Numerical simulation of interference effects for a high-speed catamaran

The simulations of the flow around a high-speed vessel in both catamaran and monohull configurations are carried out by the numerical solution of the Reynold averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations. The goal of the analysis is the investigation of the interference phenomena between the two hulls, with focus on its dependence on the Reynolds number (Re). To this aim, numerical simulations are carried out for values of Re ranging from 10⁶ to 10⁸ for two different values of the Froude number (Fr = 0.30, 0.45). Wave patterns, wave profiles, limiting streamlines, surface pressure and velocity fields are analyzed; comparison is made between the catamaran and the monohull configurations. Dependence of the pressure and viscous resistance coefficients, as well as of the interference factor, on the Reynolds number is investigated. Verification and validation for both resistance coefficients and wave cuts is also performed.     

URANS prediction of roll damping for a ship hull section at shallow draft

It is analytically difficult to calculate roll damping of ships due to the effects of viscosity. Therefore, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has become a powerful tool in predicting roll damping recently. The unsteady flow around a forced rolling hull section with bilge keels can be calculated using a commercial URANS code which includes the viscous effects. In this study, two-dimensional (2D) roll damping calculations for a S60 midsection with bilge keels including free surface effects are performed for shallow draft case. The first objective of the study is to show whether the URANS code can be used to predict roll damping coefficient correctly. The second one is to show why Ikeda’s estimation method is insufficient at shallow draft case. Sinusoidal forced roll motion calculation method of roll damping moment with the help of a sliding interface and a fixed roll axis is successfully applied to predict roll damping coefficient. The calculations are carried out for different roll motion periods and amplitudes to validate the accuracy of the URANS code for different cases. Numerical results are compared with experiments, which were carried out at the towing tank facility of Osaka Prefecture University (OPU), and Ikeda’s estimation method. The results show that the URANS code is capable of predicting roll damping coefficients in a good agreement with experimental results and can be used further to develop a better model for prediction of roll damping.     

减摇鳍在小水线面双体船中的应用

“新世纪一号”是我国首次建造的一艘小水线面双体船，其船型及结构较为特殊，设备复杂，配置先进，不仅设计要求高，而且建造难度大。该船为单支柱小水线面双体船，柴油机驱动，双机、双桨、双舵，航行于我国渤海湾水域，作为渤海油田海上平台员工上下班接送用的油田交通船。为了改善船舶的操纵性，减轻船舶横摇带给乘客的晕船现象，该船配置了首部侧推进器以及航态稳定系统等特种装置。     

Verification and validation study of URANS simulations for an axial waterjet propelled large high-speed ship

The accurate prediction of waterjet propulsion using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is of interest for performance analyses of existing waterjet designs as well as for improvement and design optimization of new waterjet propulsion systems for high-speed marine vehicles. The present work is performed for three main purposes: (1) to investigate the capability of a URANS flow solver, CFDSHIP-IOWA, for the accurate simulation of waterjet propelled ships, including waterjet–hull interactions; (2) to carry out detailed verification and validation (V&V) analysis; and (3) to identify optimization opportunities for intake duct shape design. A concentrated effort is applied to V&V work and performance analysis of waterjet propelled simulations which form the focus of this paper. The joint high speed sealift design (JHSS), which is a design concept for very large high-speed ships operating at transit speeds of at least 36 knots using four axial flow waterjets, is selected as the initial geometry for the current work and subsequent optimization study. For self-propelled simulations, the ship accelerates until the resistance equals the prescribed thrust and added tow force, and converges to the self propulsion point (SPP). Quantitative V&V studies are performed on both barehull and waterjet appended designs, with corresponding experimental fluid dynamics (EFD) data from 1/34 scale model testing. Uncertainty assessments are performed on iterative convergence and grid size. As a result, the total resistance coefficient for the barehull case and SPP for the waterjet propelled case are validated at the average uncertainty intervals of 7.0 and 1.1%D, respectively. Predictions of CFD computations capture the general trend of resistance over the speed range of 18–42 knots, and show reasonable agreement with EFD with average errors of 1.8 and 8.0%D for the barehull and waterjet cases, respectively. Furthermore, results show that URANS is able to accurately predict the major propulsion related features such as volume flow rate, inlet wake fraction, and net jet thrust with an accuracy of ~9%D. The flow feature details inside the duct and interference of the exit jets are qualitatively well-predicted as well. It is found that there are significant losses in inlet efficiency over the speed range; hence, one objective for subsequent optimization studies could be maximizing the inlet efficiency. Overall, the V&V work indicates that the present approach is an efficient tool for predicting the performance of waterjet propelled JHSS ships and paves the way for future optimization work. The main objective of the optimization will be reduction of powering requirements by increasing the inlet efficiency through modification of intake duct shape.     

浅底远程海底混响

The method of coupled mode is introduced for investigation of bi-static distant bottom reverberation of impulsive source in shallow water, which will not contradict with principle of reciprocity in all cases. And the method of multi-pole for directional source is also introduced. It shows that in case of layered medium, intensity of bi-static bottom reverberation will decease according to the cubic power of receiving time t, and the transverse spatial correlation of bottom reverberation is a little greater than longitudinal correlation for equal separation of receivers, and both vary in form with the receiving time.     

URANS simulations of static and dynamic maneuvering for surface combatant: part 2. Analysis and validation for local flow characteristics

Part 2 of this two-part paper presents the analysis and validation results of local flow characteristics for a surface combatant Model 5415 bare hull under static and dynamic planar motion mechanism simulations. Unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) computations are carried out by a general-purpose URANS/detached eddy simulation research code CFDShip-Iowa Ver. 4. The objective of this research is to investigate the capability of the code in relation to the computational fluid dynamics-based maneuvering prediction method. In the current study, the ship is subjected to static drift, steady turn, pure sway and pure yaw motions at Froude number 0.28. The free surface, three dimensional vortical structure and, the validation of two dimensional local flow quantities together with the available experimental data are of the interest in the current study. Part 1 provides the verification and validation results of forces and moment coefficients, hydrodynamic derivatives, and reconstructions of forces and moment coefficients from resultant hydrodynamic derivatives.     

浅水中质量源造波方法

针对质量源造波过程中源区上方水体高度难以确定的问题提出了改进方法,将源区高度值考虑到源强方程中,避免了造波过程中源区上方水体高度值多次试算带来的不便。该方法弥补了质量源造波方法在水深小于1.5 m的浅水中所造波浪与理论波浪之间差距较大的缺陷,尤其是水平网格步长与源区高度值相比小于10的情况,推广了质量源造波方法在浅水中的应用。文中验证了波高对所造波浪的影响以及时间步长对浅水中所造波浪的影响,得出结论:当波高与水深的比值小于0.2时所造波浪波高与理论值的拟合较好;当时间步长小于0.005 s时所造波浪无明显的上下漂浮现象,波形稳定,符合理论波形要求。     

Hydrodynamic optimization of ship hull forms in shallow water

A computational method for improving hull form in shallow water with respect to wave resistance is presented. The method involves coupling ideas from two distinct research fields: numerical ship hydrodynamics and nonlinear programming techniques. The wave resistance is estimated by means of Morinos panel method, which is extended to free surface flow and considers the influence of finite depth on the wave resistance of ships. This is linked to the optimization procedure of the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) technique, and an optimum hull form can be obtained through a series of iterations giving some design constraints. Sinkage is an important factor in shallow water, and this method considers sinkage as a hydrodynamic design constraint. The optimization procedure developed is demonstrated by selecting a Wigley (C _B = 0.444) hull and the Series 60 (C _B = 0.60) hull, and new hull forms are obtained at Froude number 0.316. The Froude number specified corresponds to a lower than critical speed since most of the ships operating in shallow water move below their critical speed. The numerical results of the optimization procedure indicate that the optimized hull forms yields a reduction in wave resistance.     

大型船舶在浅水域操纵性能的探讨

船舶在浅水中航行,会产生浅水效应,出现兴波增大、阻力增加、船速下降、船体下沉等现象,船舶操纵性能变差。为了减小浅水效应对船舶的影响,笔者就实际操纵中应注意的要点和相关的预防措施作了阐述。     

浅水效应对螺旋桨轴承力的影响分析

为了分析浅水条件对螺旋桨轴承力的影响,本文采用RANS方法和VOF模型,对计及自由液面的KCS船桨舵一体系统开展了不同吃水条件下螺旋桨非定常轴承力的数值预报分析。首先计算了深水(h/T=20)工况下的螺旋桨轴承力,通过与试验结果对比,验证了网格划分方法和计算方法的可行性。然后在此基础上进行了不同吃水工况下螺旋桨非定常力计算,监测发现螺旋桨非定常轴承力随时间周期性脉动,浅水条件下螺旋桨轴承力时均值明显大于深水工况。经快速傅里叶变换得到轴承力脉动幅值,分析得出:当h/T<3时,脉动幅值随水深增加迅速减小;当h/T>3时,水深变化对脉动幅值影响较小。     

浅海中目标的有源对消回声隐身研究

有源对消隐身是现代隐身技术发展的一个重要方向,本文研究浅海环境中利用声呐探测方向的目标散射函数构建对消声场的可行性。数值计算了Pekeris波导中不同底质、声呐频率时的散射声场和对消声场,进而对隐身效果进行分析。结果表明:当目标的复杂散射函数在主要波导模态的水平掠射角±ΔΨ范围内约是常数时,隐身效果基本有效,尽管在个别距离上有源对消会对隐身效果起反作用,但随着目标到声呐之间距离的增加,有源对消隐身效果变好。     

大型船舶浅水操纵特性

大型船舶在浅水中操纵水动力和附加质量急剧增大是引起回转能力下降的主因,该文就75 000吨级散货船为实例,预报其在各种水深吃水比H/d下操纵性能.文中介绍了操纵运动方程,船体、桨、舵水动力的计算表达,计算船的要素,计算工况及项目.计算结果表明,随H/d减小,相应工况下的无因次战术直径、纵距及初转期都增大,而超越角有所减小,因此该船舶随H/d减小,其回转能力下降,而纠向和保持航向能力有所改善.     

URANS analysis of a broaching event in irregular quartering seas

Ship motions in a high sea state can have adverse effects on controllability, cause loss of stability, and ultimately compromise the survivability of the ship. In a broaching event, the ship losses control, naturally turning broadside to the waves, causing a dangerous situation and possibly capsizing. Classical approaches to study broaching rely on costly experimental programs and/or time-domain potential or system-based simulation codes. In this paper the ability of Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) to simulate a broaching event in irregular waves is demonstrated, and the extensive information available is used to analyze the broaching process. The demonstration nature of this paper is stressed, as opposed to a validated study. Unsteady RANS (URANS) provides a model based on first principles to capture phenomena such as coupling between sway, yaw, and roll, roll damping, effects of complex waves on righting arm, rudders partially out of the water, etc. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method uses a single-phase level-set approach to model the free surface, and dynamic overset grids to resolve large-amplitude motions. Before evaluating irregular seas two regular wave cases are demonstrated, one causing broaching and one causing stable surf riding. A sea state 8 is imposed following an irregular Bretschneider spectrum, and an autopilot was implemented to control heading and speed with two different gains for the heading controller. It is concluded that the autopilot causes the ship to be in an adverse dynamic condition at the beginning of the broaching process, and thus is partially responsible for the occurrence of the broaching event.     

基于STAR-CCM+的双体风电运维船静水阻力仿真

船舶阻力是影响船舶快速性的重要因素.对于风电运维船来说,优异的快速性能是维持运维效率的保障.为提高该双体运维船的静水阻力性能,基于CFD进行数值仿真,运用STAR-CCM+建立数值水池,进行静水阻力计算并研究不同片体间距对双体船阻力的影响.根据数值仿真结果设计船模拖曳试验与其对比,结果表明,采用STAR-CCM+对双体...     

浅海宽带声源深度判决方法

被动声呐系统具备区分水面和水下目标的能力是十分重要的。针对此问题,文章提出了一种在浅海环境下利用单水听器区分水面和水下目标进行分类的方法。声源深度判决问题可以看作二元分类问题,在理想浅海波导的相干多途信道模型下,推导了海底和海面反射声与直达声时延差比值的关系式,并基于该比值构建了与声源距离无关的深度判决统计量,利用该统计量与预设门限进行对比,可以对水面和水下声源进行区分。在宽带噪声源的假设下,接收信号的功率谱中含有与多途时延量有关的周期分量,对功率谱进行稀疏性约束,可利用正交匹配追踪算法对海底和海面反射声时延进行估计。计算机仿真给出了时延估计性能,分析了时延估计误差对算法的影响性能,同时利用蒙特卡罗试验方法验证了所提声源深度判决方法的有效性。     

Resistance analysis of a semi-SWATH design concept in shallow water

Resistance analysis is an important analytical method used to evaluate the hydrodynamic performance of High Speed Craft (HSC). Analysis of multihull resistance in shallow water is essential to the performance evaluation of any type of HSC. Ships operating in shallow water experience increases in resistance because of changes in pressure distribution and wave pattern. In this paper, the shallow water performance of an HSC design concept, the semi-Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull (semi-SWATH) form, is studied. The hull is installed with fin stabilizers to reduce dynamic motion effects, and the resistance components of the hull, hull trim condition, and maximum wave amplitude around the hull are determined via calm water resistance tests in shallow water. These criteria are important in analyzing semi-SWATH resistance in shallow water and its relation to flow around hull. The fore fin angle is fixed to zero degrees, while the aft fin angle is varied to 0°, 5°, 10°, and 15°. For each configuration, investigations are conducted with depth Froude numbers (Fr _H ) ranging from 0.65 to 1.2, and the resistance tests are performed in shallow water at the towing tank of UTM. Analysis results indicate that the resistance, wave pattern, and trim of the semi-SWATH hull form are affected by the fin angle. The resistance is amplified whereas the trim and sinkage are reduced as the fin angle increases. Increases in fin angle contribute to seakeeping and stability but affect the hull resistance of HSCs.     

单、双体滑行艇的区别及双体滑行艇的适用范围研究

本文根据国内外高性能单、双体滑行艇模型及实艇试验结果,归纳了单体与双体滑行艇的区别、特点及运动特性,列举了国内外双体滑行艇和优秀无断级快艇的比较结果及双体滑行艇船型的适用范围。     

局部气垫双体船试验方案设计

设计1套局部气垫双体船模型拖曳试验方案,用于静水阻力试验。试验方案包括船模的设计、垫升系统、气垫内压强测量系统、气垫波形摄像系统等部分。试验除测量船模的阻力、纵倾角、重心处升沉,还监测气垫内压强的分布以及波形。并根据船模内外吃水情况,计算出湿表面积,采用二因次法换算出实船的有效功率。     

Development of a single-handed hydrofoil sailing catamaran

A new, high-speed, recreational dinghy has been developed. It is a catamaran with submerged hydrofoils, which allow the crew to control the trim and heel balances. The two hulls are allowed to rotate about a main beam. The hydrofoils, which are attached below each hull, change the angle of attack independently, and the difference between the lift forces acting on each hydrofoil makes the catamaran stable. The stability of the boat is examined by numerical calculations and one-third scale model tests. Received: September 14, 2000 / Accepted: July 3, 2001