基于冲突概率的无信号控制T形交叉口安全评价

为了更合理地评价无信号控制 T 形交叉口的安全水平,研究在交叉口类型划分的基础上,提出1种以交通冲突数的概率分布为评价指标的安全评价方法。其中,交通冲突数的均值和分布分别采用广义线形模型和泊松分布描述,在广义线形模型中,交通冲突数的均值为被解释变量,冲突交通流的交通量为解释变量,根据交通冲突数的均值估算,计算交通冲突数的泊松分布的概率。在利用实测数据对广义线形模型的参数进行标定后,根据主路直行与非直行交通流量之间的差异性,进一步提出了简化模型,将主路直行交通的影响简化为影响系数,并根据流量不同划分为4个等级,通过分析交通冲突数的概率计算值与安全阈值数的概率临界值之间的关系,进行无信号控制 T 形交叉口的安全评价。最后通过实际案例,对模型的可操作性和准确性进行了检验。研究表明,非直行流向流量较直行交通流量对交叉口安全水平的影响更大,利用文中所提出的简化模型,可重点调查其它流向流量,而主路直行交通流量只需观测其流量大致范围即可,平均工作效率提升25%。      

考虑连锁冲突的城市公交车行车风险量化分析方法

为了量化城市公交车给区域混合交通带来的安全风险，通过提取交通冲突数据并识别连锁冲突，研究了公交车行车风险的量化分析方法。在数据采集上，采用了航拍图像并基于YOLOv4网络学习航拍目标的外观特征，检测并跟踪航拍车辆，从而提取带精细属性的车辆轨迹数据。在冲突识别上，将不同车道上可能发生横向碰撞的车辆对之间的相对位置作为约束条件，在跟驰模型的基础上补充了匹配相邻车道上车辆对的动态关系，从而将经典碰撞时间(TTC)模型扩展至可同时识别侧向冲突的二维TTC模型；基于车辆刺激-反应理论标定每个冲突车辆对区域交通造成连续干扰的时空范围，根据干扰范围的动态变化建立冲突间的作用关系并形成时序性的冲突树模型，从而识别连锁冲突并追溯连续风险形成的因果过程。在风险研究上，从3个方面量化不同状态下城市公交车的行车风险:①基于二维TTC模型解析冲突频率；②在此基础上结合累积频率法解析冲突严重性；③通过连锁冲突比例及冲突树长度解析冲突聚集的概率和范围大小。采集广州大桥路段航拍视频进行实验研究，结果表明:城市公交车在拥堵常发路段不仅冲突风险高，且带有较高的冲突严重性和区域聚集性；拥堵流中公交车的冲突频率超过9次(/ veh·min)；公交车的严重冲突率为33.39%，远远高于小汽车的16.61%；公交车的区域连锁冲突发生率为30.75%，达到了小汽车(14.67%)的2倍。      

Empirical analysis of hazard perception and driving behaviors among high school and college students on motorcycles in Phnom Penh,Cambodia

In Cambodia, motorcycle use has spread rapidly in recent years, and serious accidents involving motorcycles have increased. Motorcycle accidents involving young people are particularly common, and there are various issues concerning traffic safety. To understand the situation in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, we conducted a questionnaire survey on driving attitude and behavior of motorcycle users targeted at high school and college students and a video observation survey of motorcycle driving conditions. Based on the survey analysis results, we held a traffic safety workshop (WS) comprising practical skills and classroom learning centered on hazard anticipation. In this study, we conducted a statistical comparative analysis of driving behavior frequency on non-intersection intervals of arterial roads before and after the WS, based on observational results from video cameras mounted on motorcycles. The results showed that the WS effects were associated with a reduction in average travel speeds and changes in driving behavior, such as frequency of lane changing. Different responses to the WS were observed according to attributes, and thus, the relationship between the content of this kind of traffic safety WS and behavioral changes needs to be clarified and a more advanced traffic safety WS program developed.     

分心对驾驶人交通冲突反应时间的影响(双语出版)

为了研究分心对交通冲突状态下驾驶人反应时间的影响,采用驾驶模拟器构建城市道路交通环境下2种典型冲突形态：侧向行人冲突和纵向追尾冲突,设计认知、视觉以及发短信（认知+视觉复合分心）3种分心任务,在不同行驶车速、跟车时距、前车减速度等紧迫度条件下,采集30名驾驶人应对交通冲突的制动反应时间,分别采用重复测量一般线性模型及线性混合模型进行统计分析。研究结果表明：认知分心使驾驶人应对侧向行人冲突的制动反应时间增加0.09 s,但未观察到其对纵向追尾冲突反应时间的显著性影响;视觉分心与发短信都会延缓驾驶人应对侧向行人（分别增加0.31 s和0.27 s）以及纵向追尾冲突（分别增加0.47 s和0.38 s）的制动反应时间;此外,在纵向追尾冲突中,随着冲突紧迫度提高（前车减速度增大、车头时距减小以及自车速度增大）,驾驶人制动反应时间显著减小。表明驾驶分心延长了驾驶人应对交通冲突的反应时间,容易导致事故的发生,具体而言,认知分心主要延长驾驶人应对侧向冲突的反应时间,涉及视觉的分心同时延长驾驶人应对侧向及纵向冲突的反应时间;视觉分心对驾驶人反应时间的延长显著性高于认知分心,说明视觉分心对行车安全影响更大。     

无信号控制平面交叉口交通冲突预测模型研究

以无信号控制平面交叉口为研究对象,在交通流运行特征分析的基础上,用泊松分布描述车辆的到达特性。通过相关假定,指出机动车与机动车之间冲突发生的条件及冲突数的计算方法,认为平交口内车辆之间的冲突是按照一定概率同时进入交叉口的车辆相互干扰的结果。运用概率统计的相关理论计算出在车辆横穿交叉口的时间CT内,单进口道发生的冲突数,进而计算出单进口道的小时冲突数及整个交叉口的小时冲突数。建立了冲突预测模型,并利用实测数据对模型进行了验证。     

Exclusive motorcycle lanes: A systematic review

Road accidents are the main leading cause of death, and more than half of people killed in road accidents are motorcyclists, pedestrians, and bicyclists. In developing countries, the share of motorcycles is very high in the traffic stream, which results in an increased number of accidents. Nonetheless, a high share of motorcycles and risky riding behavior of motorcyclists raise notable threats to other road users as well as themselves. Segregating motorcycles from the main traffic stream by providing an Exclusive MotorCycle Lane (EMCL) is reported as one of the strategies to improve motorcyclist's safety and overall road safety. Although EMCLs are successfully running in some Asian countries like Malaysia, Taiwan, and Indonesia, and have reported reducing motorcycle accidents, existing literature related to such lanes is limited and lacks combined contemplation of various design factors. Therefore, a systematic review of studies related to EMCL was carried out in the present paper using the PRISMA approach. The review was majorly divided into the following three categories viz., geometric design elements of EMCL, motorcyclist's flow characteristics on EMCL, and traffic control measures for EMCL to highlight the research lacunas in this field. The present study aims to cast light on the need for specific geometric design standards for EMCL and to assess the safety impact of segregating motorcyclists from other mixed traffic. The review highlights that the design standards for EMCL should be based on the motorcycle's characteristics, as it varies from other vehicle categories in terms of riding behavior and the physical properties of the motorcycle.     

基于物联网技术多功能行车记录仪应用研究

目前电动摩托车在使用时缺少安全记录仪,这就导致一旦电动摩托车出现意外情况很难对责任进行判定,并且一旦出现电动摩托车被偷盗的情况,也很难对电动摩托车进行追回,不利于电动摩托车的使用,这是现有技术电动摩托车使用的不足之处.基于以上的原因,本设计一款基于物联网技术的多功能行车记录仪,可以解决现有高速电动摩托车多功能联网安全记...     

Investigating performance of a novel safety measure for assessing potential rear-end collisions: An insight representing a scenario in developing nation

Road safety is one of the major concerns in the ever-growing traffic network. In addressing this, surrogate safety measures play a critical role in identifying collision instincts. Besides the added advantage of quantifying collision instincts in advance, surrogate safety measures have their limitations. For example, in some instances, those measures tend to show erroneous results. In this paper, a new surrogate safety measure Instant Heeding Time (IHT), is presented based on follower vehicle attention in the traffic streams. This new measure is integrated with a distance gap and the vehicles' speeds to assess probable rear-end collisions. Further, along with other safety measures, the developed safety framework is tested over a study section, with the help of trajectory datasets at three traffic flow conditions (free flow, capacity, and congested) under prevailing heterogeneous (mixed) traffic conditions. Based on the safety framework, it is observed that, in the case of free flow and capacity conditions, 23 and 55 probable rear-end collisions points are detected. At the congested conditions, no rear-end collision points are observed. Further, smaller vehicles in the traffic stream are associated with a higher number of rear-end collision instincts than other vehicle categories. The conceptualized safety framework can be applied on a real-time basis for monitoring the safety measures for vehicles in a mixed traffic stream.     

Real-time vision-based blind spot warning system: Experiments with motorcycles in daytime/nighttime conditions

This paper describes a real-time vision-based blind spot warning system that has been specially designed for motorcycles detection in both daytime and nighttime conditions. Motorcycles are fast moving and small vehicles that frequently remain unseen to other drivers, mainly in the blind-spot area. In fact, although in recent years the number of fatal accidents has decreased overall, motorcycle accidents have increased by 20%. The risks are primarily linked to the inner characteristics of this mode of travel: motorcycles are fast moving vehicles, light, unstable and fragile. These features make the motorcycle detection problem a difficult but challenging task to be solved from the computer vision point of view. In this paper we present a daytime and nighttime vision-based motorcycle and car detection system in the blind spot area using a single camera installed on the side mirror. On the one hand, daytime vehicle detection is carried out using optical flow features and Support Vector Machine-based (SVM) classification. On the other hand, nighttime vehicle detection is based on head lights detection. The proposed system warns the driver about the presence of vehicles in the blind area, including information about the position and the type of vehicle. Extensive experiments have been carried out in 172 minutes of sequences recorded in real traffic scenarios in both daytime and nighttime conditions, in the context of the Valencia MotoGP Grand Prix 2009.     

基于冲突极值模型的非常规信号交叉口安全评价

为了评估非常规信号交叉口交通安全,提出了基于冲突极值模型的横断面分析方法.利用计算机视频技术提取了南京市3个信号交叉口(1个设施组和2个参照组)96h的交通冲突数据和交通流数据,构建了包含数据层[处理层[先验层的3层贝叶斯超阈值冲突极值模型,利用马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗仿真方法对模型参数进行估计,采用预测交通事故和比值比计算...     

基于Poisson过程的交通冲突预测模型研究

交通冲突预测是利用交通流运行特征,预测出可能发生交通冲突的次数,从而为道路交叉口等交通交汇处的交通安全评价提供一种较为可靠和可行的方法。影响车辆发生冲突的因素包括车辆在冲突点的暴露时间、车辆到达潜在冲突点的特性以及车辆间的车头时距等。在对交通冲突点的冲突过程分析的基础上,给出了交通冲突次数的定义,包括大于2辆车连续通过冲突点的交通状况.应用Poisson随机过程理论,建立潜在冲突点机动车间交通冲突次数的预测模型。预测结果的对比分析研究表明,基于随机过程的交通冲突预测模型的预测值与实际观测值最接近。     

隧道与互通出口小净距路段换道可靠性研究

为分析高速公路隧道与互通出口小净距路段在不同交通流状况下的车辆驶出概率,提出了基于交通仿真的安全换道概率模型。首先,采用VISSIM标定仿真模型并进行正交试验,获取小净距路段在不同净距长度、交通量、驶出比例、大型车比例下的交通数据,在此基础上确定瞬时交通流密度及相应车流平均速度的计算方法,构建相应的分布模型,通过K均值聚类算法研究不同速度下的瞬时交通流密度大小和出现概率;同时引入可靠度方法并利用微分法来构建车辆安全换道概率模型,综合考虑车速、车流密度、目标车道临界可插入间隙等因素的不确定性,应用蒙特卡罗仿真法搭建求解概率模型的算法,并通过MATLAB对模型进行求解;针对分流车初始位置的不同,分别得到了不同交通量、大型车比例、净距长度下的换道驶出成功率,进而研究不同交通流状况组合下的净距长度。结果表明：交通量、大型车比例、净距长度对净距路段内侧车道车辆换道驶出成功率有显著性影响,研究结果可为规范的进一步完善提供参考。     

车路协同无信号交叉口的矩形冲突检测及消解

针对车路协同环境下的冲突问题，建立了以系统反应时间代替驾驶员反应时间的自动驾驶车辆制动距离模型，以此作为安全距离改进了矩形冲突检测模型，并根据轨迹优化的研究思路，提出了以矩形冲突检测模型为基础的冲突消解算法，对非通行优先权车辆进行速度引导，避免车辆冲突。在车联网开源框架 Veins 的基础上，将交通仿真器 SUMO和网络仿真器 OMNeT++双向耦合，并对冲突检测模型与消解模型进行验证。仿真结果显示，该冲突检测及消解模型具有可行性，与传统无信号交叉口四路停车让行规则相比，模型中的速度引导方案能减少合流冲突车辆 8.6%的平均行驶时间，减少交叉冲突车辆 8.3%的平均行驶时间；合流冲突和交叉冲突中车辆的平均速度分别提高了61.4%和105.0%。在实际应用中，冲突消解模型可以为不同速度范围内的自动驾驶车辆提供速度参考，降低无信号交叉口车辆发生碰撞的概率，提高无信号交叉口的通行效率。     

Exploring pedestrian surrogate safety measures by road geometry at midblock crosswalks: A perspective under mixed traffic conditions

Pedestrian safety is generally assessed using frequency of crashes, based on historical data, for a given transportation facility. However, the lack of good and reliable crash data has hampered its apposite analyses and in evaluating the effectiveness of pedestrian safety programs. To overcome this gap, traffic conflict technique (TCT) which relies mainly on the observations of critical traffic situations for safety analysis were developed. However, the applicability of TCTs and related measures under varying non-lane based heterogeneous traffic conditions prevailing in countries such as India is not widely explored. This paper attempts to evaluate pedestrian safety at urban midblock crosswalk using different surrogate safety measures, including vehicle crossing speed, post encroachment time (PET), yielding compliance of driver as well as pedestrian, and conflict rate. The number of conflicts were observed to increase as the average vehicle crossing speed increases, indicating that pedestrians are extremely vulnerable while crossing the road. The PET value for the smaller vehicles, such as two-wheelers and three-wheelers, is recorded to be lower than the heavy vehicles, such as trucks and buses. With the addition of one lane, there is a significant decrease in the PET value. The average PET values for the vehicle on eight-lane divided road is less than the six-lane divided, four-lane divided, and two-lane undivided roads. Further, the yielding compliance of the driver as well as of the pedestrian depends on the crossing speed of the approaching vehicle and the type of road geometry. Further, the rate and severity of conflicts increased with a decrease in the pedestrian crossing speed. The yielding behaviour of the drivers as well as the pedestrian's yielding compliance varies by location, highlighting the effect of individual and demographic characteristics on pedestrian crossing behaviour.     

基于稳定性和宏观交通流模型的车辆路径规划

为了提升车辆的安全性和能量利用率,从路径规划的层面出发,针对避免车辆遇到极端工况及低效率工况的问题,提出将车辆稳定性判据模型和交通流模型相结合的方法来规划车辆路径,使得车辆在路面湿滑情况下实现快速、安全的行驶。使用交通流模型预测车辆未来将要面临的交通环境变化,再使用稳定性判据模型评估未来交通的安全性,以便为混合动力车辆规划出最快且最安全的路径。具体来讲,为了预测混合动力车辆未来将要面临的车速及车流密度的变化,使用通量矢量分裂格式求解广义Aw-Rascle-Zhang（GARZ）宏观交通流模型。此外,使用驾驶人在环仿真平台PreScan,收集了同一驾驶人在不同车速及不同相对前车距离时给出的前轮转向角响应。基于前轮驱动（FWD）前轮转向（FWS）车辆和全轮转向（AWS）分布式驱动车辆（DDV）的Simulink模型,给出了不同前轮转向角对应的轮胎力饱和因子（δ_TFSC）响应。使用人工神经网络训练不同车速和车流密度对应的δ_TFSC,建立了车辆的稳定性判据模型。使用新建立的稳定性判据模型对交通流模型预测的参数（车流速及车流密度）进行稳定性评估。然后,基于以上的方法优化了车辆行驶路径,以确保车辆在湿滑路面上的行驶安全。最后,使用US-101真实交通流数据来验证交通流模型的预测结果。经实例验证得出：交通流模型与车辆横向稳定性判据模型相结合可以从路径规划的层面保证车辆安全行驶并提升交通系统的通行效率。     

基于潜在冲突量的交叉口安全评价方法研究

提出了潜在冲突量的概念，并对其进行了分类。通过车速、交通量、车道宽度等易获取的交通参数来推算交叉口潜在冲突量。引入混合交通当量，将潜在冲突量与混合交通当量比值作为交叉口安全评价的指标，并选取灰色聚类的方法对交叉口进行安全程度的评价。对桂林市的9个交叉口进行了安全程度的评价，评价结果与实际状况相吻合。     

基于累积前景理论的无信控路段人车通行冲突博弈分析

无信控路段具有强交互性和高事故率,由于缺乏交通信号将人车进行分离,导致其容易形成人车通行冲突,影响道路通行效率和交通安全.为此,以各道路使用者的损失最小为目标,构建了基于累积前景理论的人车通行冲突博弈模型.通过研究过街行人与机动车辆的交互作用,分析双方决策行为影响因素并构建得失矩阵;同时在考虑决策者主观心理感知的前提下...     

摩托车碰撞模型的研究性评估和分析——ISO 13232标准应用研究

随着ISO13232-2005摩托车碰撞系列标准的发布,为评估摩托车产品影响人身和车辆安全考核提供了重要的参考依据。该标准不仅提高了摩托车产品对骑乘人员防护水平的认知,也促进了摩托车产品安全技术的不断提升。本文仅从摩托车碰撞实体模型建立方面,参考ISO13232-2005标准中碰撞试验模型及国际上部分关于摩托车公开碰撞的资料,结合实际检验工作需要,设定了可行性二轮摩托车碰撞模型。     

基于轨迹数据的非机动车道内冲突事件自动识别与可视化

准确识别非机动车道内的交通冲突事件既是量化评价非机动车道安全水平的基础,也是剖析与理解非机动车道内运行风险产生与发展过程的重要前提.基于轨迹的交通冲突识别与分析技术已被运用于城市交叉口处机动车之间以及机非之间的交互安全分析,但目前鲜有聚焦非机动车道场景内交通冲突事件的分析方法.针对该问题,提出一种基于个体的(Agent...     

基于能量法的组合梁桥拥堵车辆怠速振动所致疲劳损伤评估

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