弹性元件在汽车悬架上的应用

阐述了应用于汽车悬架上的钢板弹簧、螺旋弹簧、扭杆弹簧、气体弹簧的功用特性、结构特点及应用实例,指出弹性元件在悬架装置中起传递垂直支承力、缓和不平路面经轮胎传给车架的冲击振动幅值和降低频率的作用,保持车辆行驶的稳定性,满足乘坐舒适陛的要求。     

Optimization for Vehicle Suspension II: Frequency Domain

The objective of this study is optimizing the components design of a vehicle suspension system under excitation due to road roughness. The vehicle is modelled as a dynamic system made of masses interconnected by, linear, springs and dampers. The optimizing code provides values corresponding to the caracteristics of masses, dampers and springs which, within a range, minimize the objective function for a defined excitation. This objective function auantifies the vehicle comfort level.

The optimization method used is the sequential linear programming by iteratively applying the Simplex algorithm. The model response is obtained in frequency domain and the vehicle excitation can be either random or deterministic.

The exact nature of the optimization problem, objective function and restrictions, depend on the type of excitation considered.

In succeeding paragraphs, the problem formulation together with a comparison with other authors is presented.     

大客车空气弹簧动态特性的试验分析

空气弹簧具有变刚度特性，其振动频率要比钢板弹簧低得多。对客车用空气簧动态特性进行了试验分析。结果表明，空气弹簧在多种载荷工况下特性曲线具有相似性，说明一种空气弹簧适合于多种载荷的汽车；空气弹簧的动刚度主要取决于激励频率，在低频范围内幅值比较小，高频范围内幅值比较大。     

Technology for measuring and diagnosing the damping force of shock absorbers and the constant of coil springs when mounted on a vehicle

Diagnosis of the individual function of shock absorbers and coil springs has been simplified by an off-the-car-type tester. We studied methods of analyzing coil springs and shock absorbers independently without removing them from the vehicle. The damping force of the shock absorber itself, excluding the spring effect, can be indicated according to the axle weight/road wheel at the point of displacement 0.     

Noise,vibration, harshness model of a rotating tyre

ABSTRACT

The tyre plays a fundamental role in the generation of acoustically perceptible driving noise and vibrations inside the vehicle. An essential part of these vibrations is induced by the road excitation and transferred via the tyre into the vehicle. There are two basic ways to study noise, vibration, harshness (NVH) behaviour: Simulations in time and frequency domains. Modelling the tyre transfer behaviour in frequency domain requires special attention to the rotation of the tyre. This paper shows the approach taken by the authors to include the transfer behaviour in the frequency range up to 250?Hz from geometric road excitations to resulting spindle forces in frequency domain. This paper validates the derived NVH tyre model by comparison with appropriate transient simulations of the base transient model.     

Optimization for Vehicle Suspension I: Time Domain

A numerical procedure for finding the optimum values of a number of parameters describing a model vehicle suspension has been studied. The vehicle has been modelled by dynamic systems of linear springs and dampers, and the goal is to obtain lower acceleration peaks at an elected design point in the vehicle.

The problem is stated as a mathematical programming problem which can be solved by means of the sequential linear programming technique. The procedure has been implemented for a four wheel independent suspension model capable of being subjected to road irregularities and to centrifugal and braking accelerations.     

Parameters optimisation of a vehicle suspension system using a particle swarm optimisation algorithm

The purpose of this paper is to determine the lumped suspension parameters that minimise a multi-objective function in a vehicle model under different standard PSD road profiles. This optimisation tries to meet the rms vertical acceleration weighted limits for human sensitivity curves from ISO 2631 [ISO-2631: guide for evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration. Europe; 1997] at the driver's seat, the road holding capability and the suspension working space. The vehicle is modelled in the frequency domain using eight degrees of freedom under a random road profile. The particle swarm optimisation and sequential quadratic programming algorithms are used to obtain the suspension optimal parameters in different road profile and vehicle velocity conditions. A sensitivity analysis is performed using the obtained results and, in Class G road profile, the seat damping has the major influence on the minimisation of the multi-objective function. The influence of vehicle parameters in vibration attenuation is analysed and it is concluded that the front suspension stiffness should be less stiff than the rear ones when the driver's seat relative position is located forward the centre of gravity of the car body. Graphs and tables for the behaviour of suspension parameters related to road classes, used algorithms and velocities are presented to illustrate the results. In Class A road profile it was possible to find optimal parameters within the boundaries of the design variables that resulted in acceptable values for the comfort, road holding and suspension working space.     

模态试验分析对解决汽车振动问题的应用

针对某车辆在行驶试验时,在车速57 km/h时出现低频5.4 Hz的驾驶室异常振动的现象,振动形式为俯仰振动,人体乘坐舒适性主观感觉很差。先后采用多种常规振动分析试验方法对该车进行振动分析,也未能分析出引起驾驶室异常振动的原因。最后对该车的车架和驾驶室进行模态试验分析,分析判断得出该车在行驶时驾驶室异常振动的频率与车架整体一阶弯曲时的接近,由此判断该车驾驶室异常振动是由车架整体-阶弯曲引起的。根据试验分析结果,文章最后对某车问题的改进方案综合评价后提出了合理的改进方案。     

Optimization for Vehicle Suspension I: Time Domain

SUMMARY

A numerical procedure for finding the optimum values of a number of parameters describing a model vehicle suspension has been studied. The vehicle has been modelled by dynamic systems of linear springs and dampers, and the goal is to obtain lower acceleration peaks at an elected design point in the vehicle.

The problem is stated as a mathematical programming problem which can be solved by means of the sequential linear programming technique. The procedure has been implemented for a four wheel independent suspension model capable of being subjected to road irregularities and to centrifugal and braking accelerations.     

非对称钢板弹簧作用原理

非对称钢板弹簧的主要作用是提高汽车转向稳定性，改变汽车前后轴质量分布，调整汽车轴距，扩展发动机机油底壳空间和减少钢板弹簧纵向弯曲变形。在维修保养非对称钢板弹簧时，应特别注意弹簧片间的石墨润滑剂和辨清非对称位置。     

变截面钢板弹簧梯形叶片的斜面位置分析

梯形变截面钢板弹簧具有轧制的线形简单、对设备要求不高等优点。将梯形截面与抛物线截面进行对比分析，以梯形叶片的斜面与抛物线相切为基础，以切点在材料利用最充分处、端部、根部为重点，分析了梯形叶片在不同位置时的端部厚度、斜面的水平长度、梯形叶片与抛物线叶片的质量比，其结果对梯形叶片的设计具有一定的参考价值。     

Total dynamic response of a PSS vehicle negotiating asymmetric road excitations

A planar suspension system (PSS) is a novel automobile suspension system in which an individual spring–damper strut is implemented in both the vertical and longitudinal directions, respectively. The wheels in a vehicle with such a suspension system can move back and forth relative to the chassis. When a PSS vehicle experiences asymmetric road excitations, the relative longitudinal motion of wheels with respect to the chassis in two sides of the same axle are not identical, and thus the two wheels at one axle will not be aligned in the same axis. The total dynamic responses, including those of the bounce, pitch and the roll of the PSS vehicle, to the asymmetric road excitation may exhibit different characteristics from those of a conventional vehicle. This paper presents an investigation into the comprehensive dynamic behaviour of a vehicle with the PSS, in such a road condition, on both the straight and curved roads. The study was carried out using an 18 DOF full-car model incorporating a radial-spring tyre–ground contact model and a 2D tyre–ground dynamic friction model. Results demonstrate that the total dynamic behaviour of a PSS vehicle is generally comparable with that of the conventional vehicle, while PSS exhibits significant improvement in absorbing the impact forces along the longitudinal direction when compared to the conventional suspension system. The PSS vehicle is found to be more stable than the conventional vehicle in terms of the directional performance against the disturbance of the road potholes on a straight line manoeuvre, while exhibiting a very similar handling performance on a curved line.     

Optimal Preview Control of a Two-dof Vehicle Model Using Stochastic Optimal Control Theory

An optimal preview control algorithm is applied to a two degree of freedom(dof) vehicle model travelling with constant velocity on a randomly profiled road. The road roughness is modelled as a homogeneous random process being the output of a linear first order filter to white noise. The input from the road irregularity is assumed to be measured at some distance in front of the vehicle and this measured infonnation is utilized by the active controller to prepare the system for the ensuing input. The preview control algorithm is obtained by minimizing a quadratic performance index and by describing the average behaviour of the system by the covariance matrix of the vehicle response state vector. Results are presented for full state feedback and significant improvements in sprung mass acceleration, suspension working space and road holding are observed.     

板簧动态特性的研究

本文对板簧进行了动态试验研究,提出了板簧惯性修正方法,它具有严格的理论依据并经试验证明合理。文章还依据试验结果,修改了板簧指数模型,使板簧模型更加实用,对车辆动力学的研究具有一定意义。     

虚拟样机技术在三轴板簧平衡悬架结构改进中的应用

应用机械系统分析软件ADAMS建立了板簧的离散梁动力学模型,对板簧的刚度特性进行了仿真模拟;在此基础上建立了上置式板簧平衡悬架系统的垂向振动分析模型,并对车辆在极限运动状况下行驶时出现的滑板式板簧的不正常接触问题进行了仿真分析,最后提出了结构改进措施。     

基于COSMOSWorks和Simulink的车架动态响应特性分析

采用Solidworks中的COSMOSWorks有限元分析软件对车架进行模态分析,得出了前十阶振型及固有频率。运用1,4车辆振动模型,建立了系统的运动微分方程,并利用Matlab中的Simulink模块对车架的振动情况进行仿真。利用路面谱仿真得到的路面激励信号作为输入,对车架进行动力响应模拟,得到了车架在三种典型路面上的动态响应特性,为车架的结构优化提供了理论依据。     

由路面引起的汽车振动能量耗散特性频域分析

针对行驶过程中由路面引起的汽车振动能量耗散问题，提出了基于汽车振动二自由度单轮模型的能量耗散特性频域分析方法。采用汽车振动二自由度单轮模型推导了模型的频率响应，确定了能量耗散振动响应量及其频率响应。将路面激励功率谱密度与振动响应量的功率谱密度和均方根值相结合，建立了能量耗散振动响应量统计特性和振动能量耗散平均功率的表示。采用Matlab开发了汽车振动二自由度单轮模型的能量耗散特性频域分析仿真程序，通过3种分析方案研究了由路面引起的汽车振动能量耗散特性。结果表明，汽车振动能量耗散平均功率与速度和路面等级相关，受到路面等级的影响较大；在以B级路面为主的国内城市行驶工况下，由路面引起的汽车振动能量耗散平均功率比较低。     

A finite-element-based approach to characterising FTire model for extended range of operation conditions

In order to accurately predict vehicle dynamic responses when traversing high obstacles or large bumps, appropriate tyre models need to be developed and characterised. Tyre models used in vehicle ride and durability are usually characterised by experimental tests on the tyre. However, limitations in rig design and operating conditions restrict the range of test conditions under which the tyre can be tested, hence characterisation of the tyre behaviour during extreme manoeuvres may not be possible using physical tests. In this study, a combination of experimental tests and finite-element (FE) modelling is used in deriving Flexible Ring Tire (FTire) Models appropriate for different levels of tyre/road interaction severity. It is shown that FE modelling can be used to accurately characterise the behaviour of a tyre where limitations in experimental facilities prevent tyre characterisation using the required level of input severity in physical tests. Multi-body simulation is used to demonstrate that the FTire model derived using extended range of obstacles produces more accurate transient dynamic response when traversing low and high road obstacles.