Speed ratio control of a parallel layout double cavity half-toroidal CVT for four-wheel drive

A double cavity half-toroidal CVT has two variators, which gives a hint of a new four-wheel drive without a center differential gear unit by applying each of them to drive front and rear drive shafts independently. Torque re-circulation at cornering or different tire radii between front and rear tire is avoided by compensating the speed ratio of variator. The controller adjusts the attitude angle of power roller of the front variator against the rear by measuring the steering angle at cornering. This paper describes the speed ratio control system of the 4WD-CVT with speed ratio range of 1 : 8.7 and test results of vehicle motion mounted on a 3.2L RV.     

A semi-empirical dynamic tire model for combined-slip forces

This article presents a semi-empirical combined-slip tire model including transient behavior. It is assumed that the transient behavior is a result from the dynamic deformation of the tire carcass and that the interaction between the lateral and longitudinal slip, and forces can be explained by the deformation of the rubber treads. The deformation of the tire carcass makes the tread slip deviate from the wheel-rim motion in a way that may be described by differential equations. A method based on brush-model tire mechanics is used to construct the combined-slip forces as nonlinear scalings of corresponding pure-slip forces.     

Prediction of tire natural frequency with consideration of the enveloping property

A lumped tire model was developed with consideration of the enveloping property in order to predict the natural tire frequency. Tire stiffness was classified into vertical, sidewall, and enveloping stiffnesses, and the tire characteristics were analyzed in detail experimentally and via finite element analysis. In addition, the effective masses of the tire tread and belt were extracted directly from design specifications taking into account the sizes and material properties of different rubber blocks. Using the design parameters of the tires, natural frequencies were calculated from the derived model and were compared with experimental results. Finally, based on good agreement with experimental results, sensitivity analysis was performed to verify the effect of tire stiffnesses on the natural frequencies.     

基于径向刚度法的车辆翻新轮胎使用寿命判定

为了有效判定车辆翻新轮胎的剩余使用寿命，需要科学确定废旧轮胎胎体橡胶老化程度对翻新轮胎使用寿命的影响。在分析废旧轮胎胎体橡胶老化规律的基础上，通过橡胶老化试验测试及回归分析，确定了胎体弹性模量随着橡胶老化年限增加近似线性增大的影响规律；结合计算机仿真技术及试验测试技术，基于轮胎径向刚度法提出了翻新轮胎剩余使用寿命不安全系数计算方法，其计算数值大小与翻新轮胎径向刚度和新轮胎径向刚度之差成正比，与新轮胎径向刚度值成反比；构建了由橡胶加速老化系统、弹性模量测取系统、承载-变形计算机模拟系统和承载-变形测试系统等组成的翻新轮胎剩余使用寿命判定系统；基于径向刚度法和判定系统提出了车辆翻新轮胎剩余使用寿命判定规则，确定了翻新轮胎胎体剩余使用寿命判定具体流程；根据剩余使用寿命不安全系数计算方法和判定规则，将翻新轮胎确定为可正常使用、需降速使用和需报废处理3个级别，并利用11.00R22.5载重车辆翻新轮胎进行了剩余使用寿命判定与评价，依据判定规则分别计算了不同使用年限3条翻新轮胎的剩余使用寿命不安全系数，确定出3条翻新轮胎所对应的级别，判定与评价结论与实际使用情况相吻合。研究结果表明：废旧轮胎胎体橡胶老化程度对翻新轮胎剩余使用寿命影响显著，翻新轮胎径向刚度与剩余使用寿命之间存在较大影响关系；废旧轮胎胎体橡胶老化程度越严重和径向刚度越大，翻新轮胎的剩余使用寿命将会越短。     

基于车路系统的事故现场轮胎印迹强度参数化研究

为明确事故现场可视轮胎印迹强度与车辆动力学特性、轮胎橡胶磨损特征及道路表面灰度之间的关联特性,提出基于车路耦合的事故现场轮胎印迹强度参数化研究方法。通过结合动态滑动摩擦因数模型及轮胎非线性模型,建立车辆路面9 DOF非线性系统动力学模型,运用VBOX惯性测量技术验证模型的有效性。运用胎面磨损能量模型,从车路系统角度确定车辆、轮胎和路面特性对轮胎全局摩擦力及胎面磨损特性的影响。结合印迹强度特征模型提出轮胎印迹强度参数研究方法,选取不同制动、转向角工况及3组路面、胎面特性对轮胎路面接地力学特性、胎面橡胶磨损量、可视轮胎印迹特征进行仿真分析。结果表明：印迹强度仅与全局摩擦力大小有关,与轮胎路面滑移方向无关;滑移工况下胎面橡胶磨损量随着全局摩擦力和滑移速度的增大而增大,而印迹强度变化不明显;制动力矩和道路表面灰度对产生可视轮胎印迹起决定作用,转向角主要影响不规则可视轮胎印迹的产生;前轮轮胎最先出现可视印迹,且可视印迹长度和强度均高于后轮轮胎;采取可视印迹起点作为事故车辆速度判定具有一定的误差,应根据具体情况进行具体分析;研究成果能够为基于可视轮胎印迹的交通事故重建提供理论基础。     

轮胎泵气噪声有限元仿真分析

轮胎花纹槽泵气噪声是轮胎噪声的主要部分之一。在假设轮胎胎面结构与空气完全耦合的条件下建立轮胎横向花纹槽噪声的有限元模型,在施加与速度相关的强制位移条件下对空气中花纹槽泵气噪声进行仿真仿真,验证轮胎花纹槽泵气噪声的机理,同时通过线性迭加轮胎周向单个横向花纹槽的方法,给出轮胎花纹槽整体噪声的频域曲线。     

轻型货车轮胎接地压力分布实测

利用自主开发的轮胎接地压力测试仪,进行了轻型货车不同花纹和不同使用年限轮胎,在不同轮胎胎压和不同负荷作用下,轮胎的接地压力分布规律测量。实测结果发现:轻型货车轮胎与路面的接触形状更接近于矩形;新胎比旧胎的接地压力要均匀些;轮胎胎压与平均接地压力、轮胎负荷与平均接地压力、轮胎负荷与有效接地面积基本上呈线性关系。     

The high-expansion-ratio gasoline engine for the hybrid passenger car

A 50% reduction in CO₂ and fuel consumption has been achieved by the Toyota Hybrid System, which has been in mass production since 1997. This is achieved by the combination of two permanent magnet motors and a newly developed gasoline engine that is optimized in terms of its displacement and heat cycle. Delaying the closing timing of the intake valves effectively separates the compression ratio and expansion ratio, so that the expansion ratio, which is normally set from 9 : 1 to 10 : 1 to suppress knocking, can be set to 13.5 : 1. This new engine shows better than 230 g/kWh BSFC over a wide operating range. Motor-assisted quick start, improved catalyst warm-up, and the elimination of light-load firing allow the system to achieve very clean emissions levels.     

The mechanisms involved during the wet braking of new and worn tires

ABSTRACT

Tires are used by the customers during several tens of thousands of kilometres, and before their replacement, the driver will encounter a continuous variation of tread depth due to the tire wearing. Although the wet braking labelling demonstrates the performance of the tire in the new stage, it is known that the wet traction evolves with tire wear. In this paper, an in-depth comparison of the wet grip performance of new and worn tires will be conducted, based on the regulatory wet braking test. For this purpose, we propose an original approach to analyse braking test results, which allows breaking down and quantifying the relative importance of the mechanisms involved during this test. This study demonstrates that two main mechanisms are taking place during the entire test: rubber friction and hydroplaning mechanisms. The µ value obtained at low speeds reflects the friction potential of the tested tires while the decline of performance at higher speeds is attributed to hydroplaning mechanisms. This analysis is conducted on numerous tires and demonstrates that current regulatory test applied on new tires is focussing mainly on the rubber friction mechanism. The same test applied on worn tires exhibits both rubber friction and hydroplaning mechanisms. The mechanisms decomposition shows that the source of the performance decline from new to worn status varies greatly, some tires having most of their performance loss due to hydroplaning, some others due to rubber friction drop.     

Development of a time-to-digital converter IC for laser radar

A CMOS time-to-digital converter IC with half-nanosecond resolution by inverter-delay-time has been developed for measuring time intervals with a fully digital circuit. A new circuit “ring-gate-delay” system using two revolution counters can make the area of the circuit far smaller than it would be without them. Accuracy is assured through digital processing with a 2 MHz crystal clock reference. A time resolution of 0.5 ns and a measurement range of 0–2200 ns using 1.5 μm CMOS were confirmed.     

子午线轮胎活络模花纹块精铸模具型腔曲面构造

采用加权曲面参数方程拟合型腔侧壁曲面的算法,实现了子午线轮胎活络模模具型腔曲面的构造。研究了从轮胎平面图提取出花纹块模具轮廓的方法及模具型腔的设计和调整方法。根据花纹平面轮廓沿周向和轴向投影时展开长度不变的原理,计算得到了弯曲后的胎顶和胎底花纹轮廓。根据精度要求,通过将胎顶、胎底轮廓和花纹沟槽侧壁斜截线离散为若干点,并应用加权BSC曲面拟合算法,构造出了型腔侧面参数方程。造型过程和试验结果表明,该曲面拟合算法可以控制加工精度,适用于构造和加工花纹型曲面。     

The new 1.3-liter 2-plug engine for the 2002 Honda Fit

A new 1.3 l engine developed for the 2002 model Honda “Fit” achieves high fuel economy (23 km/l in the Japanese 10.15 mode) and more than 50% emissions reduction from the 2000 standards in Japan. This engine has dual spark plugs that are located in a diagonal position in order to conduct the flame closely, and which control the ignition sequentially to burn rapidly. In addition, new technology of shot peening with MoS₂ reduced mechanical friction and a six-hole injector and oblique structuring converter reduced its emissions.     

废胎胶粉橡胶沥青性能试验和分析

使用不同目数的废旧轮胎胶粉,按照不同掺量制备橡胶沥青,并对其路用性能进行室内试验.分析了胶粉的掺量和目数对橡胶沥青高温性能、低温性能、温度敏感性和老化性能的影响,认为：随着胶粉的加入,沥青的高温性能、低温性能、温度敏感性和老化性都有不同程度的改善提高;掺量和目数是影响橡胶沥青性能的两个主要因素.     

Knocking detection using wavelet instantaneous correlation method

In this study, we propose a new method for knocking detection that utilizes the vibration signal measured by a knock sensor under the knocking conditions known as a real mother wavelet (RMW), and carry out instantaneous correlation from the wavelet transform. We call this method the wavelet instantaneous correlation (WIC) method. The degree of similarity between the RMW and the vibration of the engine block was judged and only the knocking signal from the vibration of the engine block was extracted. The results obtained here show that the method proposed in this study is useful for knocking detection even if the engine speed is very high at 6000 rpm.     

轮胎胎面与柔性路面摩擦接触的数值分析

应用有限元软件ANASYS建立了包括橡胶胎面和柔性路面结构的有限元模型,探讨了车辆处于自由滚动和紧急制动过程中在不同轮胎／路面界面摩擦系数下的胎面、路表的变形特性和接触应力分布状态。研究结果表明,界面摩擦系数是影响胎面与柔性路面摩擦性能的主要原因,随其值的增加路面弯沉减小,摩擦应力先增加然后保持稳定,但轮胎的磨耗增加,接触压应力增加。适当地丰富路表构造、提高界面摩擦系数能降低路面弯沉,增强紧急制动状态下的抗滑性能;但是当摩擦系数超过某临界值时,随其数值的增大所对应制动状态下的抗滑性能不再提高,且路面压应力明显增加。摩擦特性对路表抗滑性能和路面力学响应的研究提供了一定的理论基础。     

车辆-模数式伸缩缝耦合振动与冲击荷载分析

为研究导致伸缩缝及其相邻路面损坏的车轮冲击荷载,以桥梁工程中常用的模数式伸缩缝为例,提出一种车辆-桥梁-模数式伸缩缝耦合振动的分析方法。该方法通过分布式弹簧阻尼单元模拟车轮在伸缩缝上的脱空情况;采用等效悬臂或两侧支撑梁模型,考虑脱空段轮胎面的支撑作用,通过车辆-桥梁-伸缩缝耦合振动的迭代算法,实现模数式伸缩缝上的车轮动力荷载的准确模拟,并对载重汽车通过双缝模数式伸缩缝进行实例分析。研究结果表明：①由于伸缩缝结构和车轮位置的变动,很难保证车辆振动的对称性,因此需要采用三维有限元方法分析车轮冲击荷载;②伸缩缝空隙处轮胎面的支撑有助于减小车轮冲击荷载,该支撑刚度与胎面预拉应力密切相关,胎面预拉应力越大,支撑刚度越大,轮载冲击系数越小;③车辆不对称振动导致左右轮冲击系数不同,模数式伸缩缝的中梁跨中冲击系数最大;④模数式伸缩缝上的轮载冲击系数计算值可能超过中国伸缩缝设计指南规定值,该方法可用于确定模数式伸缩缝的最大容许间隙,使车轮冲击荷载小于设计值,以保障伸缩缝的安全服役。     

汽车轮胎侧偏特性影响因素的试验研究

应用轮胎静力学特性试验机，研究了低速条件下3种不同胎面花纹轮胎在干燥路面上的侧偏特性，主要分析了胎面花纹、轮胎负荷和轮胎气压等因素对轮胎侧偏特性的影响。结果表明：轮胎的Fy-α关系曲线形状与胎面花纹形式、轮胎负荷和胎压等均无关。而Mz-α关系曲线变化趋势与胎面花纹无关，却与轮胎负荷和气压有关；在相同试验条件下，顺向花纹轮胎具有更优异的附着性能和侧偏特性。     

Prediction procedure for wear distribution of transient rolling tire

As a research method, finite element analysis (FEA) with ABAQUS can help researchers to study throughout the whole process of abnormal tire wear. For precise tread wear simulation, this paper introduces a tire finite element model building method. Then, the model is verified by comparing its simulation results with experiment data. Based on the verified model, tire high-speed rolling procedure is presented by combining steady-state transport analysis and dynamic analysis. To predict the wear distribution, micro tread wear calculation method is described. Finally, the wear prediction procedure of tread mesh evolving is introduced and tire polygonal wear pattern is simulated by this procedure.     

废旧橡胶颗粒沥青混合料高温稳定性研究

为了减轻废旧轮胎带来的污染问题和改善沥青混合料的路用性能,在室内进行了废旧橡胶颗粒沥青混合料的试验研究。通过对5种级配沥青混合料进行的车辙试验,分析了橡胶颗粒沥青混合料抗车辙的基本路用性能。结果表明,橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有良好的高温抗车辙性能,论证了将废旧轮胎橡胶颗粒作为骨料应用于路用沥青混合料的可行性。     

废轮胎胎面胶粉改性沥青性能研究

通过对沥青基本性能和动态剪切流变性能的测试,分析研究了一种50目废轮胎胎面胶粉改性沥青的工艺参数和性能指标。研究表明,这种胶粉具有较好的高低温性能和高温存储稳定性,常规性能指标高于一些项目标准,路用性能等级能达到PG76。随着胶粉掺量的增加,沥青的软化点、延度、老化延度、弹性恢复、粘度、DSR值都呈上升变化趋势,此种胶粉掺量16%左右为宜;添加少量SBS的胶粉/SBS复合改性沥青较胶粉改性沥青具有更好的低温性能和高温抗车辙性能,老化后5℃的延度有明显的提高,路用性能等级能达到PG82。