两船在波浪中耦合运动的三维频域理论研究

本文采用三维势流理论求解两船在波浪中相互干扰的耦合运动。基于源分布方法，两船船体表面被划分成若干面元，在每一面元上进行等源强分布。为了验证该理论以及算法的可行性，计算了有限水深中两圆柱的水动力干扰，其数值计算结果与其他理论结果吻合较好。其次计算了两船在波浪中无航速与有航速情况的水动力干扰，其结果与单船结果以及双船试验结果进行比较。同时深入研究了纵横向间距以及航速变化对水动力干扰的影响，得出间距与航速不仅是水动力干扰的重要参数，而且对两船中的小船影响尤为重要。本文的研究提出了一种有效而又简单的方法预报两船在波浪中的耦合运动，为分析海上航行补给所涉及的水动力问题提供了有效的手段。     

船舶航线优化中任意浪向的航速损失预测模型（英文）

This paper proposes a semi-empirical model to predict a ship's speed loss at arbitrary wave heading.In the model,the formulas that estimate a ship's added resistance due to waves attacking from different heading angles have been further developed.A correction factor is proposed to consider the nonlinear effect due to large waves in power estimation.The formulas are developed and verified by model tests of 5 ships in regular waves with various heading angles.The full-scale measurements from three different types of ships,i.e.,a PCTC,a container ship,and a chemical tanker,are used to validate the proposed model for speed loss prediction in irregular waves.The effect of the improved model for speed loss prediction on a ship's voyage optimization is also investigated.The results indicate that a ship's voyage optimization solutions can be significantly affected by the prediction accuracy of speed loss caused by waves.     

小水线面双体船波浪载荷水弹性分析

三维水弹性力学将结构分析的有限元方法与围绕柔性体的势流理论结合起来,为在波浪中航行或驻立的复杂结构的运动和内力分析提供了一个流固耦合的统一分析方法,也为小水线面双体船的分析提供了有效的分析工具.文中将水弹性力学方法和谱分析方法相结合,对1 100吨SWATH船进行波浪载荷预报,并将计算结果与水池模型试验数据及国外相关资料进行了对比,说明了水弹性分析方法对于SWATH设计的合理性.     

数值波浪水池中船舶顶浪运动模拟研究

文献[1,2]进行了数值波浪水池波浪环境的模拟、规则波顶浪中船舶水动力的计算以及船舶辐射问题的模拟.文章在其基础上,基于N-S方程,对规则波中顶浪前进的Wigley船模运动进行了模拟.数值模拟的船模运动结果与DUT(Dem University of Technology)的试验数据进行了比较,分析,二者符合较好.文中与文献[1,2]的研究工作一起,初步构建了真正意义上的基于N-S方程的数值波浪水池.     

有限水深中破损船舶的运动与波浪载荷研究

由于有限水深中船舶搁浅和触礁等严重破损事故频发,为了减少事故的发生,对有限水深中船舶破损后的运动及波浪载荷的研究显得十分必要。文章基于三维势流理论,引入有限水深自由面Green函数,在频域内使用奇点分布法对一艘首部破损进水的散货船在有限水深中的运动与波浪载荷展开了计算,并根据劳氏船级社规范做了短期预报。短期预报结果表明,该散货船破损进水后,船体所受垂向和水平波浪弯矩均比破损前有明显增加,且在较浅水深中变化更为显著。     

Analysis of hydrodynamic characteristics for arbitrary multihull ships advancing in waves

Multihull vessels have emerged as popular alternatives to conventional monohull ships for high-speed crafts. However, the bridging structures connecting the hulls are vulnerable to various wave actions and the wave impact on the bottom of them is the most serious problems associated with multihulled vessels. In this study, prediction of relative wave elevations under the bridging structures is investigated for multihull ships traveling with forward speed in waves. A computer code YNU-SEA using the three-dimensional (3D) Green function method with forward speed has been developed and used to analyze the hydrodynamic radiation and diffraction forces and motion responses for high-speed catamarans in waves. The results of the present calculations are compared with those of previous calculations as well as with experimental results. The numerical results reveal that the present computer code can be used as a powerful tool for the accurate numerical computation of seakeeping problems for multihull ships advancing in waves. Numerical calculations of wave pattern are also carried out including wave interactions between the hulls to analyze the effects of hull form on the free surface flow around catamarans advancing in waves. The analysis of the wave pattern allows the determination of relative wave height including radiation and diffraction waves. Finally, some discussions are included based on these numerical results which may be helpful for the accurate prediction of relative wave height and wave breaking load on the deck associated with multihull ships.     

波浪引起破损船的垂向运动和弯矩（英文）

The wave-induced vertical ship motions and bending moments of a double hull-oil tanker in realistic flooding conditions are studied. The scenarios investigated are represented by water ingress into the starboard ballast tanks for collision damage cases and both starboard and portside ballast tanks for grounding situations. Seakeeping computations are performed for eight damage scenarios and for the intact condition, each corresponding to different changes in displacement, trim, and heel. For each of the damage conditions, transfer functions of vertical motions and loads are calculated using a potential linear 3 D panel hydrodynamic code in the frequency domain that includes effect of the motion of the water in flooded tanks. A MATLAB code is developed to facilitate automated hydrodynamic simulation of many damage scenarios. Verification of seakeeping results is performed by comparing transfer functions with results of the previous study. Wave-induced vertical responses of damaged ship are then compared to those of intact ship using two spectral-based methods originating from uncertainty analysis of wave loads, which are convenient tools to assess consequences of damage on short-term ship responses. Generally, observed trend is that vertical wave-induced responses of damaged ship converge toward those of intact ship with increasing wave period. Fairly small differences between responses of asymmetrically damaged ship with respect to the symmetrical incoming wave directions are found. The results of the study are an efficient method for seakeeping assessment of damaged oil tankers and the framework for evaluating consequences of damage scenarios, heading angles, and sea conditions on seakeeping responses of damaged ships.The results can be used to decide if the intact ship model can be used instead of the damaged one for the emergency response procedure or for the risk assessment studies when modeling and computational time represent important limitations.     

基于二维半理论的船舶水动压力预报方法研究

二维半理论在单体和多体高速排水式船的耐波性预报中具有很好的数值预报精度。文中在二维半理论稳定求解高速船水动力和运动响应的基础之上,采用数值差分方法对高速船水动压力进行了计算,针对一条SL-7集装箱船进行了水动压力的数值预报,结果同模型试验结果进行了比较,表明文中提出的方法能够较好地预报高速船舶的线性脉动水动压力。     

规则波下载人潜水器-母船布放回收耦合运动试验研究（英文）

The launching and recovery process of a human-occupied vehicle(HOV) faces more complex wave effects than other types of submersible operations. However, due to the nonlinearity between the HOV and its mother ship, difficulties occur in theoretically simulating their coupled motion and hydrodynamics. The coupled motion responses and the load under different regular wave conditions are investigated experimentally in this study. The optimized design of the experimental scheme simulated the launching and recovery process of the mother ship and HOV in regular waves. The attitude sensor performed synchronous real-time measurement of the coupled motion between the mother ship and HOV as well as obtained the load data on the coupled motion under different cable lengths. The results show that models in heading waves mainly lead to the vertical motion of the hoisting point. In beam waves, the transverse and vertical motions of the hoisting point occur in a certain frequency of waves.Under the heading and beam wave conditions, the longer the hoisting cable is, the greater the movement amplitude of the submersible is. Moreover, compared with the condition of the beam waves, the hoisting submersible has less influence on the mother ship under the condition of the heading waves. The findings provide theoretical support for the design optimization of the launching and recovery operation.     

波浪与系缆方式对系泊船舶响应的影响研究

系泊船舶响应的影响因素很多,且十分复杂。针对影响系泊船舶响应的主要因素（波浪和系缆方式）开展研究,通过船舶系泊物理模型试验,研究波浪条件及系缆方式对系泊船舶响应的影响规律,其中波浪条件包括不同的波向及波浪周期,系缆方式包括不同缆绳配置（有无缆尾索）和不同系缆布置方案。研究结果表明,45°斜向浪作用下系泊船舶的运动量和系缆力均明显小于横浪作用下的结果;试验波浪周期范围（T=3.5~6.0 s）内,系泊船舶的运动量和系缆力均随着波浪周期的增大而变大;从船舶系泊安全角度看,设置缆尾索是有利的;码头前后沿共同系缆布置可明显提高船舶系泊（非装卸作业时）的抗风浪流能力。     

FPSO外输系统动力响应及风险分析

采用水动力分析软件AQWA对由软钢臂式单点系泊FPSO和油轮组成的串靠外输系统的动力响应和安全性进行研究。基于多体方法,建立串靠外输系统的有限元模型,计算4种拖轮拉力和24种作业海况下外输系统的连接大缆张力、两浮体相对艏向角及间距的时间历程,并分析波高、流速、风速、风浪流夹角、连接大缆长度等因素对系统动力响应的影响及动力响应特性。此外,还开展了串靠外输系统的风险分析,计算不同海况下连接大缆失效、船体碰撞和过分相对艏向运动的发生概率。研究结果对串靠外输系统的设计和外输作业具有一定的指导意义。     

3-D computational method of wave loads on turret moored FPSO tankers

A three-dimensional method of calculating wave loads of turret moored FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading) tankers is presented. The linearized restoring forces acting on the ship hull by the mooring system are calculated according to the catenary theory, which are expressed as the function of linear stiffness coefficients and the displacements of the upper ends of mooring chains. The hydrodynamic coefficients of the ship are calculated by the three-dimensional potential flow theory of the linear hydrodynamic problem for ships with a low forward speed. The equations of ship motions are established with the effect of the restoring forces from the mooring system included as linear stiffness coefficients. The equations of motions are solved in frequency domain, and the responses of wave-induced motions and loads on the ship can be obtained. A computer program based on this method has been developed, and some calculation examples are illustrated. Analysis results show that the method can give satisfying prediction of wave loads.     

两船在静水中的兴波干扰数值计算

使用VOF方法计算两排水量相当的船型在静水中兴波的水动力干扰,计算时采用两型值一样的Wigley船作为对象,湍流模式选择了RNG k-ε模型。在模拟计算时,变化两船的航速以及两船的间距,得到不同状态下的兴波波形。将得到的波形加以比较分析,进而得出兴波值最大的位置。低速时兴波最大值出现在距船首1/3船长左右的位置,高速时兴波最大值出现在距船首2/3船长左右的位置。将计算结果与实验结果相比较,令人比较满意,证明这种算法是很有效的,为以后的较为复杂的船型两船干扰模拟计算提供了一些参考。     

URANS analysis of a broaching event in irregular quartering seas

Ship motions in a high sea state can have adverse effects on controllability, cause loss of stability, and ultimately compromise the survivability of the ship. In a broaching event, the ship losses control, naturally turning broadside to the waves, causing a dangerous situation and possibly capsizing. Classical approaches to study broaching rely on costly experimental programs and/or time-domain potential or system-based simulation codes. In this paper the ability of Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) to simulate a broaching event in irregular waves is demonstrated, and the extensive information available is used to analyze the broaching process. The demonstration nature of this paper is stressed, as opposed to a validated study. Unsteady RANS (URANS) provides a model based on first principles to capture phenomena such as coupling between sway, yaw, and roll, roll damping, effects of complex waves on righting arm, rudders partially out of the water, etc. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method uses a single-phase level-set approach to model the free surface, and dynamic overset grids to resolve large-amplitude motions. Before evaluating irregular seas two regular wave cases are demonstrated, one causing broaching and one causing stable surf riding. A sea state 8 is imposed following an irregular Bretschneider spectrum, and an autopilot was implemented to control heading and speed with two different gains for the heading controller. It is concluded that the autopilot causes the ship to be in an adverse dynamic condition at the beginning of the broaching process, and thus is partially responsible for the occurrence of the broaching event.     

Dynamic interaction of parallel moving ships in close proximity

Nowadays,there are many studies conducted in the field of marine hydrodynamics which focus on two vessels traveling and floating in sufficiently close proximity to experience significant interactions.The hydrodynamic behavior of parallel moving ships in waves is an interesting and important topic of late.A numerical investigation has been carried out for the prediction of wave exciting forces and motion responses of parallel moving ships in regular waves.The numerical solution was based on 3D distribution technique and using the linear wave theory to determine the exciting forces and ship＇s motion.The speed effects have been considered in the Green function for more realistic results.The numerical computations of wave exciting forces and motion responses were carried out for a Mariner and Series 60 for the purpose of discovering different Froude numbers and different separation distances in head sea conditions.Based on the numerical computations,it was revealed that the sway,roll and yaw have a significant effect due to hydrodynamic interaction.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of fatigue damage due to wave-induced vibrations in a containership in head seas

Fatigue cracks have been known to occur in welded ships for several decades. For large ocean-going ships wave-induced vibrations can, depending on trade and design, cause up to 50% of the fatigue damage. The vibrations may be due to springing and whipping effects. In this paper, we address the fatigue damage caused by wave-induced vibrations in a containership of newer design trading in the North Atlantic. The fatigue damage was obtained both experimentally and numerically. The experimental results were found from tests performed with a flexible model of the ship, while the numerical predictions were done using nonlinear hydroelastic strip theory. The measurements showed that the wave-induced vibrations contributed approximately 40% of the total fatigue damage. The numerical method predicted the wave frequency damage well, but was found to overestimate the total fatigue damage by 50%. This was mainly due to an overprediction of the wave-induced vibrations. The discrepancy is partly related to three-dimensional (3D) effects which are not included in the two-dimensional (2D) slamming calculation, and partly to an overprediction of the springing contribution. Moreover, the numerical method does not account for the steady wave due to forward speed. By using a simplified approach we show that high-frequency damage can be significantly reduced by including the steady wave for the relevant vessel, implying better agreement with the experimental results.     

Hydrodynamic interactions between two bodies in waves in 3D time domain

In this paper, a 3D time domain technique is adopted to calculate the coupled hydrodynamic interaction between two bodies without flare in waves. For verifying the code, two same cylinders are selected to calculate coupled hydrodynamic effects by comparison with the results obtained by 3D frequency method which has been proved to be efficient for solving such problems. In order to improve efficiency of calculation, the effect of history time has been discussed, and an improved method is presented. Moreover, the effect of lateral separation distance is also discussed in detail. The technique developed here may serve as a more rigorous tool to analyze the related transient problems of two ships doing underway replenishment in waves.     

三维移动脉动源的Michell型表达

本文应用Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ变换和围道积分，给出了无限深水域中三维移动脉动源的Ｍｉｃｈｅｌｌ型表达，并讨论了解的性质和远场辐射形态。该表达形式简洁，物理意义明确，数值计算速度快，可望在三维有航速或有流速影响的振荡物体水动力性能和波浪力计算中得到广泛的应用。     

航行于波浪中的肥大型船波浪增阻计算研究(英文)

Under the background of the energy saving and emission reduction, more and more attention has been placed on investigating the energy efficiency of ships. The added resistance has been noted for being crucial in predicting the decrease of speed on a ship operating at sea. Furthermore, it is also significant to investigate the added resistance for a ship functioning in short waves of large modern ships. The researcher presents an estimation formula for the calculation of an added resistance study in short waves derived from the reflection law. An improved method has been proposed to calculate the added resistance due to ship motions, which applies the radiated energy theory along with the strip method. This procedure is based on an extended integral equation (EIE) method, which was used for solving the hydrodynamic coefficients without effects of the irregular frequency. Next, a combined method was recommended for the estimation of added resistance for a ship in the whole wave length range. The comparison data with other experiments indicate the method presented in the paper provides satisfactory results for large blunt ship.     

潜伏式高速船型变航态自航数值模拟

针对一种具有半潜-水面航态变换功能的新型潜伏式高速船型,基于非稳态RANS方程组与VOF模型求解粘性流场,结合动态流域边界与滑移网格技术,对目标船在垂直面内三自由度运动及其喷水推进器叶轮随船定轴高速旋转的耦合运动进行数值模拟。结果表明：在相同主机平均转速条件下,所预报自航点体积傅氏数与自航模型试验结果的相对误差在7%以内;从半潜到水面的航态变换过程中,船体有显著的纵倾与升沉,船体主要克服压差阻力,船体兴波由相互叠加的首波、肩波、尾波逐渐发展为首尾分明的两个波系,在喷水推进器射流区内捕捉到生成和发展的高强度涡系。