Index

A method is presented for the dynamic analysis of contact deformation for rolling tire on a road. The tire is modeled as an inextensible ring on elastic foundation with damping. Under known radial deflection, the ground contact region is predicted by solving simplified ring motion equation, treating ground contacting as a boundary condition. Furthermore, the effect of internal damping and rotating speed is analyzed on contact region.     

In-plane Dynamics of Tires on the Road Based on an Experimentally Verified Rolling Ring Model

The dynamic behavior of tires rolling on the road is predicted based on a ring model that is experimentally verified to well represent a real tire. The road contact is kinematically represented by two displacement constraints, one in radial and one in tangential direction. The displacement constraints are enforced via the receptance theory. The receptance matrix developed for the rolling tire is found to be Hermitian. Numerical results show that the natural (or eigen-) frequencies of the rolling tire with road contact are, as expected, higher than those of the tire with no contact. The influence of the rotating speed to the eigen-frquencies of the tire is also shown. Analytic expressions for the mode shapes of a rolling tire with ground contact are derived.     

In-plane Dynamics of Tires on the Road Based on an Experimentally Verified Rolling Ring Model

SUMMARY

The dynamic behavior of tires rolling on the road is predicted based on a ring model that is experimentally verified to well represent a real tire. The road contact is kinematically represented by two displacement constraints, one in radial and one in tangential direction. The displacement constraints are enforced via the receptance theory. The receptance matrix developed for the rolling tire is found to be Hermitian. Numerical results show that the natural (or eigen-) frequencies of the rolling tire with road contact are, as expected, higher than those of the tire with no contact. The influence of the rotating speed to the eigen-frquencies of the tire is also shown. Analytic expressions for the mode shapes of a rolling tire with ground contact are derived.     

The Circumferential Contact Problem for the Belted Radial Passenger Car Tire

The belted radial passenger car tire is idealized as a prestressed circular ring connected to a hub through a distribution of linear springs modeling the sidewall. A second distribution of such springs exterior to the ring represents the tread rubber. The tire is supposed to be at rest, loaded at its hub, and pressed onto a flat, rigid, frictiontess roadway. In this situation the linear differential equations of the model are solved using a singular perturbation technique. Given the load at the hub, the solutions furnish the length of tread in contact with the road, the radial and circumferential displacement of all points on the ring, and the distribution of pressure over the region of contact.     

商用车轮胎花纹对车辆燃油经济性的影响

轮胎作为车辆唯一与地面接触的元件,轮胎状态是整车性能表现关键的一环。轮胎花纹对汽车动力性、操控稳定性、整车舒适性和燃油经济性都存在一定影响。其中,轮胎花纹对燃油经济性的影响主要体现在对轮胎滚阻系数的影响,理清轮胎花纹形式和燃油经济性的关系对整车轮胎选型有着重要的意义。     

山区高速公路坡面荷载的动态效应与实测研究

为了获取公路陡坡路段荷载对路面结构的动态效应,为理论计算分析和试验分析提供可靠的参数,利用自主开发的轮胎对地压力动态分布实时测量装置,进行了不同车型、不同载重、不同车速和不同纵坡条件下坡面轮胎接地压力的动态测量,得出了不同速度下坡面轮胎接地压力的分布及其变化规律。结果表明,高速运动状态下,重载货车轮胎接地形状近似于矩形,车速越高接地形状接近矩形的相似程度愈高;随着车速提高,接地压力的分布形式从凸起型分布逐渐向鞍型分布演变,接地压力峰值逐渐减小;运动状态下,车辆轮胎接地压力在行进方向上呈半正弦波分布,在横向上表现为非均匀分布。     

Numerical method for simulating tire rolling noise by the concept of periodically exciting contact force

For the numerical simulation of tire rolling noise, an important subject is the extraction of normal velocity data of the tire surface that are essential for the acoustic analysis. In the current study, a concept of periodically exciting contact force is introduced to effectively extract the tire normal velocity data. The ground contact pressure within contact patch that is obtained by the static tire contact analysis is periodically applied to the whole tread surface of stationary tire. The periodically exciting contact forces are sequentially applied with a time delay corresponding to the tire rolling speed. The tire vibration is analyzed by the mode superposition in the frequency domain, and the acoustic analysis is performed by commercial BEM code. The proposed method is illustrated through the numerical experiment of 3-D smooth tire model and verified from the comparison with experiment, and furthermore the acoustical responses are investigated to the tire rolling speed.     

Dynamic Friction Models for Road/Tire Longitudinal Interaction

Summary In this paper we derive a new dynamic friction force model for the longitudinal road/tire interaction for wheeled ground vehicles. The model is based on a dynamic friction model developed previously for contact-point friction problems, called the LuGre model. By assuming a contact patch between the tire and the ground we develop a partial differential equation for the distribution of the friction force along the patch. An ordinary differential equation (the lumped model) for the friction force is developed, based on the patch boundary conditions and the normal force distribution along the contact patch. This lumped model is derived to approximate closely the distributed friction model. Contrary to common static friction/slip maps, it is shown that this new dynamic friction model is able to capture accurately the transient behaviour of the friction force observed during transitions between braking and acceleration. A velocity-dependent, steady-state expression of the friction force versus the slip coefficient is also developed that allows easy tuning of the model parameters by comparison with steady-state experimental data. Experimental results validate the accuracy of the new tire friction model in predicting the friction force during transient vehicle motion. It is expected that this new model will be very helpful for tire friction modeling as well as for anti-lock braking (ABS) and traction control design.     

Dynamic Friction Models for Road/Tire Longitudinal Interaction

Summary In this paper we derive a new dynamic friction force model for the longitudinal road/tire interaction for wheeled ground vehicles. The model is based on a dynamic friction model developed previously for contact-point friction problems, called the LuGre model. By assuming a contact patch between the tire and the ground we develop a partial differential equation for the distribution of the friction force along the patch. An ordinary differential equation (the lumped model) for the friction force is developed, based on the patch boundary conditions and the normal force distribution along the contact patch. This lumped model is derived to approximate closely the distributed friction model. Contrary to common static friction/slip maps, it is shown that this new dynamic friction model is able to capture accurately the transient behaviour of the friction force observed during transitions between braking and acceleration. A velocity-dependent, steady-state expression of the friction force versus the slip coefficient is also developed that allows easy tuning of the model parameters by comparison with steady-state experimental data. Experimental results validate the accuracy of the new tire friction model in predicting the friction force during transient vehicle motion. It is expected that this new model will be very helpful for tire friction modeling as well as for anti-lock braking (ABS) and traction control design.     

轮胎结构有限元分析应用于子午线轮胎帘线受力特性的研究

建立了195／60R14型子午线轮胎三维非线性有限元模型，研究了在静负荷作用下轮胎帘线的受力特征。结果表明，静负荷对轮胎接地区域内帘线受力影响显著；模型带束层结构为2层相交的帘线结构，不能构成力学上的对称；带束层角度的变化对帘线剪应力分布有一定的影响，对胎肩部位帘线剪应力影响较大。     

轮胎动态模型的阻尼和对滚动阻力及动态响应影响的分析

在综合了一些文献研究结果的基础上,基于轮胎模态参数模型,给出了不同阻尼环节对滚动阻力及轮胎以不同速度滚越障碍物的动态响应的模拟结果,并部分地与试验结果进行对比,说明具有结构阻尼环节的轮胎模型,对于两者的模拟均给出了更好的定量结果。     

Optimal Performance of Variable Component Suspensions

Most vehicle suspension systems use fixed passive components that offer a compromise in performance between sprung mass isolation, suspension travel, and tireroad contact force. Recently, systems with discretely adjustable dampers and air springs been added to production vehicles. Active and semi-active damping concepts for vehicle suspensions have also been studied theoretically and with physical prototypes. This paper examines the optimal performance comparisons of variable component suspensions, including active damping and full-state feedback, for “quartercar” heave models. Two and three dimensional optimizations are computed using performance indicators to find the component parameters (control gains) that provide “optimal” performance for statistically described roadway inputs. The effects of performance weighting and feedback configuration are examined. Active damping is shown to be mainly important for vehicle isolation. A passive vehicle suspension can control suspension travel and tire contact force nearly as well as a full state feedback control strategy.     

Optimal Performance of Variable Component Suspensions

SUMMARY

Most vehicle suspension systems use fixed passive components that offer a compromise in performance between sprung mass isolation, suspension travel, and tireroad contact force. Recently, systems with discretely adjustable dampers and air springs been added to production vehicles. Active and semi-active damping concepts for vehicle suspensions have also been studied theoretically and with physical prototypes. This paper examines the optimal performance comparisons of variable component suspensions, including active damping and full-state feedback, for “quartercar” heave models. Two and three dimensional optimizations are computed using performance indicators to find the component parameters (control gains) that provide “optimal” performance for statistically described roadway inputs. The effects of performance weighting and feedback configuration are examined. Active damping is shown to be mainly important for vehicle isolation. A passive vehicle suspension can control suspension travel and tire contact force nearly as well as a full state feedback control strategy.     

基于FSI方法的轮胎横向花纹沟泵吸噪声研究

运用abaqus对具有横向花纹槽的轮胎滚动进行仿真,提取轮胎沟槽表面在轮胎接地过程中随时间的变形曲线。建立单个横向花纹沟和其周围的空气域模型,在沟槽表面加载变形曲线,利用FSI方法分析了横向花纹沟尺寸对轮胎花纹沟泵吸噪声的影响。从分析结果可知,轮胎花纹沟泵吸噪声随着沟槽长度的增大而减小,随着沟槽宽度的增大而增大,但随沟槽深度的变化不明显。本文结果与相关文献的试验结果一致,表明FSI方法分析轮胎花纹沟泵吸噪声可行。     

轮胎动刚度和阻尼特性的研究

本文通过轮胎动态实验，采用多元逐步回归技术对实验结果进行了分析，给出了轮胎弹性力与轮胎变形，激振频率之间，以及轮胎阻尼力与轮胎变形速率，激振频之间的关系，分析了充气压力，振幅及滚动速度对轮胎刚度和阻尼特性的影响。     

Performance of Low-bandwidth, Semi-active Damping Concepts for Suspension Control

Active damping has been shown to offer increased suspension performance in terms of vehicle isolation, suspension packaging, and road-tire contact force. It can even approximate the performance of full state feedback control without requiring the difficult measurement of tire deflection. Many semi-active damping strategies have been introduced to approximate the response of active damping with the modulation of passive damping parameters. These strategies have typically required a relatively high bandwidth for actuator response. This paper investigates the simulation performance and “frequency response” of two concepts in low-bandwidth semi-active suspension control, one that sets a damping force directly and another that sets the damping resistance. The electronically controlled bandwidth of these actuators is approximately an order of magnitude less than other semi-active devices; high frequency control is handled mechanically. A quarter-car model is studied with the controlled damping replacing both passive and active damping of typical control schemes. Both low-bandwidth damping strategies perform remarkably well compared to both active and high-bandwidth, semi-active damping. In certain dynamic performances, the new semi-active strategies outperform active damping and what the author calls “nominal” semi-active damping.     

Performance of Low-bandwidth,Semi-active Damping Concepts for Suspension Control

Abstract

Active damping has been shown to offer increased suspension performance in terms of vehicle isolation, suspension packaging, and road-tire contact force. It can even approximate the performance of full state feedback control without requiring the difficult measurement of tire deflection. Many semi-active damping strategies have been introduced to approximate the response of active damping with the modulation of passive damping parameters. These strategies have typically required a relatively high bandwidth for actuator response. This paper investigates the simulation performance and “frequency response” of two concepts in low-bandwidth semi-active suspension control, one that sets a damping force directly and another that sets the damping resistance. The electronically controlled bandwidth of these actuators is approximately an order of magnitude less than other semi-active devices; high frequency control is handled mechanically. A quarter-car model is studied with the controlled damping replacing both passive and active damping of typical control schemes. Both low-bandwidth damping strategies perform remarkably well compared to both active and high-bandwidth, semi-active damping. In certain dynamic performances, the new semi-active strategies outperform active damping and what the author calls “nominal” semi-active damping.     

阻尼沥青路面降噪特性的研究

为了评价阻尼路面的减振性能,通过轮胎振动衰减实验,分析轮胎/路面试件系统的阻尼系数,三种材料AC试件、阻尼路面试件、水泥板试件,其中轮胎/阻尼路面试件系统的阻尼最大;通过整车激振实验,分析振动系统中力传递的特性。根据轮胎不同位置处以及车体的振动加速度频普,比较AC试件、阻尼路面试件两种材料的振动传递特性,认为阻尼路面材料减振效果明显。     

Two-Dimensional Contact Area of a Pneumatic Tire Subjected to a Lateral Force

A mathematical model of a two-dimensional contact patch of pneumatic tires rolling over a rigid flat road surface at arbitrary slip and camber angles has been developed. The model is simple in concept, contains few parameters and is applicable to any tire simulation models. In addition to tire geometric parameters and vertical deflection, the carcass camber angle is introduced in the model. This angle is alone responsible for the asymmetric shape of the tire contact patch when the tire undergoes a lateral force. The computed contact patches agree well with the measured patches of an automotive tire at different slip and camber angles. Lastly, the influence of the contact patch geometry on the tire cornering and aligning properties has been discussed through a computational example. It has been shown that the effect of tire contact patch geometry on the steady state behavior is rather remarkable.     

A Radial-Spring Terrain-Enveloping Tire Model

A radial-spring tire model was developed to envelop irregular features of a rigid terrain and redefine the terrain as an “equivalent ground plane” reflecting both the elevation and slope characteristic of the original terrain contacting the tire. Three different methods were proposed for defining the maximum deflection of the tire, thereby locating the “equivalent ground plane” and defining the radial tire force. Errors in the maximum tire deflections resulting from approximations in the solution procedure could be maintained below 3 per cent of the actual tire deflections when the tire model was tested on a rigid planar surface.