸钻井平台给海洋环境带来的污染风险,分析现有的国际海事立法现状,并对此方面的立法问题作出评价和展望。     

The need for a structured policy towards reducing human-factor errors in marine accidents

The paper questions why so little attention has been given to the primary control centre of a merchant ship, namely the bridge, when so many accidents at sea are caused by ‘human error’. The paper then suggests that there is a need for a policy which will draw the various threads of the problem together in a form suitable for international discussion and even legislation. The identified areas are those of training, bridge design, psychology and marine traffic discipline.     

From privilege to peril

This article addresses the growing concern over the diminishing legal rights and increasing responsibilities of those in command of ships today. A number of high-profile maritime accidents have focussed on the dilemma faced by shipmasters who appear to be held responsible for actions over which they have little or no control. This seems to indicate that the traditional privilege and honour associated with command appears to have become a risky burden. The article discusses the legal rights and responsibilities that shipmasters have today in terms of international maritime law and policy. Four case studies are utilized to illustrate the problem.     

基于“浴盆”曲线的海事预防分析

船舶海上交通事故是随机事件,很难预测,但事故发生也有其规律,掌握了事故规律就有可能控制和预防事故。通过"浴盆"曲线分析"人"和"机"两因素与海事之间的内在联系,旨在认识海事发生的规律,有效减少发生海事的风险,预防海事的发生。     

Legal Regulation of Land Reclamation in China's Coastal Areas

China's national marine development strategy acknowledges that land reclamation problems cannot be avoided. Land reclamation has increased rapidly, leading to many risks—as regards resources, the environment, and social concerns. China needs to implement measures to control these risks. Analysis of current legal regulations on land reclamation reveals paradoxes of legislation at the national level and varying regional legal practices; there is a shortage of effective and coordinated land reclamation regulations in China. Analysis of the factors that affect land reclamation shows that regulation plays a central role in managing land reclamation. And, through an analysis of the deficiencies in existing legislation and by learning from the experience of other countries, we can propose a direction for China's land reclamation legislation. Such reforms could effectively protect China's marine resources, avoid environmental and societal risks, and contribute to coastline protection.     

关于完善外贸代理制的法律思考

外贸代理制是国际贸易中一项重要的法律制度。由于立法滞后,外贸代理制在我国没有得到有效推行。加入WTO后,中国的各项法律制度都面临考验。外贸代理制的立法问题,关系到我国的对外贸易法律体系得以完善,与国际规则相接轨。     

港口机械设备“三三三”管理思想

针对目前设备管理存在的主要问题，积极创新设备管理理念，先后提出了设备管理“三个零”、“三个环境”建设以及“三个服务”的指导思想。对于提高设备的综合效率和保障设备安全生产起到了很大的作用，走出了一条具有特色的设备管理之路。     

论国际海运碳减排立法趋势及我国之对策

通过立法来规制国际海运产生的碳排放已成为包括IMO、欧盟在内的政府间国际组织及有关国家减少二氧化碳排放,应对气候变化的重要手段。有必要对目前影响较大的国际海运碳减排立法情况进行梳理,并据此提出我国的应对策略。