Effect of nozzle orifice diameter on diesel spray tip penetration according to various spray models for CFD simulation with widely varying back pressure

CFD simulations of spray tip penetration with the standard KIVA3V, ‘original gas jet’ and ‘Normal gas jet profile with breakup length formula’ (NGJBL) spray models were performed to investigate the effects of nozzle orifice size and ambient gas density combinations on the spray penetration. The accuracy of the CFD simulation results was estimated by comparing them with available experimental data. The ambient gas density was varied in 12 kg/m³ intervals from 12 to 69 kg/m³ for each nozzle orifice diameter. The nozzle orifice diameters used were 119, 140, 183 and 206 mm. A total of 20 cases in the CFD simulations were considered with combinations of the 4 nozzle orifice diameters and 5 ambient gas densities. CFD simulations with the NGJBL spray model were more accurate than those with either the standard KIVA3V or gas jet spray models as the nozzle orifice diameter and ambient gas density was increased. The NGJBL and original gas jet model is more effective in predicting the spray tip penetration near the nozzle tip region.     

基于仿真的缸内直喷汽油机燃烧系统的开发与改进

以某款采用均质混合气燃烧模式的缸内直喷汽油机燃烧系统的开发为例,介绍了CFD技术在喷雾模拟中的应用.首先对喷油器的喷雾模型进行试验标定,然后将标定好的模型应用到缸内瞬态流动和喷雾仿真中.对最大转矩点(1 800r/min)和额定功率点(5 500r/min)两种工况下的缸内流场、混合气形成过程和点火时刻的浓度分布进行详...     

不同喷射工况下的GDI喷雾模拟标定研究

准确模拟喷雾是提高缸内模拟准确性的关键,为了使模拟喷雾与试验喷雾更加一致,需要根据试验喷雾贯穿距及粒径对模拟喷雾进行标定。使用AVL FIRE软件建立定容弹及喷雾数值模型,对处于不同喷射工况(喷射压力、环境压力、油温)下的喷雾进行数值模拟,根据试验喷雾的贯穿距及喷嘴下方30 mm平面处SMD对模拟喷雾进行标定,并对不同喷射工况的标定参数选择进行探讨。结果表明:为了同时满足贯穿距和粒径的标定要求,需要根据工况参数对标定参数进行调整;对于本研究中的GDI喷油器,喷射压力10 MPa时使用KH-RT模型的模拟结果与试验值匹配较好,5 MPa时使用Huh-Gosman模型匹配更好;在喷射压力、环境压力和环境温度相同的条件下,高油温和低油温工况可以用同一套参数满足标定要求。     

高原环境柴油机喷嘴内部流场与缸内温度场的三维数值模拟

采用广安博之等准维模型,建立柴油机高原运行工作过程模型;通过环境模拟台架试验验证了模型的可信性。将准维计算结果作为喷嘴内部气液两相流动和缸内燃烧三维模拟的初始条件,就高原低压、低温、低氧条件对喷孔内燃油流动状态与分布、缸内燃烧过程的影响进行三维数值模拟。海拔3 700m计算结果表明:与平原环境相比,柴油机喷嘴内空穴现象加剧,燃油流动速度增加,喷孔出口燃油分布不均匀度增加;缸内燃烧平均温度比平原最多高出300℃且分布不均匀,燃烧室局部热负荷偏高。研究初步揭示了高原环境柴油机性能劣化机理,为通过优化缸内喷雾和燃烧过程改善高原运行发动机性能提供参考。     

缸内直喷汽油机的喷雾模拟

在定容弹内测量了某直列4缸均质缸内直喷汽油机不同时刻的喷雾油束形状和喷油器附近位置的喷雾液滴直径及速度分布,并在CFD模型中进行了喷雾的标定.分析了原机缸内喷雾、混合情况.研究了喷雾锥角、喷孔布置对缸内混合气均匀性的影响,论述了在低转速、部分负荷时加进气翻板的作用.结果表明,调整喷雾锥角、喷孔布置方式可以改善直喷汽油机缸内空燃比分布的均匀性;采用进气翻板可以提高发动机低转速部分负荷时缸内的滚流比及紊流强度,从而改善缸内混合气质量及加快缸内燃烧速度.     

多孔引燃柴油喷射器瞬态柴油初始喷雾过程模拟计算

采用模拟计算的方法对多孔引燃柴油喷射器瞬态柴油初始喷雾过程进行了研究,并利用纹影试验结果对计算模型进行了验证。研究结果表明,KHRT模型对多孔引燃柴油喷射器柴油初始喷雾的贯穿距和喷雾形状的预测与试验结果均较为吻合;柴油初始喷雾贯穿距随背压升高而减小,随环境温度的升高而增大;索特平均直径随背压的升高而降低,随环境温度的升高而增加;喷雾锥角随背压的升高而增大,随环境温度的升高而减小;因此背压较小,环境温度较低时柴油的引燃可靠性较高。     

燃烧室形状对直喷式柴油机燃烧过程影响的仿真研究

利用CFD模拟软件Fire模拟研究了柴油机不同径深比的缩口形燃烧室对缸内混合气形成、燃烧过程和排放物形成的影响。研究结果表明:三维仿真模拟缸内压力和放热率曲线与试验值基本一致;SF5型燃烧室喷雾贯穿距长,喷雾碰壁早,燃油蒸气反弹使得喷雾分布不均匀,局部出现缺氧,炭烟排放较高;SF5型燃烧室缸内混合气混合良好,燃烧完全,缸内温度较高,NOx生成量大,可以采取推迟喷油的方式降低缸内燃烧温度,从而降低NOx排放。     

Phenomenological two-phase multi-zone combustion model for direct-injection diesel engines

This paper proposed a quasi-dimensional combustion model from a new observed two-phase penetration and combustion phenomenon in diesel spray. In the model, fuel spray was divided into two of liquid and gas phase areas. Considering the phenomenon that separation of gas and liquid phase in diesel spray occurs during spray penetration, gas and liquid area of spray are discretized respectively. Liquid phase areas play important role in fuel mass transport, however gas phase areas are the main region for fuel combustion in the model. Fuel and air mixing rate of gas phase zone is the key for the calculation of combustion rate. Validation experiments are designed by using optimal Latin hypercube design method. Comparison of calculations and experiments show that the model is able to predict diesel engine performance at different engine speeds, loads, and injection pressure and timing, and provides guidance for the design of engines.     

基于燃烧室形状的柴油机排放特性数值模拟分析

在固定柴油机压缩比和燃烧室容积的前提条件下,提出通过改变燃烧室缩口率及内部形状,实现柴油机各排放生成物量变的研究思路.运用汁算流体动力学(CFD)分析方法,对所设计的3种不同的燃烧室进行缸内工作过程的仿真分析,得出不同形状的燃烧室对缸内气相流场、温度场及排放生成物的影响规律.     

Schlieren,Shadowgraph, Mie-scattering visualization of diesel and gasoline sprays in high pressure/high temperature chamber under GDCI engine low load condition

Three visualization methods, Schlieren, Shadowgraph, and Mie-scattering, were applied to compare diesel and gasoline spray structures in a constant volume chamber. Fuels were injected into a high pressure/high temperature chamber under the same in-cylinder pressure and temperature conditions of low load in a GDCI (gasoline direct injection compression ignition) engine. Two injection pressures (40 MPa and 80 MPa), two ambient pressures (4.2 MPa and 1.7 MPa), and two ambient temperatures (908 K and 677 K) were use. The images from the different methods were overlapped to show liquid and vapor phases more clearly. Vapor developments of the two fuels were similar; however, different liquid developments were seen. At the same injection pressure and ambient temperature, gasoline liquid propagated more quickly and disappeared more rapidly than diesel liquid phase. At the low ambient temperature and pressure condition, gasoline and diesel sprays with higher injection pressures showed longer liquid lengths due to higher spray momentum. At the higher ambient temperature condition, the gasoline liquid length was shorter for the higher injection pressure. Higher volatility of gasoline is the main reason for this shorter liquid length under higher injection pressure and higher ambient temperature conditions. For a design of GDCI engine, it is necessary to understand the higher volatility of gasoline.     

正丁醇-柴油混合燃料喷雾特性的模拟研究

根据喷雾可视化试验的结果,利用三维CFD软件建立了正丁醇柴油喷雾的仿真模型,并验证了模型的准确性。利用该模型研究正丁醇柴油混合燃料的喷雾特性,模拟了喷雾的发展过程,计算了不同掺混比对喷雾贯穿距、液滴索特平均直径、速度场、密度场的影响。结果表明:模拟计算与可视化试验结果基本一致;随着正丁醇掺混比的增加,混合燃料的喷雾贯穿距和索特平均直径均降低,喷雾锥角变大,雾化特性变好。     

Numerical modeling of hollow-cone fuel atomization,vaporization and wall impingement processes under high ambient temperatures

In the following paper, a numerical study of the atomization, vaporization and wall impingement processes of hollow-cone fuel spray from high-pressure swirl injectors under various ambient temperature conditions was carried out. Also, the availability of applied models and the effect of ambient temperature on spray characteristics is discussed. The Linearized Instability Sheet Atomization (LISA) model combined with the Aerodynamically Progressed Taylor Analogy Breakup (APTAB) model, the improved Abramzon model and the Gosman model are used to calculate the atomization, vaporization and wall impingement processes of hollow-cone fuel spray, respectively. Spray models are implemented with the modified KIVA code. The calculation results of the spray characteristics under two ambient temperatures, including spray tip penetration, spray structure and radial distance after spray-wall impingement are compared to the experimental results obtained by the Laser Induced Exciplex Fluorescence (LIEF) technique. The droplet size distribution, ambient gas velocity field, vapor phase distribution and fuel film mass generated by spray-wall impingement, measurements which are generally difficult to obtain by experimental methods, are also calculated and discussed. Quantitative discussions on the effect of the ambient temperature on the spray development process are conducted. It is shown that the applied models are applicable even in the high ambient temperature condition.     

缸内直喷汽油机多孔喷油器喷雾特性试验研究

为了研究缸内直喷汽油机多孔喷油器的喷雾特性,建立了定容喷雾试验装置,对不同环境压力和不同喷油压力条件下的自由喷雾和碰壁喷雾过程进行了拍摄,分析了壁面距离和壁面倾角对喷雾特性的影响。研究发现:多孔喷油器与传统的旋流式喷油器的喷雾特性存在较大差异。多孔喷油器的喷雾锥角受环境压力影响较小;随着环境背压的增大,贯穿距离和喷雾锥角呈现先增大后减小的特点;喷雾锥角随着喷射压力的提高略有增加。在碰壁喷雾发展过程中,不同环境压力下喷雾油束与壁面接触面积接近;随着壁面距离的增加,碰壁喷雾高度递减,碰壁后的喷雾高度存在波动;随着壁面倾角的增大,碰壁喷雾高度和增大。在壁面倾角的增大过程中,影响碰壁喷雾半径的因素较多,呈现出较复杂的变化规律。以上研究为多孔喷油器的设计及其与燃烧室的匹配提供了理论依据。     

Investigation on Spray Behavior and NOx Conversion Characteristic of a Secondary Injector for a Lean NOx Trap Catalyst

Lean NOx trap (LNT) catalyst has been used to reduce NOx emissions from diesel engines. The LNT absorbs NOx in lean condition and discharges N2 by reducing NOx in rich conditions. Thus, it is necessary to make exhaust gas lean or rich conditions for controlling LNT system. For making a rich condition, a secondary injector was adopted to inject a diesel fuel into the exhaust pipe. In the case of secondary injector, the behavior of spray is easily affected by high temperature (i.e., 250 ～ 350 °C) occurred in the exhaust manifold. Therefore, it is needed to investigate the spray behavior of diesel fuel injected into an exhaust manifold, as well as the conversion characteristics for a lean NOx trap of a diesel engine with LNT catalyst. The characteristics of exhaust emissions in NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) mode were analyzed and spray behaviors were visualized in various exhaust gas conditions. The results show that as the exhaust gas mass flow increases, the spray cone angle becomes broad and the fuel is directed to the flow field. Besides, the cone angle of spray is decreased by centrifugal force caused in exhaust gas flow field. In addition, the effects of nozzle installation degree, injection quantity, and exhaust gas flow on NOx conversion performance were clarified.     

基于模拟计算的GDI发动机燃烧室优化设计

利用AVL Fire软件,对一款高压缩比直喷汽油机的缸内流动及喷雾过程进行了数值模拟,研究了不同燃烧室设计方案对缸内流动过程的影响。结合滚流、旋流、湍动能、缸内当量比分布等8项评价指标,分析了不同方案对混合气形成的改善效果。通过分析计算结果,并引入优化率对燃烧室设计进行评估,评估结果表明,最优方案在高转速工况和低转速工况的优化率分别达到了25.3%和23.4%,发动机缸内混合气的形成过程得到了明显的改善。     

Influence of nozzle hole diameter and orifice diameter on dme spray to get the similar heat value with diesel spray using the constant volume chamber

Low heating value (LHV) of di-methyl ether (DME) is lower than that of diesel. To get the similar heat value with diesel from the diesel engine operation, single injection quantity of DME should be increased. This investigation was tried to increase the injection quantity of DME by the modified diesel injector and investigated the penetration length and spray angle of DME spray. DME was injected by using three-type modified diesel injectors those nozzle-hole diameters (Injector 1: 1.66 mm, Injector 2 and 3: 0.25 mm) and orifice diameters were different (Injector 1 and 2: 0.6 mm, Injector 3: 1 mm). Spray characteristics of DME was investigated with a various ambient pressures (2.5, 5.0 MPa) in the constant volume chamber and a fuel was injected by varied injection pressure from 35 to 70 MPa by interval of 5 MPa using a DME common rail fuel injection system. The result shows that DME injection quantity by Injector 3 was 1.69 ~ 2.02 times larger than that of diesel injection quantity by Injector 1. In this case, DME spray got the similar heat value compared with diesel spray. The penetration speed of DME spray by Injector 3 was the fastest, thus when the spray development was end, the penetration length of DME spray by Injector 3 was the longest compared with the other cases. In case of the spray angle, Injector 2 and 3 had the similar spray angle and these were larger than that of diesel and DME sprays by Injector 1. As the result, Injector 3 was the solution for how to solve the low heating value of DME.     

Flamelet combustion model for stratified EGR distribution in a diesel engine

Numerous research has been devoted to finding a method to simultaneously reduce NOx and soot emissions from diesel engines. In-cylinder EGR stratification is a technique that simultaneously reduces NOx and soot using a nonuniform EGR distribution in the combustion chamber. To study the potential of in-cylinder EGR stratification, a new combustion model is required that considers the non-uniform EGR distribution and the chemical kinetics. In this study, a new combustion model, the Flamelet for Stratified EGR (FSE) model, was developed to consider the non-uniform in-cylinder gas distribution based on chemical kinetics. The concept of the FSE model is based on using multiple flamelets with the multizone concept. To describe the non-uniform gas distribution, the combustion chamber is divided into several zones by oxygen concentration at the start of injection. Then, the flamelet equations are solved at the boundary of each zone. The final species mass fraction of each cell is calculated using linear interpolation between two results from the boundaries. In this paper, the FSE model was validated under in-cylinder EGR stratification conditions, and then, the potential of in-cylinder EGR stratification was studied by using the FSE model. The effect of in-cylinder EGR stratification was verified under various injection timing, engine speed, and road conditions with optimized engine geometries. The results shows simultaneous NOx and soot reductions under the stratified EGR condition.     

高温高压条件下柴油的雾化蒸发特性

利用高速摄影和纹影法,在可变温度和压力的定容燃烧弹中,模拟发动机的实际运转工况,进行了不同喷油压力和背景压力条件下柴油的雾化蒸发特性试验研究,得出一系列热态喷雾图像。研究表明：喷油压力越高,雾注总的贯穿距离、锥角和投影面积越大,但液核的最大贯穿距离、锥角和投影面积变化不大,显著蒸发时刻不断提前,气相部分投影面积增大,混合均匀性改善;随着背景压力的升高,气、液相贯穿距离均下降,雾注总的喷雾锥角增大,雾注面积、液核面积减小。     

环境对大功率柴油机缸内喷雾、燃烧与传热的影响

采用准维多区数值仿真和环境模拟试验的方法,研究了不同海拔环境对某大功率柴油机缸内喷雾、燃烧和传热的影响。结果表明:在高原环境下,油核破裂滞后期比平原最大延长9.1°曲轴转角,油滴分裂长度增加29%以上,贯穿度明显增加,一次雾化后,SMD直径显著增加;海拔4 500m,瞬时放热率峰值降低18.4%,放热率重心后移近4°,最高燃烧压力降低18.8%,位置滞后0.6°;缸内对流换热和辐射换热都比平原明显增强。研究结果为探明特殊环境下柴油机性能劣化与故障机理提供了理论参考。     

柴油-正丁醇混合燃料的宏观喷雾特性试验研究

在高压共轨燃油喷雾试验台上对正丁醇体积掺混比分别为0%,5%,10%和20%的柴油-正丁醇混合燃料的宏观喷雾特性进行了研究。结果表明:在相同共轨压力下,随着背压的增加,喷雾锥角增大,喷雾贯穿距减小;在相同背压下,随着共轨压力的增加,喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角均逐渐增大,但当共轨压力增大到110 MPa时,二者不再增大;在相同背压和相同共轨压力下,喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角随着正丁醇比例的增加逐渐增大,说明在柴油中混合一定比例的正丁醇可以提高燃料的雾化质量。