Effect of various LPG supply systems on exhaust particle emission in spark-ignited combustion engine

The particle size distribution and particle number (PN) concentration emitted by internal combustion engine are a subject of significant environmental concern because of their adverse health effects and environmental impact. This subject has recently attracted the attention of the Particle Measurement Programme (PMP). In 2007, the UN-ECE GRPE PMP proposed a new method to measure particle emissions in the diluted exhaust of automotive engines and a regulation limit (<6.0×10¹¹ #/km, number of particles). The specific PN regulation of spark-ignited combustion engine will be regulated starting on September 1, 2014 (EURO 6). In this study, three types of LPG supply systems (a mixer system and a multi-point injection system with gas-phase or liquid-phase LPG fuel) were used for a comparison of the particulate emission characteristics, including the nano-sized particle number density. Each of the three LPG vehicles with various LPG injection systems contained a multi-cylinder engine with same displacement volumes of 2,000 cm³ and a three-way catalytic converter. The test fuel that was used in this study for the spark-ignited combustion engine was n-butane basis LPG fuel, which is primarily used for taxi vehicles in Korea. The characteristics of nano-particle size distribution and number concentration of particle sizes ranging from 20 to 1,000 nm (aerodynamic diameter) that were emitted from the three LPG vehicles with various LPG supply systems were investigated by using a condensation particle counter (CPC), which is recommended by the PMP under both the NEDC and FTP-75 test modes on a chassis dynamometer. The experimental results indicate that the PN emission characteristics that were obtained by the CPC system using the PMP procedure are sufficiently reliable compared to other regulated emissions. Additionally, the sources of PN emissions in ascending order of magnitude are as follows: mixer type, gas-phase LPG injection (LPGi) and liquid-phase LPG injection (LPLi) passenger vehicles. The liquid-phase LPG injection system produced relatively large particle sizes and number concentrations compared to the gaseous system, regardless of the vehicle driving cycle. This phenomenon can be explained by unburned micro-fuel droplets that were generated due to a relatively short homogeneous fuel-air mixture duration in the engine intake manifold. Also the particle number emissions from the LPG vehicle were influenced by the vehicle driving cycle.     

Effect of cetane enhancer on spray and combustion characteristics of compressed ignition type LPG fuel

This research investigated the spray and combustion characteristics of compressed ignition type LPG fuel when a cetane number enhancing additive was applied to a constant volume chamber. Because LPG has a lower cetane number, DTBP and alpha olefin were added to the LPG (100% butane) to enhance the cetane number and viscosity. By adding the cetane enhancer, stable combustion over the wide range of the ambient conditions was possible as well. According to the blending rates of DTBP and alpha olefin, various proportions of LPG blended fuels were obtained. In a constant volume chamber, a high speed digital camera was also employed to visualize the combustion characteristics of LPG fuel. The combustion pressures and heat-release rates of the LPG blends were also compared at various ambient pressures. As the results of measurements of exhaust emissions, CO and HC were reduced considerably, but CO₂ was increased by blending LPG with DTBP and alpha olefin.     

掺烧LPG对直喷式柴油机性能的影响

提出一种柴油机混合燃用LPG的新方式,即LPG/柴油混合喷射方式。分析了不同LPG质量掺混比对发动机热效率、排放特性和燃烧特性的影响。试验结果表明,LPG掺混比较小时,可以改善发动机的热效率;掺混比较大时,烟度和NO_x排放大幅降低,平均有效压力较高时CO排放也有所降低,HC略有升高;LPG混入柴油中对发动机燃烧特性也有显著影响。     

Combustion characteristics of LPG and biodiesel mixed fuel in two blending ratios under compression ignition in a constant volume chamber

This study aims to investigate the combustion characteristics of mixed fuel of liquefied propane gas (LPG) and biodiesel under compression ignition (CI) in an effort to develop highly efficient and environmentally friendly mixed fuelbased CI engines. Although LPG fuel is known to be eco-friendly due to its low CO₂ emission, LPG has not yet been widely applied for highly efficient CI engines because of its low cetane number and is usually mixed with other types of CI-friendly fuels. In this study, a number of experiments were prepared with a constant volume chamber (CVC) setup to understand the fundamental combustion characteristics of mixed fuel with LPG and biodiesel in two weight-based ratios and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) conditions. The results from the current investigations verify the applicability of mixed fuel of LPG and biodiesel in CI engines with a carefully designed combustion control strategy that maximizes the benefits of the mixed fuel. Based on the results of this study, ignition is improved by increasing the cetane value by using higher blending ratios of biodiesel. As the blending ratios of biodiesel increased, CO and HC decreased and CO₂ and NO_x increases.     

液化石油气／柴油双燃料发动机放热规律分析

利用CB366燃烧分析仪测录的液化石油气（LPG）／柴油双燃料发动机和原柴油机示功图，比较了LPG／柴油双燃料发动机和原柴油机的燃烧特性及负荷对二者的影响，分析了供油提前角、掺烧比两因素对最高燃烧压力、燃烧放热率、着火开始时刻等双燃料发动机燃烧特性的影响，得出了有关双燃料发动机燃烧特性的结论。     

Simulation of mixed gas formation for a spray-wall complex guided LPG direct injection engine

To obtain an ultralean air-fuel ratio and to reduce engine-out NOX and HC emissions induced by the richer mixture near the spark plug, a spray and wall complex guided combustion system has been developed by utilizing the fuel characteristics of LPG. The new combustion system configuration is optimized by using a commercial CFD code, FIRE V2013, and the reliability of the system has been experimentally demonstrated by Plane Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF). The mixture formation in the new combustion system under part load (2,000 rpm) is numerically simulated. With an injection timing of 40°CA BTDC, the LPG spray which is injected from two upper holes, reaches the ignition point, and the other part of the LPG spray which is injected from the bottom hole, is directed to the ignition point through the vertical vortices at the same time. At the ignition timing of about 20°CA BTDC, the two-part mixtures have been shown to form a stable and richer stratified mixture around the ignition point, and the maximum global air-fuel ratio reaches to 60: 1.     

汽油／LPG双燃料轿车双点火提前角自动切换装置

汽油车改装成汽油／LPG双燃料车后，由于汽油和LPG的物化性质和燃烧特性有较大的差别，因而使用同一个点火提前角是不合理的。本文以桑 塔纳LX型轿车发动机为对象，通过台 试验得出燃用LPG时的最佳点火提前角，在原车点火系统的基础上，研制出一套能根据不同的燃料自动切换点火提前角的点火装置，该装置在台架和整车道路试验中都获得较好的结果。     

Ignition and combustion characteristics of two-stage injection diesel spray

Ignition and combustion characteristics of a two-stage injection diesel spray were experimentally investigated. A constant volume combustion chamber was filled with air which was controlled at 3.0 MPa and 743–923 K. In order to measure the ignition delay and the ignition position, a high speed video system was used. A 306 nm interference filter and an image intensifier system were attached to the camera for detecting the OH radical emission. The results show that the ignition delay of a two-stage injection spray becomes shorter compared with that of a single injection spray. The ignition positions of two-stage injection spray are observed nearer to the nozzle than that of single injection spray. Also, the temperature limit of complete combustion on a two-stage injection spray becomes lower than that of a single injection spray.     

Numerical Analysis of the Mixture Formation in a Two-Stroke Wall-Guided LPG DI Engine for Extended-Range Electric Vehicle

The use of automotive LPG characteristics which are easy to evaporate vaporization and carry. The paper presents a design of extended-range electric vehicle for wall-guided two stroke LPG engine with direct injection combustion system. Based on the modified vehicle LPG spray model, a database describing the characteristics of vehicle LPG fuel was built and imported into the CFD software. And the accuracy of the model is verified by the Schlieren experimental results. The concentration and velocity field of the mixture in the cylinder under different load conditions are numerically analyzed. The analyzed result indicated that the start injection time θ = 60°–70°CA BTDC under part load condition, the plug electrode near the gathering of a richer mixture is easy to be fired at spark ignition time, the obvious formation of mixture in cylinder is formed and the overall air-fuel ratio is above 40: 1. The start-transition working condition and large load conditions in the piston moves upward before closing the exhaust port to start injection LPG. The optimized LPG injection start time θ ensures that the fresh gas is locked in the cylinder when the exhaust port is closed (63°CA ABDC). In the ignition time of the spark plug, an ideal homogeneous mixture in the cylinder is realized.     

LPG/柴油双燃料发动机燃烧过程研究

根据燃烧分析仪测录的示功图对LPG/柴油双燃料发动机不同工况的燃烧百分率和燃烧率进行计算 ,分析其燃烧特性 ,得出了有关双燃料发动机燃烧的一些结论 ,为合理组织双燃料燃烧过程奠定基础     

汽油/LPG两用燃料发动机性能试验研究

介绍了一种可用于电喷发动机的LPG改装系统，系统设置了燃料转换开关来控制燃料的转换。该改装系统应用于捷达发动机，测量了发动机分别使用汽油和LPG的输出功率和排放情况，结果表明在燃烧汽油时性能没有变化，使用LPG时动力性稍有下降，排放有明显改善。     

单一燃料液化石油气发动机的开发

从燃烧方式、压缩比、燃料供给方式等方面介绍了D6114单一燃料液化石油气发动机的总体设计过程,包括燃烧室、进气系统等系统的设计,特别还阐述到发动机整体的电控系统。发动机性能试验与排放试验表明,该液化石油气发动机完全能够满足城市大型公共汽车和载货汽车的使用要求。     

LPG发动机机理简化及其适用性的计算与分析

应用速率敏感度分析法,将LPG发动机复杂的燃烧过程中产生的154种组分进行简化得到22种核心组分,692个反应简化到23个核心反应。应用简化与详细机理对层流火焰传播速度和10种重要组分浓度随时问的变化进行计算对比,并对一4缸LPG发动机的着火延时进行了计算和分析。结果表明在过量空气系数大于1．2的稀燃条件下,应用简化机理对LPG燃烧进行模拟具有较高的精度,完全可以替代详细机理。     

LPG电控喷射冷起动循环的着火及HC排放影响因素分析

分析了电喷LPG发动机冷起动过程中影响着火及HC排放的主要因素。试验在一台四冲程、水冷125mL单缸电喷发动机上进行。试验结果表明：LPG发动机冷起动混合气的浓度相当于稳定燃烧混合气浓度的1．5倍左右，比汽油机稀，HC排放也低；随着混合气变稀，首次着火循环逐渐推迟；高起动转速是发动机冷起动可靠的一个主要保障因素；适当提前点火和增大火花塞间隙有利于降低冷起动循环的首次着火循环数；环境温度是影响冷起动过程的一个主要参数。     

LPG/柴油双燃料发动机性能试验研究

对490Q直喷式柴油机进行了LPG／柴油双燃料的技术改造。在分别燃用纯柴油和柴油,LPG双燃料的情况下,研究了相应工况下发动机的动力性、经济性以及排放特性等性能。试验结果表明,加入一定比例的LPG可改变缸内燃烧过程,大幅度降低排气烟度,在一定程度上提高了燃油经济性。     

Effects of gasoline, diesel, LPG, and low-carbon fuels and various certification modes on nanoparticle emission characteristics in light-duty vehicles

This study was focused on experimental comparisons of the effects of various vehicle certification modes on particle emission characteristics of light-duty vehicles with gasoline, diesel, LPG, and low-carbon fuels such as bio-diesel, bioethanol, and compressed natural gas, respectively. The particulate matter from various fueled vehicles was analyzed with the golden particle measurement system recommended by the particle measurement programme, which consists of CVS, a particle number counter, and particle number diluters. To verify particle number and size distribution characteristics, various vehicle emission certification modes such as NEDC, FTP-75, and HWFET were compared to evaluate particle formation with both CPC and DMS500. The formation of particles was highly dependent on vehicle speed and load conditions for each mode. In particular, the particle numbers of conventional fuels and low-carbon fuels sharply increased during cold start, fast transient acceleration, and high-load operation phases of the vehicle emission tests. A diesel vehicle fitted with a particulate filter showed substantial reduction of particulate matter with a number concentration equivalent to gasoline and LPG fuel. Moreover, bio-fuels and natural gas have the potential to reduce the particulate emissions with the help of clean combustion and low-carbon fuel quality compared to non-DPF diesel-fueled vehicles.     

Numerical analysis of homogeneous mixture formation for a direct injection liquid LPG engine

A method to form a homogeneous mixture using low pressure direct injection of liquid phase LPG, pent-roof combustion chamber, flat-top piston and center-located injector layout is presented. To validate the method, the mixture formation processes in the cylinder were investigated using the CFD code. The effect of different injection timing and engine loads on the mixture formation processes were researched. The simulated results showed that, the intake tumble for high load conditions or the inclined intake swirl for part load conditions would break into small-scale vortex (turbulence) near the end of compression stroke, which enhanced the homogeneous mixture formation. The results also showed that if the liquid phase LPG was injected at 60–80°CA ATDC in intake stroke even at different loads, the homogeneous mixture would be formed under any engine load conditions.     

直喷式柴油机燃用柴油——LPG双燃料燃烧与排放特性的试验研究

对在单缸直喷式柴油机上进行的柴油——LPG双燃料发动机燃烧和排放特性研究表明，双燃料发动机动力性没有出现功率损失的现象，热效率在高负荷时有一定的改善；着火滞燃期比纯柴油长，燃烧持续期缩短。排放试验表明，双燃料发动机为降低NOx和微粒排放提供一种有效途径。     

LPG发动机怠速控制的研究

以LPG发动机的怠速控制为研究对象，提出了模糊智能积分PID复合控制方法，并将控制算法在80C196KC为主控制单元、TMS320C5402DSP为辅助计算单元的ECU上实现。在轿车单一LPG气态进气道顺序喷射发动机上进行了试验研究，试验结果表明该控制方法既具有较小的稳态偏差又具有较好的动态特性。     

Combustion stability analysis during engine stop and restart in a hybrid powertrain

A cycle-resolved analysis system was designed with the specified measurement instruments to investigate the characteristics of combustion stability in a mild gasoline hybrid powertrain. A Fast Response Flame Ionization Detector (FFID), cylinder pressure transducer and engine torque transducer were used to observe both the engine-out THC emissions and engine performance during a brief moment of engine restart. This research aimed to improve combustion stability and was performed by varying the battery State Of Charge (SOC), injection duration and ignition timing. The results indicate that engine combustion tends to be more stable with longer fuel injection durations and advanced ignition timing, while the effect of the battery SOC is negligible. Also, peculiar differences in the catalyst conversion efficiency at the front and rear of the catalyst during engine restart and deceleration were revealed, with the degree of HC oxidation being the suspected cause. This study not only analyzed the engine control and engine-out total hydrocarbon (THC) emission characteristics, but also implemented control strategies that allowed for combustion stability during engine stop and restart operation.