Matlab-based modeling,simulation and design package for Eletric,Hydraulic and Flywheel hybrid powertrains of a city bus

In this paper a package for designing, modelling and simulation of three hybrid powertrains are presented. These powertrains are Electric hybrid, Hydraulic hybrid and Flywheel hybrid. The differences among the proposed hybrid powertrains include the energy storage system components, the secondary power converter and also the powertrain configuration. The O457 city bus is considered as the benchmark vehicle. At first, the design process for each hybrid powertrain which is based on the power requirements of the bus in any driving condition is presented. Then, the powertrains modelling using MATLAB/Simulink as a powerful simulating tool is presented. The models are feed-forward and resemble the real world driving conditions. Each model has the blocks for the main components of the corresponding propulsion system. The most important stage in the modeling process is implementing of the components efficiency in each powertrain. Moreover, there is a block in each hybrid powertrain model for the energy management. Finally, the simulation results for comparing the usefulness of the hybrid powertrains are presented. The results indicate that the electric hybrid powertrain has the most effect on reducing the bus fuel consumption. But regarding the fabrication expenses and manufacturing complexity, the hydraulic hybrid powertrain is recommended.     

生物混合动力概念定义未来动力系统

通过综合利用生物燃料和混合动力系统的优势,Saab开发出一款清洁高效的未来动力系统,并在其9-X生物燃料混合动力系统概念车上进行了展示     

基于DSP的串联式混合动力汽车CAN网络设计

本文对CAN总线网络通讯做了简要介绍,在分析了串联式混合动力汽车（SHEV）基本结构和工作原理的基础上将CAN网络应用于SHEV,完成了SHEV动力系统CAN总线的网络拓扑结构设计。针对CAN节点做了基于DSP的软硬件设计。     

串联式混合动力汽车动力系统设计及仿真研究

基于某款车辆制定串联式混合动力汽车动力系统结构和控制方案,利用Cruise软件对控制策略进行仿真分析。通过列比仿真结果和设计目标,表明所设计的结构和控制策略合理可行。     

Optimal design of adaptive shaking vibration control for electric vehicles

This paper provides a complete design solution about adaptive optimal shaking vibration control for electric vehicles. A general 4-DOF and 5-order linear torsional vibration model is established under given wheel speed, and the frequency characteristics of the vibration system are elaborately analysed in terms of variation of wheel speed and different model parameters. Aiming at decreasing the shaking vibration at the least sacrifice of acceleration loss, and improving the robustness of the system against external disturbance, a combination of feed-forward and feed-backward adaptive control structure is proposed. Further, a non-linear multi-constraint optimisation problem is formulated for solving the optimal adaptive control variables within the two-dimensional design space composed of the wheel speed and driver's torque command. Furthermore, the distribution of the optimal adaptive control variables within the design space and its extended application under different tyre road conditions are discussed. Eventually, several simulation test cases are particularly designed to verify the performances of the controller on all aspects. Test results show that the optimal adaptive controller achieves satisfactory anti-shaking vibration, acceleration maintaining and robustness performances within the whole adaptive design space as desired.     

某六缸机载货车转向系统优化设计

本文主要对某六缸机货汽车的转向系统进行了优化设计。提出了合理性优化设计方案,通过对转向拉杆与悬架导向机构的运动干涉量进行调整,减小由于转向拉杆机构与悬架导向机构运动不协调所造成的跳动干涉;通过转向器的合理选择,优化拉杆折弯形状,提高整车可靠性的同时降低成本。     

Optimal preview game theory approach to vehicle stability controller design

Dynamic game theory brings together different features that are keys to many situations in control design: optimisation behaviour, the presence of multiple agents/players, enduring consequences of decisions and robustness with respect to variability in the environment, etc. In the presented methodology, vehicle stability is represented by a cooperative dynamic/difference game such that its two agents (players), namely the driver and the direct yaw controller (DYC), are working together to provide more stability to the vehicle system. While the driver provides the steering wheel control, the DYC control algorithm is obtained by the Nash game theory to ensure optimal performance as well as robustness to disturbances. The common two-degrees-of-freedom vehicle-handling performance model is put into discrete form to develop the game equations of motion. To evaluate the developed control algorithm, CarSim with its built-in nonlinear vehicle model along with the Pacejka tire model is used. The control algorithm is evaluated for a lane change manoeuvre, and the optimal set of steering angle and corrective yaw moment is calculated and fed to the test vehicle. Simulation results show that the optimal preview control algorithm can significantly reduce lateral velocity, yaw rate, and roll angle, which all contribute to enhancing vehicle stability.     

混合动力城市客车驱动系统参数选择与仿真

对混合动力城市客车动力系统进行选型设计,在掌握ADVISOR的基础上对其进行仿真,仿真结果显示设计的合理性。另外验证了在道路情况变化愈多的情况下运用混合动力节油效果更加显著。     

Conceptual design of economic hybrid vehicle system using clutchless geared smart transmission

Most hybrid vehicles employ the continuously variable transmission (CVT or eCVT) currently as their choice of the transmissions. Recently, an automated geared transmission (AGT) or dual clutch transmission (DCT) is being tried for some hybrid vehicles for the better fuel economy than the CVT hybrid. However, this AGT or DCT is using automated clutches which require the hydraulic power in addition to the slippage in the clutch plate invoking some energy loss as well as wear. Also, they require a motor with significant power to match to the engine power. The clutchless geared smart transmission (CGST) has no clutch and the clutch function is performed by a planetary gear system controlled by a motor-generator. The hybrid vehicles proposed here using CGST may have some merits in durability, fuel efficiency, and cost since they do not have clutches. The motor used for the clutch function can be also working for power merge with the engine in propelling the vehicle. The proposed hybrid system can be either mild hybrid or full hybrid by adopting a different capacity of battery with much smaller motor-generator due to the planetary gear system compared to the other type hybrid vehicles. In this study, the prospects of newly proposed CGST hybrid system are examined in practical aspects compared with AGT hybrid or DCT hybrid systems.     

Parametric optimization of EQ6110HEV hybrid electric bus based on orthogonal experiment design

Parametric optimization is an important step for any mechanical system design, including the development and design of a hybrid electric bus. To obtain an optimized parameter grouping of the EQ6110HEV hybrid electric bus for best fuel economy, an orthogonal experiment design method is applied to the parameter optimization process of the EQ6110HEV hybrid prolusion system. This paper proposes two orthogonal experiment methods; the basically orthogonal experiment method and the synthetically orthogonal experiment method. By this means, the development time and the testing costs are reduced, and the impact of factors and their optimal levels are obtained by a range analysis of the experiment results. The results show that the fuel economy of the optimized parameter grouping is improved by 4.1 percent for the four-stage urban driving cycle in China and by 8.7 percent for the Wuhan urban driving cycle of public buses in China, in comparison with that of the parameter grouping of the current configuration.     

Optimal design of an engine mount using an enhanced genetic algorithm with simplex method

This study provides an analysis of the applications of optimization routines for designing fluid mounts. After summarizing the concept of fluid mounts and their dynamic characteristics, we review the importance of the notch and resonance peak that occur in dynamic stiffness of fluid mounts. Fluid mounts are tuned for specific application so that their notch frequency coincides with the disturbance frequency, by selecting the proper parameters for the mount. Additionally, the mount parameters are selected such that the notch remains as deep (close to zero) as possible and the resonance peak is kept as short as possible. The notch depth and resonance peak present opposing requirements for the selection of mount parameters in the sense that lowering one will result in increasing the other. Using a bond graph model, this study will evaluate the effect of various parameters on the mount notch depth and resonance peak height characteristics. The results show that different parameters can have a varying effect on the notch frequency and depth, as well as the resonance frequency and peak height. The results of the study are extended by examining the effectiveness of two different optimization methods—namely, the Enhanced Genetic Algorithm (EGA) and Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP)—for selecting the combination of parameters that can yield the deepest notch and shortest resonance peak. Using two different design cases, the study shows that SQP exhibits much more sensitivity to the initial conditions that are selected for the mount parameters than EGA. Both methods, however, are able to converge to an optimal solution within the constraints that are selected for the parameters. For both cases, EGA is able to converge to the set of parameters that provide a deep notch and a short resonance peak.     

Optimal design of the exhaust system layout to suppress the discharge noise from an idling engine

At the idle engine speed, the exhaust discharge noise is influenced by resonances in the whole system, which is composed of connecting pipes and silencers. This pipe resonance radiates a high level of low frequency discharge noise, which is dominated by the low order harmonics of the engine firing frequency. This low frequency noise deteriorates the vehicle’s interior noise level and quality. The following study attempted to optimize the layout of an exhaust system to minimize low frequency noise by changing the position of silencers and the lengths of inlet and outlet pipes in each silencer. After modeling the exhaust system using four-pole parameters, the acoustical performance of the system was evaluated using the system insertion loss. In the optimization, the virtual attenuation coefficient, which corresponds to the amount of attenuation coefficient required for the silencers, was calculated to find a minimum value for the layout. The simulated annealing method, which is also known as finding an optimal, was employed in searching for the optimized exhaust layout. Test examples of two cases, for two and six design variables, were used. When the number of design variables was two, the positions of the center and rear silencers were considered. When the number of design variables was six, the positions of the two silencers and the lengths of the inlet and outlet pipes were considered. Three typical layouts for the exhaust system of each case were designed, including the given system and an optimal system. By comparing the predicted and measured discharge noise level, it was confirmed that the optimized exhaust layout has a higher noise reduction than the other layout designs.     

最优净化方案

在最为常见的过氧化氢工业生产过程中，往往利用过氧化氢的水溶液即双氧水受热蒸发，以产生同原水溶液中重量比相同的蒸气形态的过氧化氢。随后将得到的蒸气导入生物净化舱同里面的热运载气体混合，净化舱中最初的空气加上过氧化氢蒸气，又进一步地被输送回气体生成的地方，在那里更多的过氧化氢水溶液受热蒸发。     

混合动力客车与充电式混合动力客车仿真对比研究

为了降低客车排放,提高其燃油经济性,研究了混合动力客车的燃油消耗率。开发了柴油机模型和公交道路循环模型。以燃油消耗率和排放为主要评估指标,在ADVISOR软件中利用新开发的模型分别对混合动力客车和充电式混合动力客车进行了仿真。仿真分析的结果表明：在公交路况下,充电式混合动力客车的燃油经济性优于混合动力客车,油耗降低62％。     

Advanced hybrid energy storage system for mild hybrid electric vehicles

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) utilize electric power and a mechanical engine for propulsion; therefore, the performance of HEVs is directly influenced by the characteristics of the energy storage system (ESS). The ESS for an HEV generally requires high power performance, long cycle life, reliability and cost effectiveness; thus, a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) that combines different types of storage devices has been considered to fulfill both performance and cost requirements. To improve the operating efficiency and cycle life of a HESS, an advanced dynamic control regime in which pertinent storage devices in the HESS can be selectively operated based on their status is presented. Verification tests were performed to confirm the degree of improvement in energy efficiency. In this paper, an advanced HESS with a battery management system (BMS) that includes an optimal switching control function based on the estimated state of charge (SOC) is presented and verified.     

关于混合动力的辩论

汽车制造商必须提高燃油的节约并降低排放，但这么做最好的途径是什么？混合动力车是自然的选择-日本汽车制造商Honda和Toyota这么说。但法国汽车制造商Renault和PSA Peugeot Citroen却极力反对。     

高性能柴油混合动力车

宝马新发布的Vision ElficientDynamics概念车,是一款高度创新的概念车。其“骨感”车身不仅减轻车身自重,还具有极高的空气动力性能。而且,该车混合动力系统同时具备了超级跑车的性能、极低的油耗和超低的排放量。     

Combined power management/design optimization for a fuel cell/battery plug-in hybrid electric vehicle using multi-objective particle swarm optimization

In this paper, the combined power management/design optimization problem is investigated for a fuel cell/Liion battery PHEV. Formulated as a constrained multi-objective optimization problem (MOP), the combined optimization problem simultaneously minimizes the vehicle cost and fuel consumption subject to the vehicle performance requirements. With an emphasis on developing a generic optimization algorithm to find the Pareto front for the synthesized MOP, the Pareto based multi-objective particle swarm optimization (PMOPSO) algorithm is developed, which solely depends on the concept of Pareto dominance. Three approaches are introduced to the PMOPSO method to address the constrained MOP. They are: (i) by incorporating system constraints in the original objective functions, the constrained MOP is transformed to an unconstrained MOP; (ii) to avoid being trapped in local minima, a disturbance operator with a decaying mutation possibility is introduced; (iii) to generate a sparsely distributed Pareto front, the concept of crowding distance is utilized to determine the global guidance for the particles. Finally, under the Matlab/Simulink software environment, simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the PMOPSO in the derivation of the true Pareto front.     

大众XL1 大众推出后汽车时代交通工具——增程式电动车XL1

在日内瓦车展上,大众高调发布了百公里油耗不到1L的XL1,它由后轮驱动,搭载两缸柴油TDI发动机,匹配7挡DSG双离合变速器。XL1是到目前为止空气动力学最出色的一款量产车。0.9L/100km的燃料消耗量一直是人们的愿景,而现在,它已是一种现实。大众XL1是世界上最节油的量产车,燃料消费值为     

货运车辆优化调度方法

首先介绍货运车辆调度问题的分类，根据问题的不同性质将货运车辆优化调度分为满载和非满载调度，有时间要求和无时间要求的调度等多种类型。然后，详细介绍求解货运车辆优化调度问题常用的启发式算法、神经网络方法和遗传算法的原理、模型和求解过程。还根据深圳市科技园的实际路网图，采用神经网络的方法对运输车辆优化调度进行试验研究，给出试验结果。本文所论述的方法对于实际的货运车辆调度问题具有指导意义。