Development of Headform Impactor Finite Element Model Considering the Hyperelastic and Viscoelastic Responses of Rubber

To evaluate and analyze the pedestrian injury risk of automobiles, the finite element models of headform impactors are used. In this study, a modeling method that can accurately estimate the peak of the headform impactor impact pulse and head injury criterion (HIC) was developed. The headform impactor skin has the characteristics of both hyperelasticity and viscoelasticity. Therefore, compression tests, stress relaxation tests, and rheometer tests were conducted, and the hyperelastic and viscoelastic models were developed. The models were combined and used in the finite element analysis. The new headform impactor model was verified to accurately estimate the peak of impact pulse and HIC at the certification test of the headform impactor.     

行人头型撞击前风挡玻璃区域的损伤风险分析

针对行人头部防护开展研究,建立了符合GTR要求的4.5kg成人头部模型.通过虚拟试验方法使用成人头部模型对轿车前风挡玻璃进行冲击分析,比较不同碰撞部位及相关结构对人体头部损伤评价指标的影响.结果表明,头部损伤风险表现出明显的区域分布趋势,针对特定结构进行设计,可以有效降低风挡玻璃导致头部损伤的风险.     

行人被面包车碰撞的运动学规律

为了丰富人车碰撞事故运动学理论,同时为面包车碰撞行人事故的分析鉴定提供理论支撑,对20～110 km·h^-1车辆碰撞速度下行人被面包车碰撞后的运动规律进行研究。利用多刚体建模系统PC-Crash软件构建面包车与行人碰撞仿真模型,并通过仿真获得多种碰撞条件下行人碰撞后的纵向/横向抛距、抛射高度、抛射角度、空中旋转圈数、躯干合成速度和头部合成加速度等运动学数据。结合国家车辆事故深度调查体系（NAIS）中14例具有可靠数据的事故样本进行比较验证。定义并提出了行人被面包车碰撞后的拱推型运动形态,以区别于长头车碰撞的卷绕型和平头车碰撞的推掷型。结果表明：拱推型碰撞中行人会在瞬间被加速到车辆碰撞速度的111%～127%;在高速（110 km·h^-1）碰撞中,头部合成加速度值超过3 000 m·s^-2,头部损伤指标（HIC）值超过7 500;行人空中旋转不超过3圈,被抛高度不超过4.0 m,抛射角度介于6°～11°;行人抛距与车辆碰撞速度之间的关系可以用幂函数模型进行描述;碰撞接触位置、车型外廓参数、行人行走速度和行人碰撞姿势对行人被抛运动形态有一定程度的影响,相对标准碰撞的影响程度一般在5%以内,最大不超过10%（边翻型除外）;行人头部损伤安全界限（HIC值为1 000）对应的车辆碰撞速度约为55 km·h^-1;边翻型碰撞中行人的运动形态与拱推型差别较大,横向抛距最大可达12.0 m。     

汽车发动机罩儿童行人保护安全性仿真研究

重点进行儿童头型撞击发动机罩的试验研究,建立数学模型,通过仿真来分析在不同发动机罩结构、不同撞击位置等条件下头部HIC值及头部位移量的变化情况.     

行人头部伤害与头部碰撞试验方法的相关性分析

本文通过对行人交通事故数据的统计分析,讨论造成行人头部伤害的原因与规律,并对现行的头部模块碰撞试验方法与行人交通事故的相关性进行了分析与讨论。结果表明,碰撞前行人的运动状态对碰撞结果有显著影响,目前EEVC头部模块试验方法中规定的碰撞方向与实际行人碰撞事故中行人头部的碰撞方向存在较大差异;行人头部与风档玻璃、A柱区域以及地面发生碰撞的可能性均比较大,所以有必要通过进一步的试验研究,分析头部与这些区域发生碰撞的规律,并将其纳入头部模块的碰撞试验中。     

有利于行人头保护的风挡玻璃下横梁结构优化设计与试验验证

基于某车型的风挡玻璃下横梁结构,针对提高行人头保护性能进行了优化设计.结果表明,优化后的风挡玻璃下横梁可以提供更大的变形吸能空间,降低加速度峰值和HIC值,提高行人保护性能,为车型行人保护性能评价和开发改进提供借鉴.     

行人保护气囊设计与验证

在近几年我国实际交通事故中,超过70%的事故涉及弱势道路使用者,汽车对他们的保护需求日益凸显。本文中基于一款A级轿车,对能保护弱势道路使用者头部、并与弹起式发动机罩相配合的保护气囊(简称行人气囊)进行了设计和验证。首先,设计行人气囊的包型和布置,基于弹起式发动机罩仿真行人气囊头型冲击、联动展开等工况;其次,利用试验和理论推导对仿真结果进行验证,修正行人气囊和弹起式发动机罩的关键参数;最后,基于C-NCAP头型冲击试验,探究该行人气囊的保护效果。试验结果表明,基于该车开发的行人气囊对头部的保护效果良好,伤害降低60%以上,得分率高达93.1%。     

假人主要伤害值对等效双梯形减速度曲线的灵敏度分析

文中利用同时配置气囊和安全带、只配置安全气囊以及只配置安全带的3种不同正碰台车试验的MADYMO数学仿真模型,分析了等效双梯形曲线不同特征参数对假人头部HIC值、胸部3ms累积加速度以及胸部变形量等3种伤害值的影响.     

正面碰撞后排女性乘员颈部损伤研究及改进方案验证

针对正面碰撞工况中乘用车后排5%女性乘员颈部损伤问题,对乘员颈部损伤与乘员运动及安全带约束之间的关系进行研究,建立颈部损伤机理矩阵分析模型,提出基于安全带力作用的碰撞过程三区间分段分析改进方案,并通过整车试验对比验证了该改进方案的有效性。结果表明,该方案颈部拉伸力F_z平均降低32%,颈部伸展力矩M_ocy平均降低67%,头部损伤指标HIC₁₅平均降低61%,提高了后排5%女性乘员头颈部的碰撞安全性。     

Analysis of neck fractures from frontal collisions at low speeds

Neck fracture is a major cause of death in traffic accidents. This pattern of injury normally occurs in a frontal collision or overturn of a vehicle. This study investigates the case of a neck fracture from a low-speed collision. In the examined case, the passenger in the front seat of the car fractured his neck and died. He did not have his seatbelt on when the vehicle slipped on a frozen road surface on a downward slope of a hill and impacted into the shoulder of the road at low speed. In this type of collision, an occupant’s body will be impacted by the windshield or other interior trim of the car. However, in this case, rather unusually, neither body tissue nor fiber remained although the collision involved a broken windshield. Thus, the reason for the passenger death was unidentified. This study applied the computer simulation package Madymo for analyzing the accident. The result of the simulation was that the passenger, who did not wear a seatbelt, moved forward due to inertia. The upper part of the passenger then rotated and lifted when the knee contacted with the dashboard. By evaluating the structural deformation of the vehicle at the front, we deduced that the collision velocity was 30 km/h. Through a computational experiment that was undertaken using Madymo 7.0, NIC was estimated to be 240 m²/s². This result far exceeded the threshold for neck injuries. In particular, in comparison with whiplash injuries, when the passenger’s head directly impacts the roof following a rear-end collision, the bending moment through hyperextension of the neck is greatly increased. In this study, we concluded that the manner of death was the hyperextension of the neck, as the passenger’s head contacted the roof from underneath.     

基于数值生物力学模型的汽车正面碰撞中肥胖驾驶员头颈部损伤研究

以THUMS男性50百分位有限元模型为研究对象,使用Hypermesh软件中的Hypermorph功能对THUMS男性50百分位有限元模型进行网格变形,得到一系列不同BMI的肥胖有限元模型.建立了汽车正面100％重叠率碰撞仿真模型,对比了肥胖乘员与非肥胖乘员头、颈部的损伤差异.研究表明,头部损伤部分,BMI并未对HIC...     

货车-两轮车前碰撞事故中骑行者运动学响应及损伤分析

为探究货车-两轮车前部碰撞事故中参与双方速度对骑行者运动学响应与损伤的影响,基于MADYMO软件开展事故重建并进行了分析。建立了货车和两轮车的多体碰撞模型,对一起货车前部碰撞两轮车事故进行了事故重建;使用验证后的模型进行了25组不同速度下的全因子仿真试验;分析了不同碰撞速度和骑行速度对骑行者运动学响应和损伤的影响。研究结果表明,骑行者身体旋转幅度会随着两轮车及货车车速的升高而增加;当货车速度超过 20 km/h时,骑行者头部损伤指标 （Head Injury Criterion,HIC） 与胸部3 ms加速度将超过阈值;而当货车速度超过25 km/h时,骑行者下肢接触力也超过阈值;货车速度处于 30～40 km/h时,相同货车速度下,骑行者头部 HIC值出现随着两轮车速度的增加而升高的趋势,而胸部加速度出现相反的趋势。     

正面碰撞时轿车后排乘员的保护

为提高轿车后排乘员在发生正面碰撞时的安全性,文章利用碰撞仿真分析软件MADYMO,建立包括某轿车车体、安全带和假人的乘员约束系统正面碰撞模型,并与碰撞试验结果进行对比,验证了模型有效性。利用该模型对安全带形式和座垫角度对乘员的HIC、胸部3ms加速度和左右大腿力等损伤值的影响进行了比较,表明使用3点式安全带同时匹配座垫倾角25°的方法,能使头部损伤下降59%,胸部伤害下降20%,腿部损伤下降70%,有效提高后排乘员的安全性。     

不同座椅安装方向下Q3损伤研究

针对目前儿童保护不足的问题,本文分析了10款轿车在50km/h的正面100％重叠刚性壁障碰撞试验中Q3儿童假人的损伤情况,同时比较了儿童座椅在前向安装以及后向安装下儿童的损伤情况,依据C-NCAP(2021)中的评价项对儿童假人的头部、颈部、胸部进行分析.结果表明,在儿童座椅后向安装的情况下,儿童头部、颈部、胸部的损伤...     

从道路交通事故研究看我国汽车正面碰撞法规试验形式

基于我国道路交通深度事故调查中所得数据,从碰撞位置与重叠率、碰撞速度和人员伤亡等方面,分析100%重叠率刚性固定壁障碰撞试验和40%重叠率偏置可变形壁障碰撞试验与我国交通事故形态和人员伤害与特征的关联度.讨论现有正面碰撞法规的试验形式的局限性,并论证了将偏置正面碰撞推荐性标准纳入我国正面碰撞强制性标准体系的必要性和紧迫性.     

Full frontal impact virtual proving ground and body energy analysis

Based on national passive safety rules, the full frontal impact virtual proving ground was established to get deceleration of B pillar, head acceleration, HIC value, chest acceleration, and femur axial force. The simulation results were compared with that of the test. Absorption energy distribution and distributive ratio of every body section were analyzed. According to the energy analysis, the design reasonableness of body parts was estimated, and two improved methods were put forward, one for material properties, the other for part dimension. Then hood was taken as an example to prove the two methods we put forward to be effective.     

汽车低速追尾碰撞中人体颈部伤害及保护系统研究

在MADYMO软件中使用BioRIDⅡ后碰撞假人建立追尾碰撞模型,分析了头枕位置和倾角参数对汽车发生追尾碰撞时头颈部动力学的影响,并使用颈部损伤准则值NIC和Nkm来评估颈部损伤的风险。仿真结果表明这些因素对颈部的动力学响应有着重要影响,高而且靠近头部,并且有适当增大倾角的头枕,有助于减小颈部的损伤。     

Vulnerable road users: Cross-cultural perspectives on performance and attitudes

Pedestrians, cyclists and powered two-wheeler riders are considered vulnerable road users, as they are prone to a high risk of injury in the event of vehicular collision. This paper sought to elucidate the road safety performance and attitudes of vulnerable road users in 32 countries. In addition, comparisons between countries and demographic characteristics have been conducted, and recommendations that could enhance vulnerable road users' safety have been provided. For the study, data from the second edition of the ESRA survey (E-Survey on Road Users' Attitudes – ESRA2) conducted in 2018 were utilized. The results indicate that crossing the road at places other than nearby pedestrian crossings, reading a text message or checking social media while walking on the streets, cycling and riding without wearing a helmet, and speeding on powered two-wheelers outside built-up areas but not on motorways/freeways were the most frequently reported self-declared behaviours in the 32 countries. Finally, some solutions on preventing road crashes and increasing vulnerable road users' safety such as infrastructure interventions, use of protective equipment, and training and educational campaigns are discussed.     

Analyzing pedestrian head injury to design pedestrian-friendly hoods

Head injuries are a major cause of fatalities in pedestrian-car accidents. The HIC (Head Injury Criterion) value, a measure of the fatality risk of a head injury, is calculated from the acceleration of the head’s center of gravity (henceforth, head center) resulting from a head impact. The pedestrian’s head does not impact the hood at a direction normal to the hood’s surface. The direction of motion of the head center may change extremely rapidly upon impact, and normal acceleration may also significantly contribute to the resultant acceleration of the head center. Therefore, pedestrian head protection studies should consider how normal acceleration contributes to the resultant acceleration of the head center. It is necessary to control the resultant acceleration of the head center to produce an optimal characteristic pulse. This study analyzes the composition and variations of the head’s acceleration in head-to-hood impacts, focusing on exactly how the normal and tangential components of the acceleration contribute to the resultant acceleration of the head center. This study also considers how structural design parameters affect each component of the resultant acceleration. Methods to control the resultant acceleration of the head center to produce an optimal characteristic pulse can be proposed based on the results of this study. The analytical models and the results of this study contribute to efforts to design vehicle hoods and pave the way for developing pedestrian protection technologies.     

基于轿车-行人事故重建的行人颅脑损伤研究

通过深入的轿车-行人事故调查研究建立了行人事故数据库,挑选了其中12例轿车-行人碰撞事故,运用轿车-行人碰撞多体模型进行了事故重建.根据其结果,采用回归分析方法建立了运动学参数与行人颅脑损伤的相关回归模型,求得各参数之间的相关性.研究结果表明,轿车-行人碰撞速度与头部碰撞时间、头部碰撞相对速度、行人抛出距离以及头部损伤HIC值之间有着显著的相关性;速度限制和改进汽车前部结构可在一定程度上降低行人头部损伤风险.