追尾碰撞主动头枕的控制策略研究

追尾碰撞事故导致挥鞭伤,造成了很大的社会经济支出。根据生物力学的研究成果,在追尾碰撞发生时,减小头枕与头部的水平距离可以降低挥鞭伤的程度。为了弥补传统纯机械主动头枕响应滞后的不足,采用机电结合的方法,根据自主巡航系统提供的信息,提前判断并启动头枕,从而保护乘员。分析了追尾碰撞中颈部的保护策略,研究了追尾防撞和预警算法,根据基于安全间距的追尾防撞模型和安全度评定算法编写了可视化的判断算例。算例具有如下功能:根据输入的跟车信息判断安全度;追尾碰撞NIC值的估算;碰撞后两车的运动追踪。     

挥鞭伤及相关法规研究

为降低在低速追尾碰撞中乘员颈部受到的挥鞭伤害,文章对挥鞭伤生成原理、E-NCAP及C-NCAP挥鞭伤试验的评价方法进行了研究,并依据E-NCAP中等强度动态试验标准,对普通头枕及Re-active头枕进行试验对比,从结果评价中可看出,Re-active头枕在头枕接触时间、颈部伤害指标NIC、Nkm及上颈部剪切力4方面均优于普通头枕,试验结果总得分也高于普通头枕,说明Re-active头枕能够在低速尾碰过程中更有效地保护乘员头颈部。     

正面碰撞后排女性乘员颈部损伤研究及改进方案验证

针对正面碰撞工况中乘用车后排5%女性乘员颈部损伤问题,对乘员颈部损伤与乘员运动及安全带约束之间的关系进行研究,建立颈部损伤机理矩阵分析模型,提出基于安全带力作用的碰撞过程三区间分段分析改进方案,并通过整车试验对比验证了该改进方案的有效性。结果表明,该方案颈部拉伸力F_z平均降低32%,颈部伸展力矩M_ocy平均降低67%,头部损伤指标HIC₁₅平均降低61%,提高了后排5%女性乘员头颈部的碰撞安全性。     

汽车儿童乘员事故重建研究

首先,采用PC-Crash软件进行两车碰撞事故再现,求得目标车辆沿X、Y轴的加速度和绕Z轴的转动角度.然后,将PC-Crash求得的结果作为MADYMO模型的初始边界条件,模拟儿童乘员头、颈及胸部的动力学响应.结果表明:仿真中两碰撞车辆停止位置与实际事故中的情况较好地吻合;儿童乘员头、颈、胸部的动力学响应较好反映了儿童乘员实际的损伤情况.前排座椅头枕、座椅安全带及头、胸部运动的不同步分别是导致儿童乘员头、胸及颈部损伤的主要原因.     

Similarity of the measured NIC of a BioRID II dummy in car-to-car rear end impact and sled experiments

The Japan New Car Assessment Program (J-NCAP) evaluates the performance of cars in terms of protection against whiplash injuries in rear-end collisions. In the test protocol, a simplified triangular acceleration is applied to the sled. This study clarifies whether biofidelic rear-impact dummy II (BioRID II) measurements obtained for simplified triangular acceleration reflect car-to-car rear-end impacts in real-world accidents in Japan. We conducted a car-to-car rear-end impact experiment and a simplified-triangular-acceleration sled test. Our results indicate that the time series of dummy responses were approximately consistent in the two test conditions. The neck injury criterion (NIC) and maximum acceleration of the head and T1 measured using the BioRID II dummy were similar in the car-to-car and sled experiments. This revealed that the J-NCAP test protocol using simplified triangular acceleration reflects the car-to-car rear-end impact experiment using Japanese cars, in terms of the NIC and maximum acceleration of the head and T1.     

基于多特征融合的行人意图以及行人轨迹预测方法研究

行人作为重要的交通参与者,其行走意图和轨迹预测对智能驾驶汽车的决策规划具有重要意义。基于注意力机制增强的长短时记忆(Long Short-term Memory, LSTM)网络,设计一种多特征融合的行人意图以及行人轨迹预测方法。该方法通过融合行人骨架和头部方向特征,以加强行人运动特征的表达,并将融合特征作为意图预测网络输入,继而得到行人意图;由于行人运动具有不确定性,将行人意图预测类别和历史轨迹坐标的联合向量作为行人轨迹预测网络的输入,以期生成更为精确的轨迹预测结果。此外,在轨迹预测网络中引入注意力机制,以加强LSTM对各个时刻编码向量的有效利用,从而提高网络的行人轨迹预测性能,并基于Daimler数据集进行训练及验证。研究结果表明：所提出的多特征意图预测方法准确率可达96.0%,优于基于骨架单特征的意图预测网络;在预测时域为1 s的情况下,预测轨迹的位置均方根误差为347 mm,相较于恒速度(Constant Velocity, CV)模型、交互多模型(Interacting Multiple Model, IMM)、常规LSTM等基线方法均有明显的提升;在实际场景分析中,提出的方...     

儿童增高座椅安全带约束路径研究

儿童乘员使用成人安全带约束的儿童增高座椅在发生正面碰撞时,会出现肩部安全带过于接近颈部以及腰部安全带从盆骨滑移的现象,从而导致颈部拉力和弯矩过大,以及造成腹部压力过大的情况.针对该问题进行研究,通过对肩带导向及腰带导向的不同位置进行优化组合,寻找能有效改善该问题的安全带约束路径,同时减少儿童乘员受到的伤害.研究结果表明...     

行人头部伤害与头部碰撞试验方法的相关性分析

本文通过对行人交通事故数据的统计分析,讨论造成行人头部伤害的原因与规律,并对现行的头部模块碰撞试验方法与行人交通事故的相关性进行了分析与讨论。结果表明,碰撞前行人的运动状态对碰撞结果有显著影响,目前EEVC头部模块试验方法中规定的碰撞方向与实际行人碰撞事故中行人头部的碰撞方向存在较大差异;行人头部与风档玻璃、A柱区域以及地面发生碰撞的可能性均比较大,所以有必要通过进一步的试验研究,分析头部与这些区域发生碰撞的规律,并将其纳入头部模块的碰撞试验中。     

基于交通事故深度调查数据的行人头部损伤特征研究

基于未来出行交通事故场景研究 （Future Mobile Traffic Accident Scenario Study,FASS） 数据库中135例人车碰 撞事故深度调查数据,对造成行人头部损伤的来源及车速对头部损伤来源的影响进行了统计分析。采用Spearman相关系 数检验法,建立了车辆速度区间与头部平均 MAIS 的回归模型。结果表明,行人头部致伤物主要来源于车辆,占比约 58%,其次为地面,占比约40%。行人事故中,碰撞车速对行人头部损伤来源的分布情况有一定的影响,当车速低于30 km/h时,行人头部损伤主要来源为地面,当车速为 ［30,50］ km/h时,车辆和地面对行人头部造成的损伤风险相近,当 车速高于 50 km/h时,行人头部损伤主要致伤物来源为车辆。因此,在进行交通损伤流行病学研究、交通损伤事故数据 库构建时,特别是在中低速碰撞中,应重视地面对头部造成损伤的风险。     

汽车座椅头枕结构的参数化设计

利用有限元软件MSC．PATRAN／NASTRAN构建了国产某轿车驾驶员座椅骨架总成有限元模型，并对座椅头枕后移量进行了仿真分析。利用参数化设计语言PCL编写了座椅头枕结构参数化设计程序，分析了座椅头枕结构参数对头枕后移量的影响。     

汽车座椅头枕强度CAE分析及优化设计

建立了汽车座椅有限元分析模型,根据GB115502009《汽车座椅头枕强度要求和试验方法》,对座椅头枕及骨架的强度进行了仿真分析,并根据试验结果对模型进行了试验设计,改进了座椅的结构参数。结构改进后的仿真结果表明,在满足国标要求的前提下,新结构有效地提高了座椅头枕及骨架的强度。     

Aerodynamic design optimization of rear body shapes of a sedan for drag reduction

This study proposes an aerodynamically optimized outer shape of a sedan by using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), which focused on modifying the rear body shapes of the sedan. To determine the optimization variables, the unsteady flow field around the sedan driving at very fast speeds was analyzed by CFD simulation, and fluctuations of the drag coefficient (C _D ) and pressure around the car were calculated. After consideration of the baseline result of CFD, 6 local parts from the end of the sedan were chosen as the design variables for optimization. Moreover, an ANN approximation model was established with 64 experimental points generated by the D-optimal methodology. As a result, an aerodynamically optimized shape for the rear end of the sedan in which the aerodynamic performance is improved by about 5.64% when compared to the baseline vehicle is proposed. Finally, it is expected that within the accepted range of shape modifications for a rear body, the aerodynamic performance of a sedan can be enhanced so that the fuel efficiency of the sedan can be improved. The YF SONATA, a sedan manufactured by Hyundai Motors Corporate, played a major role in this research as the baseline vehicle.     

Injury analysis of pedestrians in collisions using the pedestrian deformable model

Vehicle safety has become the most important issue in automobile design. However, all efforts to improve safety devices focus on enhancing safety features for occupants. Notably, pedestrians are the second largest category of motor vehicle deaths, after occupants, and account for about 13 percent of motor vehicle deaths. It is essential to design pedestrian-friendly vehicles and pedestrian protection systems to reduce pedestrian fatalities and injuries. To effectively assess pedestrian injuries resulting from vehicle impact, a deformable pedestrian model must be developed for vehicle-pedestrian collision analysis. This study constructs a pedestrian-collision numerical model based on LS-DYNA finite element code. To verify the accuracy of the proposed deformable pedestrian model, experimental data are used in the pedestrian model test. This study applies the proposed model to analyze the dynamic responses and injuries of pedestrians involved in collisions. The modeled results can help assess vehicle pedestrian friendliness and assist in the future development of pedestrian-friendly vehicle technologies.     

正面碰撞时轿车后排乘员的保护

为提高轿车后排乘员在发生正面碰撞时的安全性,文章利用碰撞仿真分析软件MADYMO,建立包括某轿车车体、安全带和假人的乘员约束系统正面碰撞模型,并与碰撞试验结果进行对比,验证了模型有效性。利用该模型对安全带形式和座垫角度对乘员的HIC、胸部3ms加速度和左右大腿力等损伤值的影响进行了比较,表明使用3点式安全带同时匹配座垫倾角25°的方法,能使头部损伤下降59%,胸部伤害下降20%,腿部损伤下降70%,有效提高后排乘员的安全性。     

Lumped mass-spring model construction for crash analysis using full frontal impact test data

Lumped Mass-Spring (LMS) model is simple but very effective for the design study of vehicle crashworthiness and occupant safety. To construct the LMS model, the SISAME software and the NHTSA test data were used. Using the SISAME, the weights of mass elements and the load-paths of spring elements were optimally and directly extracted from the test data. Among the various types of spring, the segmented inelastic type of spring was effective for the vehicle crash analysis. In this study, to obtain the occupant injuries such as HIC15 and 3 ms Chest g’s, the LMS model containing the occupant model consisted of the head, chest and pelvis was developed and validated. The modeling for the chest deflection and neck injuries was not considered in this study because of the modeling difficulties and the limitation of the SISAME software. The simulation results of occupants showed good agreements with the test results. The modeling idea for the occupant was simple but very effective.     

基于潜类别Logit模型的两轮车骑行者头部损伤影响因素研究

为研究汽车-两轮车碰撞事故中骑行者头部伤害的影响机理,探究头部损伤致因关系中存在的模式差异与异质性,基于中国交通事故深入研究（CIDAS）数据库中的2 806起两轮车事故,建立潜类别Logit模型。以骑行者头部伤害严重程度为因变量,将驾驶人、车辆、道路、环境和事故碰撞特征的相关因素作为自变量,取显著水平为0.05,建立多项式Logit模型,在此基础上根据拟合优度指标确定最优分组数并构建出潜类别Logit模型。研究结果表明:模型将事故样本划分为2个类别群体,2个群体在参数、变量分布特征和预测概率上存在显著差异,当事故样本具有“两轮车初始速度>30 km/h”、“骑行者碰撞后抛出距离>10 m”等特征时易被归类到类别1,且类别1对应于更严重的头部伤害;骑行者年龄>50岁、汽车类型为商用货车、两轮车类型为摩托车、事故发生在市区外、两轮车初始速度>30 km/h、头部碰撞玻璃和抛出距离>5 m都会增加头部损伤的严重程度;汽车驾驶人行驶意图为停车或变道时,存在造成严重两轮车事故的风险;佩戴头盔会减弱骑行者头部受到的伤害。      

基于数值生物力学模型的汽车正面碰撞中肥胖驾驶员头颈部损伤研究

以THUMS男性50百分位有限元模型为研究对象,使用Hypermesh软件中的Hypermorph功能对THUMS男性50百分位有限元模型进行网格变形,得到一系列不同BMI的肥胖有限元模型.建立了汽车正面100％重叠率碰撞仿真模型,对比了肥胖乘员与非肥胖乘员头、颈部的损伤差异.研究表明,头部损伤部分,BMI并未对HIC...     

EQ140汽车驱动桥壳疲劳试验结果分析

本文用三种单一路面载荷谱对ＥＱ１４０汽车驱动桥壳进行了强化程序疲劳试验，并对疲劳断口进行了宏观和微观分析，从而找出了它的破坏机理的原因，并提出了改善ＥＱ１４０汽车驱动桥壳疲劳强度的措施。     

混三五百分位女性假人颈部标定中转角测量技术研究

在混三五百分位女性假人颈部标定试验中,由于其颈部直径较小,使得转角传感器的质量对头颈部整体的质心偏扭作用增大,从而影响了假人颈部转角的测量精度。采用在转角测量传感器相对侧增加平衡块装置的方法,以平衡颈部偏扭作用的影响,并结合高速摄像运动分析,对比了施加平衡块前后得到的转角测量数据。结果表明:该方法明显改善了头颈部的偏扭作用,提高了颈部转角测量精度。     

基于FEMFAT的扭转梁式后桥疲劳强度研究

针对某新车型上扭转梁式后桥弯曲疲劳试验不合格的情况,对该零件疲劳寿命的各影响因素进行分析和研究,利用FEMFAT进行疲劳强度模拟分析,提出改进方案。通过调整结构局部形状及合理选择材料,完全可以使零件满足弯曲疲劳试验的技术要求,经过对改进样件的试验验证,改进后的扭转梁式后桥在弯曲疲劳试验中的寿命比改进前提高近200%。