Transport emissions and travel behaviour: A critical review of recent European Union and UK policy initiatives

There are clear signs of a shift in the UK transport policy in response to concerns about the environmental impacts of road transport and anxieties about the implications of the projected future growth in demand.Much of the framework of UK transport policy is now determined at the overall European Union level. To date most European legislation and policy proposals have been concerned with reducing the specific externalities associated with the transport sector, with none of the measures involved likely to have more than a marginal impact on the growth in demand. The emerging research evidence suggests however that the private costs of car use in Europe may fall substantially short of its total social costs and there is an important emerging policy debate about how this gap might be closed.The UK has introduced a policy package designed to reduce the growth of car travel and its environmental impact, within which land-use planning measures feature prominently. The land-use policies, which to some extent represent a reassertion of many traditional UK planning policies, include: an emphasis on focussing new development in urban areas, increasing residential densities, strengthening the role of existing centres and improving provision for walking and cycling.A number of factors will constrain the effectiveness of the package in practice. There are also concerns about its impact on key environmental objectives, including air quality. There are important questions too about the welfare effects of increasing densities and about the wider impacts of the package on economic efficiency.     

欧美国家推进物流大通道建设的经验和借鉴

欧美国家近年来积极规划布局国家物流大通道,并出台各种政策措施保证物流大通道的通畅便捷和集约高效,为我国的物流大通道建设提供了经验借鉴。本研究界定了物流大通道的特征和内涵,介绍了欧盟和美国物流通道的规划与布局,梳理了打通物流大通道的主要政策与措施,总结了对我国推进物流大通道建设的借鉴与启示。     

Reducing CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> from cars in the European Union

The European Union (EU) recently adopted CO₂ emissions mandates for new passenger cars, requiring steady reductions to 95 gCO₂/km in 2021. We use a multi-sector computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, which includes a private transportation sector with an empirically-based parameterization of the relationship between income growth and demand for vehicle miles traveled. The model also includes representation of fleet turnover, and opportunities for fuel use and emissions abatement, including representation of electric vehicles. We analyze the impact of the mandates on oil demand, CO₂ emissions, and economic welfare, and compare the results to an emission trading scenario that achieves identical emissions reductions. We find that vehicle emission standards reduce CO₂ emissions from transportation by about 50 MtCO₂ and lower the oil expenditures by about €6 billion, but at a net added cost of €12 billion in 2020. Tightening CO₂ standards further after 2021 would cost the EU economy an additional €24–63 billion in 2025, compared with an emission trading system that achieves the same economy-wide CO₂ reduction. We offer a discussion of the design features for incorporating transport into the emission trading system.     

Transport Innovation: Coping with the Future

An efficient transport system is a crucial precondition for economic development and an asset in international mobility. Mobility of passengers and transport of goods are considered key elements for a modern society. The transport sector is also a sector of continuous technological innovation. However, there is considerable uncertainty surrounding future transport technology and policy, as well as a large variation in ways to deal with this uncertainty. With regard to the latter it may be helpful to use more than one foresight method, e.g. a combination of methods each with a different emphasis on expertise, creativity and interaction with actors. Such a multiple method approach allows for the identification of those futures or future developments that are robust. This paper provides an introduction to the topic of transport innovation as well as providing a context for the four papers which follow in this special issue, illustrating the importance of taking such a multiple method approach.     

A cost performance analysis of transport infrastructure construction in Slovenia

Due to limited data availability only a few studies have been able to provide statistically significant evidence on cost overruns in transport infrastructure investments and their systematic nature, and fewer still for road infrastructure investments. The body of available evidence refers to the most economically developed countries, while very little evidence was found regarding other countries. In this article the authors focus on cost performance of road infrastructure constructed through the National Motorway Construction Programme in Slovenia. Methodologically the study departs from other studies in this field by building on detailed expenditure data and not aggregate reports from the relevant institution. This enabled the analysis of four individual project cost categories (construction cost, land acquisition damages and others) and comparably more accurate results. A representative sample of randomly selected completed projects in the period 1995–2007 revealed that the cost overruns (19%; SD = 46.10%) in the entire period studied do not appear to be higher than in other comparable studies. At the same time the study results showed that cost overruns were unstable, i.e. much higher for older projects.     

铁路货物运输中石油资源运输能力探究

铁路货物运输资源属于国家公共资源,铁路货物运输资源的整合优化能产生巨大的社会效益。本文通过分析铁路运输资源整合优化,探究提高铁路货物运输的综合能力的策略,同时在铁路货物运输中,石油资源运输的特点,探究铁路石油运输对铁路货物运输的影响,从而达到资源的最优化运用。     

防范危运事故应从培训抓起

道路危险货物运输事故层出不穷,仅2009年11月-12月间,在湖北一省就接连发生了4起道路危险品运输严重事故。     

北京出租:涨价听证气氛紧张

4月18日,北京市公布:将召开出租车租价上调听证会.而事实上,它被一直推迟到4月26日的上午9点.北京的租价调整办法为:将1.60元/公里车型租价标准调整为2.00元/公里,空驶加价、夜间加价和低速行驶加价等其他收费办法不变.取消燃油补助.其他车型租价标准和收费办法不变,仍按现行办法管理.     

陇原道路运输谋破重围——甘肃省公路运输管理局局长王繁己专访

谈起甘肃省道路运输事业,王繁己这样评点:甘肃省是一个经济欠发达的内陆省份,甘肃省道路运输业在结构调整发展虽然取得了一定的成绩,进行了一些有益尝试,但与兄弟省、市、自治区相比还有很大差距.然甘肃道路运输是西部道路运输的重要组成部分之一,甘肃省道路运输发展所面临的问题或许是西部乃至全国道路运输行业发展的缩影.     

Demand responsive transit and the integration of D/R systems with traditional transit

This paper provides a background of the development of demand-responsive transit in small communities in the U.S.A. It also backgrounds traditional transit in metropolitan areas of the United States and outlines its deficiencies in terms of today's urban sprawl and in terms of today's society in metropolitan areas. Urban sprawl has developed city-like areas around big cities, but with lower population densities. Highways and roads were built. Cars were mass-produced. These new populations have never had an alternative to the private car. Today's society includes an ever-increasing number of senior citizens and handicapped persons. Senior citizens find it difficult to get to fixed-route bus stops; handicapped persons have difficulty in boarding regular buses and wheelchair persons cannot even get on board. Particular emphasis is placed upon the examination of the development of demand-responsive transit in metropolitan Rochester, U.S.A. and a Demonstration Project, sponsored by the Urban Mass Transportation Administration of the United States Department of Transportation. The paper also examines and makes reference to the results of integrated transit in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. The Demonstration Project has several key objectives, the principal one of which is the integration of demand-responsive transit with the fixed-route element of traditional transit. Other important objectives of the demonstration are the balancing of peak and off-peak service so as to improve the overall utilization of resources, increase transit coverage, regular (not special) service for the elderly and the handicapped, the utilization of a computer in dispatching, digital communications, and marketing and promotional techniques.     

坦率评点楚天运输——湖北省交通厅道路运输管理局局长陈兰平专访

武汉、荆州等各地运输企业走动中,不时听企业老总表示,"新局长很不错!尽管一年都没再批线路,但他的压力我们都理解."我们猜想这位新局长有几分个人魅力.     

浅谈利用城市公交客流低谷时段实施物流运输

城市公共交通系统最大运输能力是按高峰小时客流需求配置的,而实际运行中存在一昼夜各时段不均衡客流,客流低谷时段线路运力存在较为显著的闲置与浪费.充分利用客流低谷时段运力,提高城市公共交通系统运行效率,降低运营成本,增加运营收入,解决“物流最后一公里”顽症,缓解城市交通堵塞是一个值得深入研究的课题.文章结合南宁市公共交通系统的运行现状与规划,对利用城市公共交通客流低谷时段实施城市物流运输进行了SWOT分析,并对需要解决的相关问题进行了探讨.     

铁路运输企业视角下的公、铁运输企业短期博弈分析

在一带一路战略背景下,铁路物流中心的公铁联运业务至关重要。公铁联运业务各主体的协同存在易变性,资源双方是否信任会影响各自的策略选择。本文以铁路运输企业为主导,铁路运输企业接到客户公铁联运订单时会借助平台发布公路运输需求信息,公路运输企业根据自身情况向铁路运输企业表达意愿,最后铁路运输企业根据其采取的策略找到自身是否接受合作的均衡条件。本文通过对公、铁运输企业的短期博弈分析,找到双方合作的均衡条件,为双方利益分配奠定基础。     

Transport planning and the policy-modelling interface

Evidence of the inability of transport models to elucidate policy is cited and reasons for this weakness are then suggested.Attention is drawn to the fundamental changes in both opinion and policy currently taking place. There is less concern with accessibility per se and rather more concern with the provision of adequate or minimum accessibility for certain social groups. More emphasis is placed also on the environmental aspects of transportation.The implications of these changes are outlined. It is not at all clear that the need to adapt and up-date models is appreciated widely enough. Finally, it is considered whether fundamental changes in methodology may help to make transport models more responsive to policy needs.     

运价管理重在思路调整——访国家发改委综合运输研究所副所长汪鸣

通过运价调整促进行业服务质量的改善与行业发展水平的提高,这是对运价管理提出的更高要求。汪鸣认为,各地在实施新《规则》和《规定》时要慎重考虑,稳定为主,速度为辅。     

Transport in Brasilia: the limits of aesthetics

The idea of moving the capital of the country from the coast to Brazil's vast but isolated interior goes back nearly two centuries. The basic motivation was to encourage construction of a national highway system, which in turn would encourage economic development of the interior and reduce regional disparities. The construction of Brasilia was an integral part of President Kubitschek's national development programme in the late 1950s, accompanied by expansion and sophistication of the energy, steel, automotive and road building industries. By 1975, highway transport times and costs had been reduced to some 20–26% of their former levels in most regions, with the Central‐West, where Brasilia is located, being the area with the greatest cost reductions. Despite the success of this development package, Brasilia's transport system has been less successful on a local and regional basis. Most of the problems within the city proper (the Pilot Plan), are due to the excessive emphasis on facilitating car traffic to the disadvantage of buses and non‐motorized traffic, while there are no local rail services. The regional transport problem stems from the location of the satellite cities far from the Pilot Plan, forcing low‐income bus riders to spend 3–4 hours daily in transit and up to 30% of the minimum wage on the journey to work. Improvements depend on institutional and policy changes affecting locational patterns, demand peaks and modal split.     

国际航空运输需求的不完全可逆研究——来自美英国际航空运输市场的实证证据

不完全可逆是对消费者短期行为与长期行为差异的一种体现方式。本研究通过对2010年2月至2016年12月美国与英国之间的国际航空运输数据进行分析,发现关英之间的国际航空运输需求对票价和汇率同时存在不完全可逆性,而且通过对短期和长期结果的对比发现航空运输需求的汇率的短期弹性和长期弹性不仅存在大小上的差异,甚至影响方向上的差异都有可能存在。此外,本研究还对不完全可逆的检验方法进行了修正,使其能够适应本研究中出现的系数相反的情形。     

运管和谐有道--河南省交通厅道路运输局局长程日盛专访

在道路运输局局长岗位上将近6年的程日盛对记者笑称自己是"万金油". 道桥专业毕业的他最初的工作岗位是河南省交通科研所,后来调往省交通厅人事处,一干12年,中间学习了法律专业.然后,调至省高速公路管理局做局长,其间,在长安大学拿到交通工程专业硕士学位.     

Transport state enterprises: the Canadian experience

Abstract

In most economies, the ownership and control of state enterprises has been an important government policy instrument. This has been particularly true in the transportation sector in which governments have intervened extensively through the acquisition and creation of state enterprises. While the genesis of and rationale for transportation state enterprises have varied from country to country and even from time to time within each country, at present, most governments do exercise a significant degree of ownership and control in transportation. Some of these enterprises enjoy monopoly status and others are in competition with and behave similarly to their private sector counterparts.

Consequently, and in recent years, questions have been raised about government intervention in the market‐place as it relates to effective management control and accountability of state enterprises. Questions have also been raised about the continuing need for transportation state enterprises and some governments have promoted some form of divestiture (privatization).

This paper addresses the accountability and control of transportation state enterprises based on the Canadian experience. It discusses their role and policies related to diversification, financing and divestiture, and the need for development of a performance framework.