纳米陶瓷添加剂在可生物降解基础油中的抗磨性能研究

以生物降解能力强且综合性能好的菜籽油作为基础油,以极压和抗磨性能较好的纳米材料作为添加剂,采用MS-800型四球磨损试验机对试验油极压特性、抗磨性能和摩擦因数进行了研究,分析不同纳米陶瓷添加量对其性能的影响;通过现有润滑油性能的对比,采用均匀设计安排试验,应用SPSS软件对纳米材料与其他添加剂的配伍性进行了回归分析。结果表明：纳米陶瓷添加剂的加入使菜籽油的摩擦性能显著提高,且加入比例得当能满足润滑油的要求;当纳米陶瓷的添加量（质量分数）为1.5%时,相应的最大无卡咬负荷PB值最高达646.8N,磨斑直径最小达0.59mm,摩擦因数最大可降低27%;纳米陶瓷与其他添加剂的复配以及相互作用可提高菜籽油的极压和抗磨性能。     

Experimental evaluation of SOF effects on EGR cooler fouling under various flow conditions

An experiment was conducted to characterize the effects of SOF on EGR cooler fouling. A removable singletube test rig combined with a soot generator was developed to represent an EGR cooler and diesel exhaust gas. The use of a soot generator, which controlled the size and concentration of soot particles, enabled independent variables to be completely controlled. Either n-dodecane or diesel lube oil as substitute SOFs were vaporized and injected into the test rig to evaluate their effects on the growth of PM deposits and the degradation performance of the EGR cooler. Coolant temperature, which seemed to be associated with SOF content, was chosen as an independent variable, and PM deposit mass per unit area and the effectiveness drop versus time increased as the coolant temperature decreased. The PM deposit mass per unit area and effectiveness drop had maximum values at a coolant temperature of 40°C for every n-dodecane injection rate. For substitute SOFs tested in this experiment, the deposit mass increased when either n-dodecane or diesel lube oil was injected, but the effect of lube oil was more significant. Diesel lube oil seemed to have a stronger effect on the reduction of thermal conductivity by filling pores in the deposits. When diesel lube oil was injected, the deposit mass per unit area increased 127% compared to dry soot without injection. The effectiveness drop after 10 hours increased only 12.5%.     

润滑油对发动机曲轴摩擦功影响的仿真与试验研究

以某直列3缸汽油机为研究对象,利用 AVL EXCITE 软件建立了曲轴多体动力学仿真模型,通过台架试验,验证了该仿真模型的正确性,在此模型基础上分析了润滑油温度、供油压力以及润滑油种类对发动机曲轴摩擦功的影响规律。研究表明：指定条件下的曲轴摩擦损失功率仿真结果为106．6 W ,台架试验结果为102 W ,误差在5％以内,表明仿真模型具有相当的精度;当润滑油供油温度从40℃升高到110℃时,曲轴摩擦损失功率减小到最低,约为104 W ,当温度超过110℃后,摩擦损失增加,当温度上升到150℃时,摩擦损失功率达到140 W ,润滑条件急剧恶化;当轴承主油道入口压力从0．31 MPa 增加到0．4 MPa 时,曲轴摩擦功率减小约10 W ,且供油温度较低时润滑油供油压力对曲轴摩擦功率影响较大;曲轴摩擦功率随黏度的提高而增加,供油温度较低时,润滑油黏度对曲轴摩擦功率的影响较大。     

Impact of SME blended fuel combustion on soot morphological characteristics in a diesel engine

The soot morphological study and NOx emissions of soybean oil methyl ester (SME) in a passenger diesel vehicle were investigated experimentally. The soot morphological characteristics were conducted at various injection pressures, engine speeds and engine loads. Soot sampling and image processing analysis with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to investigate the influence on particulate morphologies. The dimensions of average primary particles and the size of the radius of gyration were gradually decreased as injection pressures increased at all operating engine conditions. The average radius of gyration was increased with increasing engine load, while the average primary particle size decreased. NOx emissions were gradually increased with the increasing injection pressure at all operating engine conditions.     

柴油发动机烟炱对润滑油添加剂成膜性能及磨损的影响

分散剂及分散型聚合物是已知的防止烟炱引起磨损的功能型添加剂。主要研究了在内燃机油中存在烟炱的情况下，分散剂及功能型聚合物通过成膜性能而抑制磨损的情况。研究表明，Cummins M-11和M-11／EGR发动机中十字头的磨损机理主要是烟炱微粒引起的磨粒磨损，而且含有烟炱的油形成的油膜厚度大于烟炱微粒的尺寸，将会抑制磨粒磨损的产生。     

Piston friction force with EGR activated

The piston friction force increases in the latter half of the compression stroke where the EGR system is activated, while the force is decreased at each stroke center. This is due to the soot contained in the EGR gas. Although tho reduction of piston friction force at the stroke center reduces the piston friction loss, the increase of friction force in the latter half of compression stroke is caused by the friction coefficient, which becomes higher at this point. Hence it can be anticipated that wear on the piston rings and cylinders would increase accordingly. The change in piston friction force characteristics with the mixture of soot is quite an interesting phenomenon, and further studies on this phenomenon, are expected.     

Estimation of soot oxidation rate in DPF under carbon and non-carbon based particulate matter accumulated condition

By high particulate matter(PM) reduction performance, diesel particulate filter(DPF) is applied to almost all of modern HSDI diesel engine. PM emitted from diesel engine is consist of carbon based and non-carbon based material. Representative carbon based PM is soot. Non-carbon based PM is produced by wear of engine and exhaust component, combustion of lubrication oil and sulphur in fuel. Accumulation of non-carbon based PM affects pressure difference of DPF and thus accuracy of soot mass estimation in DPF can be lowered during normal and regeneration condition when the pressure difference caused by non-carbon based PM is not recognized correctly. Also unevenly accumulated PM inside of DPF can produce locally different exhaust gas temperature and thus it can lower accuracy of soot mass estimation during regeneration. This study focuses on estimation of soot oxidation rate not by conventional pressure difference but by exhaust gas analysis at up and downstream of DPF. Results, strong correlations between CO₂ -fuel mass ratio and soot oxidation was observed.     

高性能抗磨柴油机油的研制

针对北方地区储存和使用环境对油品抗磨损性能的要求，利用改进的润滑油抗磨损性能测定法，对不同抗磨、减摩剂在油品中的抗磨性能进行研究。结果表明，将6．5％的LZL 4832复合剂与0．6％的复合抗磨减摩剂复合使用，研制的SAE 15W／40高性能抗磨柴油机油，具有优良的抗磨损性能。     

EGR氛围参数对柴油机颗粒物氧化特性的影响

针对柴油机EGR氛围产生的颗粒,采用热重分析法,考察了各颗粒样品的氧化失重过程,分析了EGR率、EGR废气组分、EGR温度等EGR氛围参数对颗粒氧化特性的影响,研究了不同氧化氛围、升温速率等氧化氛围参数对颗粒氧化过程的影响。结果表明,随着EGR率的升高,颗粒中SOF组分含量增加,炭烟组分含量减少,失重率峰值在低温失重区升高,在高温失重区降低,且对应的峰值温度均增加。相同EGR率时,随着EGR废气温度的升高,颗粒的氧化性能随着反应温度的提高而降低。EGR组分不同时,与废气、N2循环相比,在CO2循环下生成的颗粒失重速率更快,反应温度降低,颗粒更易氧化。随着升温速率的提高,颗粒的失重率峰值变化不大,颗粒的氧化反应出现滞后现象,特征点温度升高,颗粒的氧化性能随着升温速率的提高而降低。     

Effects of Injection Timing on Transient Performance of A Regulated Two-Stage Turbocharged Diesel Engine with Turbine Bypass Valve

The object of this paper is to reduce soot emissions under typical 5s transient conditions of constant speed and increasing torque. And effects of fuel injection timing on combustion and emissions parameters were experimentally and numerically studied in a regulated two-stage turbocharged diesel engine with a turbine bypass valve (TBV). The test results indicated that: the smaller TBV opening could improve deterioration of smoke emissions and BSFC at medium and heavy loads. Afterward, the full-stage injection timing (FSIT) strategies (delaying injection timing during the entire transient process) could reduce soot and NO_X emissions simultaneously. However, when TBV opening became larger, smoke emissions and BSFC were deteriorated gradually. Moreover, the sectional-stage injection timing (SSIT) strategies (advancing injection timing from 10 % load to a preset load and delaying injection timing from the preset load to 100 % load) could markedly reduce soot emissions by 75.8 % with TBV opening 20 %; the degradation of fuel consumption could be effectively suppressed. Finally, coupling the SSIT strategies with the TBV control strategies could significantly improve the transient performance.     

基于GT-Suite的活塞环-缸套摩擦特性研究

以活塞环-缸套为研究对象,利用GT-Suite软件建立了活塞环-缸套摩擦模型,将摩擦、润滑和动力学三者耦合起来,同时考虑了活塞环和缸套的扭曲变形、接触表面粗糙度等因素,计算分析标定工况下活塞环-缸套的油膜厚度、油压分布、摩擦力和摩擦功耗。着重分析了不同润滑油温和不同转速条件下第一环油膜厚度和摩擦功耗,结果表明:第一道活塞环处润滑效果差、摩擦功耗高;随着油温升高,油膜厚度显著减少,同时摩擦功耗显著减少,综合考虑润滑和摩擦功耗,发现油温在80~90℃时摩擦特性较为理想;随着转速提高,油膜厚度增加,同时摩擦功耗增加,转速对油膜厚度影响较小,对摩擦功耗有显著影响。     

发动机缸壁的耐磨寿命及可靠性的研究

基于概率论和数理统计的理论，通过试验数据对发动机缸壁的耐磨寿命及可靠性问题进行了定量的研究。根据磨损量及耐磨寿命分布函数，确定可靠度函数方程，可以预测零件在一定时间内或给定允许磨损等条件下的耐磨寿命及可靠度。     

缸套-活塞环三维润滑状态模拟分析

以发动机缸套-活塞环摩擦副为对象,研究润滑表面粗糙度、润滑油的变黏度效应以及气缸套圆周方向的形变等因素对润滑状态的影响。运用三维瞬态平均Reynolds方程与微凸体接触模型,建立缸套-活塞环三维瞬态动压润滑模型,并使用Fortran语言编制了润滑状态计算程序,得出行程内的最小油膜厚度、压力分布、摩擦力等曲线。结合实际工况对计算结果进行分析,表明在活塞环圆周方向上的油膜压力及油膜厚度分布都是不均匀的,有明显变化;在压缩冲程上止点附近,微凸体摩擦力数倍于流体摩擦力,是引起摩擦磨损的主要原因。     

大跨桥梁油罐车燃烧火灾模型计算方法研究

桥梁上油罐车燃烧可分为油罐车火灾和燃油泄漏油池火灾2种,为了建立2种定量分析的火灾模型,基于火灾学原理,采用理论分析与FDS数值模拟相结合的方法,提出了考虑危化品种类、桥面风、油罐车尺寸等因素的油罐车火灾最大热释放速率定量计算方法;建立了燃烧油池最大直径、扩散时间以及直径扩大速度的求解方程,提出了可表征不同泄漏孔径下油池扩散、燃烧动态过程的数学模型,并通过前人的试验结果对模型的正确性进行了验证。通过对依托工程的分析,结果表明:油罐车火灾时,最大热释放速率与桥面风速正相关,但增长幅度逐渐减小,风速从4.96 m·s^-1增至10.84 m·s^-1时,最大热释放速率的变化范围为62.89~113.54 MW,随风速增加至10.84 m·s^-1,燃烧时间逐渐变短,缩短至原来的57%,火焰高度逐渐降低,趋近于9.5 m(含油罐车高度);火焰核心区域随风速增大而增大,且向下风向倾斜。泄漏油池燃烧时,泄漏孔径的变化对热释放速率和油池扩散时间影响较小;泄漏速率比接近于泄漏孔半径的平方比,油池最大直径比、扩大速度比与泄漏孔半径比相当,燃烧时间随泄漏孔半径的增大而减小,减小速度变缓;随着燃烧油池直径增大,火焰高度增加,火焰核心区域增大;当扩散至最大直径时,其火焰的水平影响区域比油罐车燃烧更广,但燃烧时间更短。     

不同喷射策略下CRDI柴油机燃用柴油-桐油-乙醇混合燃料的燃烧与排放特性

在1台共轨直喷(CRDI)柴油机上开展了不同喷射策略下桐油、乙醇与柴油混合燃料的燃烧和排放特性研究。试验结果表明:与0号柴油相比,混合燃料的着火延迟期稍长,缸内压力峰值和放热率较高,但燃烧持续期稍短;随着桐油和乙醇体积分数的增加,有效热效率(BTE)也随之增大。在低负荷时,混合燃料的CO和HC排放较高,且随着桐油和乙醇所占体积分数的增大而增加;混合燃料的NO_x排放在低负荷时较低,在高负荷时略高;在高负荷时,混合燃料的炭烟排放大大减少。总体而言,混合燃料中乙醇对发动机性能的影响比桐油大。     

Pressure drop and heat transfer of catalyzed diesel particulate filters due to changes in soot loading and flow rate

When soot particles are loaded in a diesel particulate filter, it causes increase in back pressure of the exhaust system. To minimize this pressure drop due to DPF, the filter needs to be regenerated after a certain amount of soot has been accumulated. It is crucial to estimate the correct amount of soot that has been accumulated by measuring the differential pressure. It is also important to understand changes in pressure drop due to flow rate variations of the exhaust gas, since the pressure drop would be influenced by the exhaust flow rate as well as the amount of soot. Furthermore, the heat transfer characteristics of the catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) are another major issue, as the filter is occasionally exposed to high temperature gas. This study presents the characteristics of pressure drop according to the variation of soot loading and the mass flow rate in CDPF. In addition, heat transfer characteristics in the filter was investigated when a high temperature gas flows into the CDPF. Tests were performed in several CDPF samples having varying amounts of catalyst coating. Experimental results indicate that rig-based experiments are useful in understanding the characteristics of pressure drop in the CDPF. In the cake filtration region, a pressure drop has a proportional relationship according to soot loading and mass flow rate. It was found that an increased catalyst coating may lead to enhanced convective heat transfer.     

Effect of injection condition and swirl on D.I. diesel combustion in a transparent engine system

The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of injection conditions and swirl on D.I. diesel combustion using a transparent engine system. The test engine is equipped with a common rail injection system to control injection conditions and to obtain split injection characteristics. A combustion analysis and steady flow test were conducted to measure the heat release rate due to cylinder pressure and the swirl ratio. In addition, spray and diffusion flame images were obtained using a high speed camera. The LII & LIS methods were also used to obtain 2-D soot and droplet distributions. High injection pressure was found to shorten ignition delay, as well as to enhance peak pressure. The results also revealed that the heat release rate in the premixed combustion region was markedly reduced through the use of pilot injection, while the soot distribution and the heat release rate in the diffusion combustion region were increased. The swirl effect was found to shorten ignition delay at certain injection timings, and to enhance the heat release rate in all experimental conditions.     

同步器摩擦传动机理建模与材料参数影响研究

为探明摩擦副材料参数对同步器同步过程的影响,建立了油膜压力、微凸体压力、同步环轴向力和同步转矩4个模型。利用4阶Runge-Kutta法对油膜厚度和转速差进行耦合求解,求得同步过程中油膜厚度、转速差、黏性转矩、粗糙接触转矩以及总转矩变化曲线。对所建模型进行试验验证后,利用所建模型研究了摩擦材料渗透性、摩擦副表面联合粗糙度、摩擦副当量弹性模量、摩擦因数变化规律对同步过程的影响。结果表明：摩擦材料渗透性减小导致油膜厚度变化速率下降,黏性转矩和粗糙接触响应延迟,同步时间延长;摩擦副表面联合粗糙度增大致使最小油膜厚度增大,黏性转矩峰值减小,粗糙接触转矩响应加快,同步时间缩短;摩擦副当量弹性模量增大导致最小油膜厚度增大,粗糙接触转矩增大,同步时间缩短;正斜率摩擦因数下粗糙接触转矩大于负斜率摩擦因数下粗糙接触转矩,同步时间相对较短。     

Wear simulation for the centre plate arrangement of a freight car

The bodies of many railway freight cars in many countries of the world are coupled to the running gear by means of a body centre plate that makes a friction pair with a centre bowl. During motion, the bogie is rotated and moved with respect to the car body. This leads to wear on the contact surfaces. Lubrication is inexpedient in this case because the friction forces damp the vibrations (so-called bogie hunting) during motion. Usually, centre plates exhibit noticeable wear after two years of operation. Reducing wear requires knowing details of the wear process which, in turn, requires computer simulation of freight car motion for an operation period of 10–15 years. The purpose of this paper is to develop a universal method for wear simulation of friction pairs that could be used, in particular, for the centre plate of a freight car.     

预混合氢气对柴油机燃烧和排放性能的影响

针对预混合氢气的柴油机,在AVL Fire软件上建立了计算模型,并与试验结果进行对比,验证模型的准确性。在此基础上改变了喷射策略,对发动机缸内工作过程及相应的燃烧和排放性能进行数值模拟和分析。研究结果表明：随着预混合氢气质量分数的增加,缸内压力和温度升高,NOx 排放恶化,Soot排放改善;随着预喷射油量和预喷间隔角的增加,NOx 质量分数升高,Soot质量分数降低;随着后喷射喷油量的增加,缸内压力和放热率稍微减小,NOx 和Soot质量分数降低;随着后喷间隔角的增加,缸内压力、放热率、NOx 和Soot排放均未发生明显变化。