落实科学发展观 提高辽宁辖区船舶溢油应急处置能力

船舶数量的增多和船舶大型化，使海上因船舶交通事故引发的船舶溢油风险概率大增。一直以来。由于我国对船舶溢油应急处置能力建设的滞后，有效应对海上溢油尤其是突发性重大溢油事故的能力还很弱，因此，尽快提高溢油应急处置能力具有重大的现实意义。文中从提高对船舶溢油应急处置能力重要性的认识出发。科学分析了造成应急处置能力低的根源，并从落实科学发展观的角度，具体提出了有效提高海上溢油应急处置能力的方法和途径。     

A comparative analysis of the European and North-American approaches to dealing with major oil spills

Background  

The question of what should be the right level of preparedness to react to a major oil spill (i.e. the EXXON VALDEZ spill, the ERIKA spill, and the PRESTIGE spill) is highly debated, especially in the aftermath of such spills. Little research, however, has been conducted with the aim to identify and compare governments’ best practices not only to fund preparedness measures but also to assess the countries’ ability to respond effectively to catastrophic oil spills. It is the author’s belief that important lessons can be learnt from a comparative analysis of countries’ best practices.     

Evaluation of consequence assessment methods for pool fires on water involving large spills from liquefied natural gas carriers

This article concerns thermal radiation hazards associated with unconfined liquefied natural gas (LNG) spills on water. Consequence assessment methods were compared to clarify their model characteristics in large-scale LNG spills from an LNG carrier (LNGC). The consequences of LNG release, pool spread, and pool fire hazards were estimated using the following practical methods: the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s (FERC) method, the Sandia National Laboratories’ method, and the Fay method. The sensitivity of consequence analysis results to the breach size of a tank was examined under the assumption that LNG is released from a common type LNGC of 125000 m³ cargo capacity. Consequently, it was found that the FERC method is useful from the practical viewpoint of being applicable to any breach size. Finally, thermal radiation hazards from pool fires involving spills from one of the latest and largest LNGCs (250 000 m³ cargo capacity), which are currently considered for construction, were investigated using the recommended FERC method, and the results are discussed in comparison with those for common type LNGCs. As a result, it was found that the maximum thermal hazard distance is longer by only about 24% compared with the common type LNGC, whereas the spill volume is twice as much.     

论我国港口溢油应急能力标准化建设

文章针对我国港口溢油应急能力及其建设中存在的问题,提出港口溢油应急能力标准化建设的思路,从应急设备配备的技术标准和执行标准两方面全面阐述了标准化建设的内涵,并为具体的建设和营运构建了切实可行的运作模式,力求切实提高国内港口溢油应急处置能力。     

惠州港水域船舶溢油污染预防的研究

惠州港为珠三角地区重要船载化学危险品港口,面临着严峻的船舶溢油和化学品泄漏污染的威胁,加强惠州港危管防污能力建设,消除安全隐患,杜绝船舶溢油事故发生显得尤为重要。文中着重针对惠州港水域船舶溢油风险与污染防控展开分析论述,并提出相关建议。     

Environmental risk assessment of the most commonly transported chemicals: case study of Finnish coastal areas

The environmental hazard potential of a total of 15 chemicals that are transported through the Finnish coastal areas was assessed in this paper using a scoring method developed for accidents. The study indicates that the chemicals most commonly transported/handled in Finnish ports are methanol, sodium hydroxide solution, acids, pentanes, phenol, xylenes, methyl tert-butyl ether, ethanol and ethanol solutions. For the evaluation of the environmental hazardousness of various chemicals, a priority list of chemicals that are the most commonly transported regionally in marine environments was compiled for this study. The method used has many similarities to other commonly used scoring systems, but this study gave more weight to specific characteristics of an accidental release, water biota and impact on the environment. Nonylphenol, ammonia and sulphuric acid ranked as the most hazardous substances on the list. The results of the study can be used by rescue and environmental authorities and enterprises to improve preparedness for accidents and to mitigate the effects of accidental spills.     

论船舶溢油污染及应急反应

近年来油船的数量和吨位越来越大,油船进出港口次数日渐增加,船舶发生海损事故的几率也随之增加。由于船舶碰撞等海难事故而发生的溢油,也成为海域污染的主要污染源之一。目前我国的海上溢油应急防治能力还是较低的,与国际上相关先进成果相比,理论和实用性方面均有一定差距,提高海上溢油应急反应能力刻不容缓。     

Key elements in building up preparedness & response capability against major oil spills at sea in China

How to build up response capability dealing with major oil spills at sea has been an ongoing hot issue that draws high attention among experts and academia worldwide. In China, with the marine economy demonstrating continuous growth in recent years, this issue becomes even more urgent and draws closer attention than ever. In this paper, based on the significant issues revealed from current status of preparedness and response in China, probation is made into the core of these issues and four key elements are therefore pointed out and highlighted that basically constitute the response capability that should be given more attention and be efficiently implemented in the further improvement of response capability in China. Meanwhile the relationship between each element is also addressed and suggestions are provided as how to combine the four key elements so as to achieve the kind of integrated response capability that is adequate to deal with a major marine pollution accident.     

海洋溢油生态损害评估研究进展

近年来,中国沿海溢油事故频发,造成了严重的生态破坏和巨大的经济损失,然而由于评估方法和索赔机制的不健全,往往得不到应有的赔偿。文章介绍了国内外在司法实践中应用较多的溢油损害评估方法,主要有美国的自然资源损害评估技术和生境等价分析技术、中国的渔业损害评估和“塔斯曼海”轮溢油索赔案中的生态损害评估方法,分析了中国在索赔机制与评估方法上与发达国家的差距,最后结合工作实践,提出中国应尽快制定并完善相关法律,建立船舶油污保险和油污损害赔偿基金制度,积极探索新的溢油损害评估模型与方法,并制定适用于中国不同海域的国家标准与规范。     

Dynamic control of a remotely operated vehicle using a neural network

The control of a remotely-operated underwater vehicle to maintain a prescribed depth in shallow water under irregular surface waves is realized through the application of the Robust Adaptive Neuro Controller, a composite control system incorporating—together with the conventional control algorithm—a neural network controller. This network bestows a learning capability on the system, allowing it to deal with unanticipated disturbances that would otherwise cause erroneous behavior of the vehicle. The effectiveness of this application is verified through mathematical simulation of a model vehicle's behavior, through experiment in a model basin, and through simulation of the behavior of an actual remotely operated vehicle in shallow water under irregular surface waves. Graphic data representing the learning process undergone by the neural network distinctly indicate the rising output from the network with the progression of learning, and the vehicle's depth variation traced in terms of the mean square error vividly show the diminution of deviation from the prescribed depth obtained with application of the neural network. Thus controlled to maintain constant depth, under-water vehicles with power supplied externally through a tether for propulsion and for heavy-duty operations should consolidate their advantage for such activities as maintenance of submarine structures and surveys in deep or hazardous water.     

港口工程船舶污染环境风险与评估

船舶水上运输在促进经济发展的同时带来较高的污染风险。通过介绍广州港某石化码头工程船舶污染环境风险评估的事故风险识别、项源分析和影响预测几个环节,指出此类工程风险评估的难点,提出试行船舶污染海洋环境风险评价技术规范需要完善的建议。     

Post OPA-90 vessel oil spill differentials: transfers versus vessel accidents

This study investigates vessel oil spill differentials for transfer and vessel-accident spills for the post Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA-90) period. In-water and out-of-water transfer/vessel-accident oil spill equations are estimated, utilizing tobit regression analysis and data of individual vessel oil spills (of oil-cargo and non-oil-cargo vessels) investigated by the US Coast Guard for the 1991-1995 period. In the data, 47.5% (94.1%) of in-water (out-of-water) gallons of oil spilled were transfer spills; non-oil-cargo vessels accounted for 44.2% of all gallons spilled. The estimation results suggest that out-of-water transfer spills are larger in size than vessel-accident spills, but are similar in size for in-water spills. Transfer/vessel-accident spill differentials exist (do not exist) among determinants of in-water (out-of-water) spills. The policy implication of the results is that a vessel oil spill-reduction differentiation regulatory regime is needed that differentiates between transfer and vessel-accident spills and in-water and out-of-water spills for reducing vessel oil spills.     

海上溢油应急资源的科学配置

文中针对筹建区域性溢油应急体系和制订应急预案中所遇到的应急资源配置问题提出了可供参考的评估方法和建议。应急资源以项目风险等级而配置。项目风险等级包括发生概率，掌控事故的能力和事故发生的严重程度。在量化应急资源能力需求后，应考虑应急资源的适用性和使用效率。根据成本风险分析，给出项目客户所能接受的最大风险和最低水平的成本预算。同理，对区域性各区块风险程度加以测算，在资源配置上有所区别和侧重，以追求成本、风险平衡中的最佳资源配置和最大效益。     

反潜中的舰艇动力装置各组件隐身性评估

以某型舰艇反潜作战为背景，建立了动力装置隐身性的模糊多目标评估模型，讨论了各评估指标权重的确定方法，分析得出了本型舰艇在执行反潜任务时动力装置各组件对舰艇隐身性的影响排序，以此为基础，给出了该型舰艇动力装置的使用建议，该模型同样也适合其他类型舰艇以及舰艇不同组件的隐身性评估。     

Liability for oil spill damages: Issues,methods, and examples

Liability is an important incentive‐based instrument for preventing oil spills and provides a sustainable approach for restoring coastal resources injured by spills. However, the use of liability for environmental damages raises many challenges, including quantification of money measures of damages. In this article, case studies are used to illustrate the issues, methods, and challenges associated with assessing a range of damages, from those that can be measured relatively easily using market information to more “esoteric,”; and much more difficult, cases involving non‐market‐valued losses. Also discussed are issues raised by the new national and international regulatory focus on restoration and by the simplified, compensatory formula used by some states.     

海上溢油应急能力评估研究

针对目前我国海上溢油应急能力评估现状,借鉴国内外其他领域应急能力评估模式的先进经验,建立了包含5个一级指标,20个二级指标的海上溢油应急能力评估指标体系.运用改进的层次分析法得出不同层次指标的权重,并结合某海区溢油应急能力现状评分,得到该海区海上溢油应急能力等级.研究表明,该评价指标体系合理、实用,可为海上溢油应急能力...     

The realities of combating major tanker spills

Whilst the world is much better prepared and equipped to combat major tanker spills than it was 30 years ago, it is still the case that responders are not able to overcome some of the fundamental technical problems. What is more regrettable is the fact that most significant oil spills are not dealt with as effectively as current technology should allow. This is frequently because insufficient account is taken by those in charge of preparedness programmes and response operations of the extensive technical knowledge and experience that is available around the world, especially in terms of the lessons that have been learnt from previous spills.     

基于事故界限的客船安全返港能力评估分析方法

客船安全返港能力评估是客船设计的重要部分。根据海安会通函和SOLAS公约相关要求和目的,论述了一种基于事故界限的客船安全返港能力评估分析方法。通过设定事故界限,制作安全返港界限分析表,量化分析事故后系统故障和剩余系统情况,具有准确,全面和追溯性强的特点,可避免事故设定和系统故障遗漏,并可以根据要求扩展分析范围。     

欧盟海上HNS事故应急能力评估方法简介及启示

文中介绍了欧盟成员国海上HNS事故应急能力评估的通用方法，并以德国评估为例，详细阐述该方法，给出欧洲海事安全局对各国应急能力评估的结果，最终提出对我国海上HNS应急能力评估可借鉴之处，     

Modeling oil spills in a river—lake system

A general model shell, ROSS3, is developed for simulating oil spills in complex river systems using techniques which have not been previously exploited in oil spill models. ROSS3's new approach has several advantages over the approach to model oil spills in the past: (a) The use of a time-varying boundary-fitted coordinate system that allows accurate accounting for complex river/lake boundary as well as the river boundary changes as its water levels fluctuate; (b) The ability to confine two-dimensional hydrodynamic computations to a limited river reach; (c) The ability to interactively layout the channel networks for setting up the model, define extra cross sections to increase the accuracy if needed, in addition to the traditional data entry and visualization interfaces.ROSS3 is a two-layer two-dimensional oip spill model that can simulate the mechanism of advection, horizontal diffusion, mechanical spreading, shoreline deposition, evaporation, dissolution, vertical mixing, resurfacing and sinking. In ROSS3 spilled oil may be a surface slick or suspended oil droplets, or a combination of both. Both free surface and ice cover conditions can be simulated. The flow of conditions can be varied and the unsteady flow model can be run within ROSS3 to simulate the flow conditions in both the river and the lake. The ice conditions can be added or removed from the model input using easy interactive procedures.