左转圆曲线处避险车道流出角与引道设置

为了给设置于左转圆曲线处的避险车道流出角与引道长度设置提供参考,针对山区高速公路广泛采用的9.0 m宽制动床避险车道,考虑左转圆曲线半径和驶入速度的影响,进行了不同流出角度与引道长度的驾驶仿真试验研究。采用UC-win Road 9.0驾驶仿真平台,获取了不同场景下16名男性B照驾驶人由主线驶入紧急避险车道过程中的车辆运行特征数据。采用拟合回归的方法,分析了圆曲线半径和驶入速度对方向调整时间、最小转向半径、方向盘转角幅值、方向盘转角频率的影响,建立了各指标与圆曲线半径的定量回归关系模型,并对比了主线为直线时的试验结果。采用二阶聚类的方法对不同圆曲线半径条件下的引道与流出角度的设置水平进行分类,获取了适宜设置避险车道的初步条件。根据车辆的行驶稳定性,确定了左转圆曲线处避险车道流出角与引道的设计标准。研究结果表明：左转圆曲线处避险车道的流出角受圆曲线半径的影响,引道长度受圆曲线半径与驶入速度的影响;主线半径1 000 m及以上,流出角0°~5°,引道为6 s设计行程,流出角5°~10°,引道为9 s设计行程;条件困难时,紧急避险车道可设置于半径600~1 000 m的曲线处,流出角0°~5°,引道为9 s设计行程,流出角5°~15°,引道为12 s设计行程。     

eTS fuzzy driver model for simultaneous longitudinal and lateral vehicle control

In this paper, evolving Takagi-Sugeno (eTS) fuzzy driver model is proposed for simultaneous lateral and longitudinal control of a vehicle in a test track closed to traffic. The developed eTS fuzzy driver model can capture human operator’s driving expertise for generating desired steering angle, throttle angle and brake pedal command values by processing only information which can be supplied by the vehicle’s on-board control systems in real time. Apart from other fuzzy rule based (FRB) models requiring human expert knowledge or off-line clustering, the developed eTS driver model can adapt itself automatically, even ‘from scratch’, by an on-line learning process using eTS algorithm while human driver is supervising the vehicle. Proposed eTS fuzzy driver model’s on-line human driver identification capability and autonomous vehicle driving performance were evaluated on real road profiles created by digitizing two different intercity express ways of Turkey in IPG© CarMaker® software. The training and validation simulation results demonstrated that eTS fuzzy driver model can be used in product development phase to speed up different tests via realistic simulations. Furthermore eTS fuzzy driver model has an application potential in the field of autonomous driving.     

Development of a Driving Behavior-Based Collision Warning System Using a Neural Network

An advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) uses radar, visual information, and laser sensors to calculate variables representing driving conditions, such as time-to-collision (TTC) and time headway (THW), and to determine collision risk using empirically set thresholds. However, the empirically set threshold can generate differences in performance that are detected by the driver. It is appropriate to quickly relay collision risk to drivers whose response speed to dangerous situations is relatively slow and who drive defensively. However, for drivers whose response speed is relatively fast and who drive actively, it may be better not to provide a warning if they are aware of the collision risk in advance, because giving collision warnings too frequently can lower the reliability of the warnings and cause dissatisfaction in the driver, or promote disregard. To solve this problem, this study proposes a collision warning system (CWS) based on an individual driver’s driving behavior. In particular, a driver behavior model was created using an artificial neural network learning algorithm so that the collision risk could be determined according to the driving characteristics of the driver. Finally, the driver behavior model was learned using actual vehicle driving data and the applicability of the proposed CWS was verified through simulation.     

自然驾驶状态下重型工程车驾驶人驾驶稳定性分析

重型工程车行驶过程中事故风险大,发生恶性事故的概率高,易造成重大生命和经济损失,其运输安全管理问题面临挑战.为探究重型工程车驾驶人驾驶稳定性与相关影响因素之间的关系,开展重型工程车自然驾驶试验,提取车辆运动学、道路条件、驾驶人状态和工作时间等数据;采用速度均值和速度标准差表征驾驶人驾驶稳定性,以睡眠模式、道路线形、道路...     

Assessment of the effectiveness of connected vehicle weather and work zone warnings in improving truck driver safety

Improving work zone safety remains a prime challenge for the transportation sector in the United States. In particular, the frequency and severity of work zone crashes involving large trucks in rural freeways are alarming. Lack of compliance with the instructions provided at work zones results in increased crash risk. In-vehicle advanced warning systems enabled by Connected Vehicle (CV) technology have the potential to prompt appropriate driver response, make navigation more predictable, and improve overall work zone safety. This study falls under the umbrella of the WYDOT Connected Vehicle Pilot Program and seeks to investigate the impacts of the Pilot's real-time weather and work zone notifications on the behavior of truck drivers in rural freeway work zone settings under poor visibility. Twenty professional truck drivers participated in this simulator study. The driving scenarios were designed to mimic the driving conditions experienced on Wyoming Interstate 80. Findings suggest that exposure to the CV notifications has promising safety benefits manifested in improved driver behavior and response. Furthermore, both the weather and work zone notifications acquired high approval from the participants in terms of usefulness and ease of understanding. Nonetheless, the display of multiple work zone warnings on the Human Machine Interface may had introduced little to moderate distraction for some participants. Overall, this study brings forth valuable lessons that are being funneled to support informed decision making to enhance the Pilot's existing Human Machine Interface design.     

In-vehicle display HMI safety evaluation using a driving simulator

Recently, telematics services and in-vehicle display devices such as the CNS (Car Navigation System) have become new causes of traffic accidents. These accidents are caused by ‘Inattention’ from the increase of the driver’s mental workload while he/she is driving. The driver of a vehicle (except for emergency or police vehicles) must not use a hand-held mobile phone while the vehicle is moving. To address this problem, Australia, England, Italy, Brazil and some states in the US have banned the use of hand-held mobile devices during driving. However, there are no restrictions on the use of in-vehicle displays or on the display’s positions. The position of a navigation system in a vehicle should be assessed objectively, and the effect of the position on the driver’s attention should be studied. Some existing research reports that in-vehicle distraction not only leads to reduced speeds and more frequent lane switching, but also more gazing by the driver to the centre of the road. In this study, to develop an assessment method and to propose the proper position of a CNS, an experiment is carried out in a driving simulator environment. Different methods to track the gaze and physical parameters of the driver are used for HMI (Human-Machine Interface) assessment. The experiment is carried out in a driving simulator to observe the glancing distribution during driving according to the position of the navigation system. Fourteen subjects participated in this experiment. Changes in subjects’ physiological signals and glancing distribution rates were collected.     

Application of a driving simulator to the development of in-vehicle human-machine-interfaces

The use of a driving simulator in the development of human-machine-interfaces (HMI) such as a navigation, information or entertainment system is discussed. Such use addresses the need to study and evaluate the characteristics of a candidate HMI early in the R&D and design stage to ensure that it is likely to meet various objectives and requirements, and to revise the HMI as may be necessary. Those HMI requirements include such things as usability, driver comfort, and an acceptable level of attentional demand in dual task conditions (driving while using an HMI). Typically, such an HMI involves an information display to the driver, and a means for driver input to the HMI. Corresponding simulator requirements are discussed, along with typical simulator features and components. The latter include a cab, control feel systems, visual image generator, real time scenario control (task definitions), a motion system (if provided), and data acquisition. Both fixed and moving base systems are described, together with associated benefits and tradeoffs. Considerations in the design of the evaluation experiment are discussed, including definition of primary and secondary tasks, and number of driver subjects (experimental participants). Possible response and performance measures for the primary and secondary tasks are noted, together with subjective measures such as task difficulty and ease of using the HMI. The advantages of using a driving simulator to support R&D are summarized. Some typical and example simulator uses are noted.     

Comparison of In-Vehicle Auditory Public Traffic Information With Roadside Dynamic Message Signs

Dynamic message signs (DMS) have been widely used by transportation agencies to disseminate traffic information (referred to in this article as “public traffic information”) for decades. Unfortunately, their effectiveness is limited, based on the following reasons: they are costly, can only present a limited amount of information, and typically only display information in one language. The wide availability of smart devices and the development of connected vehicles offer the possibility to create “virtual” DMS (VDMS), utilizing geofencing and audible messages to convey public traffic information. This research compares the ability of VDMS to convey public traffic information with existing DMS. A mixed repeated-measure experiment using a driving simulator was designed that examined the impacts of driver age, information transmission mode, amount of information, and driving complexity on message comprehension. Forty-two participants were recruited and each of them was tested under different combinations of the three within-subject factors. Participant performance was measured in terms of message comprehension, distraction, and self-reported overall difficulty level in receiving messages. Results revealed that VDMS generally performs better than DMS as information content increases and driving condition complexity increases, regardless of driver age. VDMS increased message comprehension by 16% under relatively complex driving conditions, reduced driver reaction time to unexpected stimuli (as measured with a reduced time-to-brake of 0.39 s), and made the same messages easier to process and retain for drivers than DMS. Based on these results, it is recommended that transportation agencies give careful consideration to VDMS as a future strategy for delivering public traffic information in a connected vehicle environment.     

周坦：激情退去,平淡是真

＂从不期盼波澜壮阔的辉煌成就,只愿有一个稳定、安全、祥和的生活,在平凡的工作中与卡车朝夕相伴,空闲时间与家人享受和谐安静的生活＂是卡车驾驶员周坦的梦想。这位典型的80后小伙子,当初是因为追求激情的生活才走进卡车驾驶员行列：10多年后，当激情退去，他发现平平淡淡才是真正的幸福。     

基于驾驶员信息处理能力的高速公路作业区限速值计算方法

基于人体工程学原理,将驾驶员在高速公路作业区行驶过程中接触的交通信息分为道路几何信息、道路交通运行信息、交通管理控制信息、气候与环境信息及驾驶员自身信息,将作业区各种道路交通信息进行量化处理,在系统分析驾驶员对信息处理模式的基础上,提出了基于驾驶员信息处理能力的高速公路作业区车速速度限制值计算模型。以2006年5月哈大公路入口作业区为例,考虑车道宽度、开放车道数、隔离设施、合流机会、合流冲突及大车影响对驾驶员接受信息的量化影响,计算得出该作业区的限速值为50 km/h,与工程实际中采用的55 km/h吻合较好,验证了本文所提方法的有效性,为高速公路交通管理部门确定车辆速度限制标准提供了一种参考方法。     

老驶员谈“两会”用车:见证中国客车崛起之路

他已有30年的驾龄,成功服务全国“两会”11载,作为首汽集团一名老驾驶员,屈志国曾开过的客车众多,从之前的“洋品牌”日产三菱、日野,到自主品牌北方华德尼奥普兰、厦门金龙、申龙客车等.     

Advanced emergency braking under split friction conditions and the influence of a destabilising steering wheel torque

The steering system in most heavy trucks is such that it causes a destabilising steering wheel torque when braking on split friction, that is, different friction levels on the two sides of the vehicle. Moreover, advanced emergency braking systems are now mandatory in most heavy trucks, making vehicle-induced split friction braking possible. This imposes higher demands on understanding how the destabilising steering wheel torque affects the driver, which is the focus here. Firstly, an experiment has been carried out involving 24 subjects all driving a truck where automatic split friction braking was emulated. Secondly, an existing driver–vehicle model has been adapted and implemented to improve understanding of the observed outcome. A common conclusion drawn, after analysing results, is that the destabilising steering wheel torque only has a small effect on the motion of the vehicle. The underlying reason is a relatively slow ramp up of the disturbance in comparison to the observed cognitive delay amongst subjects; also the magnitude is low and initially suppressed by passive driver properties.     

爱卡车,爱生活

来自河南驻马店的侯师傅今年34岁,本来可以成为大学生的他,却因为巨大的家庭负担,成为了一名风里来雨里去的卡车驾驶员。一聊起他的卡车生活,就像打翻了的五味瓶,酸甜苦辣,什么味道都有。     

驾驶员车道变换视点转移模型及其参数标定

为了获取驾驶员车道变换行程中的视点转移特性,构建视点转移模型,解决驾驶员行为监控设备布设缺乏依据的难题,采用眼动仪和人工记录的方式,分别以轿车和公交车驾驶员为研究样本,获取了车道变换行为过程中驾驶员视点停留时间和视点位置转移特性数据,给出驾驶员的眼动停留时间均值和分布规律,基于外界的交通运行环境,根据驾驶员对外界信息的获取程度,考虑驾驶员、车辆、道路、环境等影响因素,设定其符合泊松分布,将驾驶行为分为决策阶段和执行阶段,给出了基于6个模块的流程结构,构建基于信息满意度的视点位置转移模型并标定了模型参数。     

隧道驾驶疲劳唤醒段设置长度研究

为解决驾驶员在隧道中间段因驾驶疲劳带来的行车安全问题，对隧道驾驶疲劳唤醒段设置长度进行研究。首先，建立疲劳唤醒段的刺激量与其产生疲劳唤醒后对驾驶员的唤醒程度以及唤醒维持时间的相互关系； 然后，进行蓝、紫、青3种色彩，3种亮度及5种刺激持续时间共45种不同刺激量组合下疲劳唤醒段的静态唤醒试验，研究隧道疲劳唤醒段不同刺激量对被试驾驶员唤醒程度的影响规律，建立刺激量与唤醒程度的相关关系模型，得到疲劳唤醒段刺激量应不低于8.84 cd·s/m2； 最后，分析不同刺激量的疲劳唤醒段对驾驶员唤醒的维持时间，建立不同运行速度条件下疲劳唤醒段刺激量与唤醒维持时间的相关关系模型，根据不同运行速度下隧道疲劳唤醒段侧壁可设置的最高亮度，得到不同运行速度下隧道疲劳唤醒段应设置的长度。当设计速度为60、80、100 km/h时，第x（x∈［1, N-1］）处疲劳唤醒段的设置长度分别为160、200、220 m，第N处疲劳唤醒段的设置长度应保证剩余路段驾驶员的正常驾驶，且不低于65、80、90 m。     

Comparing and validating models of driver steering behaviour in collision avoidance and vehicle stabilisation

A number of driver models were fitted to a large data set of human truck driving, from a simulated near-crash, low-friction scenario, yielding two main insights: steering to avoid a collision was best described as an open-loop manoeuvre of predetermined duration, but with situation-adapted amplitude, and subsequent vehicle stabilisation could to a large extent be accounted for by a simple yaw rate nulling control law. These two phenomena, which could be hypothesised to generalise to passenger car driving, were found to determine the ability of four driver models adopted from the literature to fit the human data. Based on the obtained results, it is argued that the concept of internal vehicle models may be less valuable when modelling driver behaviour in non-routine situations such as near-crashes, where behaviour may be better described as direct responses to salient perceptual cues. Some methodological issues in comparing and validating driver models are also discussed.     

基于驾驶人视觉感知的高速公路速度控制措施效果分析

为了从驾驶人视觉感知角度了解4种控制措施(限速标志、警告标志、减速标线、彩色路面)对驾驶人行车速度控制的效果,基于驾驶人动态视觉特性,建立了视觉信息负荷模型,将驾驶人前方视觉区域划分成1个中央视野和4个周边视野,量化了速度控制措施对驾驶人视觉感知影响。基于实车试验数据分析表明:行车速度与驾驶人感知到的速度控制设施的视觉信息量显著相关,信息量越大,减速幅度越大;在速度控制措施的持续影响下,减速频率不会超过,而后趋于稳定。     

邻车切入工况下前撞预警系统的驾驶人依赖特性

为提升邻车切入工况下的行车安全,基于驾驶模拟实验平台,研究了驾驶人对前撞预警系统的依赖特性评价方法以改进预警系统的设计。以预警时机(即碰时间TTC)为研究变量,采集了12名驾驶人的实验数据,以制动依赖指数、次任务评分为2项客观指标,以危险度评分、信任度评分为2项主观指标,建立了评价体系模型,实现了对驾驶人系统依赖程度的量化评价。设计了L9(34)正交实验,建立了依赖特性评价回归模型。结果表明:预警时机(TTC)对依赖特性的影响最为显著:过晚的预警时机(TTC=2.4 s)降低系统的有效性;过早的预警时机(TTC=1.2 s)易导致驾驶人对系统过度依赖。因而,适度推迟预警时机(TTC=1.8 s)可以抑制依赖性的产生,提升系统的安全性。     

刘鹏程：让梦想贴近现实

＂在我国,卡车驾驶员相对而言算是一个高危职业,很少有家长愿意自己的孩子从事这个行业。一些80后的新一代卡车驾驶员,都是从小就酷爱卡车,凭借自己的一腔热情进入这个行业的,起初突破了来自各方的阻力和障碍，才实现了自己的卡车梦。