海浪统计资料对船舶波浪弯矩设计值的影响及其意义

在对常规船舶、特别是超规范船舶，进行结构的直接设计时，首先要对波浪弯矩设计值作出估计。要确切地做到这一点。必须在明确船舶使命的前提下，设计人员要学会合理地选择好以船舶执行海域的海浪长期统计资料，然后船舶的装载工况，实际可能达到的航速，借用线性切片理论或非线性理论进行波浪弯矩的长期预报来确定设计。     

波浪弯矩设计值与长期预报理论计算值的比较

本文分析了国际船级社协会（ＩＡＣＳ）纵向强度标准Ｓ１中，波浪弯矩值成采用ＩＡＣＳＷＰ／Ｓ委员会推荐的海浪谱和海况统计资料条件下的长期预报理论计算值的关系，大量计算实践表明后者总体上要比前者大１．５倍。文中建议为了把长期技术应用于船体波浪弯的直接设计计算，对上述预报过程可取１０概率水平时地长期预报值作为船体波浪湾矩设计值。     

IACS波浪弯矩设计值与长期预报理论计算值的比较

本文分析了国际船级协会（ＩＡＣＳ）纵向强度标准Ｓ１１中波浪弯矩设计值与在采用ＩＡＣＳ ＷＰ／Ｓ委员会推荐的海浪谱和海况统计资料条件下的长期预报理论计算值的关系，大量计算实践表明后者总体上要比前者大１．５倍，文中最后建议为了把长期预报这一技术应用于船体波浪弯矩的直接设计计算，对上述预报过程可取１０＾－５．５概率水平时的长期预报值作为船体波浪弯矩设计值。     

南海超大型抓斗疏浚船波浪载荷下结构强度评估研究

以一艘200方抓斗式疏浚船为例,阐述船舶波浪载荷长期预报和全船有限元直接计算方法。讨论不同波浪散布函数对船舶波浪载荷计算结果的影响。针对不同海域进行波浪载荷长期预报,通过对比分析得到南海海域波浪载荷水平,提出了南海工作船舶波浪载荷预报建议。在此基础上,对全船进行结构有限元分析,得到不同海域中全船结构应力水平,并对船体局部结构进行了优化,为在南海进行施工作业的疏浚船的设计提供参考。     

高速集装箱船在实海域中的耐波性预报

耐波性是衡量船舶性能优劣的一个重要衡量指标.基于数值计算以及船测海浪数据,对3100箱集装箱船进行耐波性方面的预报.给出船舶具体的航行海域,结合该海域的海浪统计资料对船舶运动进行长期预报.在海浪谱的选择上,考虑到能够更加真实的描述实际海浪,计算中选择使用了方向谱.     

三体船波浪载荷预报研究

根据现有某三体船的相关资料和海浪统计资料,采用三维频域计算方法,给出横纵向波浪载荷分量的传递函数及长短期预报值。横向波浪载荷包括各纵剖面的横向对开力、横垂向剪力、横垂向弯矩、纵摇有关扭矩等;纵向波浪载荷包括各横剖面的纵垂向剪力、纵垂向弯矩、纵向扭矩和水平弯矩。短期预报采用P-M双参谱;长期预报采用IACS推荐的Rec.34标准海浪统计资料,考虑到高速三体船适用于7级海浪的要求,根据实际情况把海浪资料波高截断,即有义波高变化范围为0.5⁶ m及0.56 m及0.5⁹ m,其中6 m及9 m有义波高的出现概率按照插值的方法得到。根据计算结果,可给出高速三体船的波浪载荷特征,为结构的进一步优化设计提供重要依据,并为相关规范公式的修改提供参考。     

船舶波浪弯矩1周短期预报研究

当船舶在海上发生碰撞、搁浅、泄漏等事故后,需在1周之内进行救助,所以有必要研究船舶1周短期波浪弯矩的预报方法。本文介绍2种方法:一是利用WALCS软件,基于三维频域线性水动力理论,计算后得到16艘船舶(6艘散货船、10艘油船)的1周短期波浪弯矩,记为1周软件波浪弯矩预报值;二是根据极值I型理论,通过公式推导,利用已知3小时波浪弯矩有义值M S,计算后得到了16艘船舶的1周短期波浪弯矩,记为1周极值I型波浪弯矩预报值。经比较发现二者预报结果高度一致,认为采用极值I型理论进行船舶波浪弯矩1周短期预报准确可靠,且该方法耗时更短,简便易行,值得推广。     

基于海况参数分析的船体梁载荷预报方法研究

利用三维势流理论在频域内计算载荷频率响应函数,在此基础上对船舶波浪载荷长短期预报方法进行了研究,分析了现有的长期预报方法,并提出只针对特定的一部分短期海况进行分析,以确定船舶在营运寿命期内航行于实际海况中的波浪载荷特征最大值。同时提出了一种基于多项式拟合的波浪载荷预报方法,建立了短期响应的最可能极值关于海浪有义波高与海浪平均向上跨零周期的函数,可以方便地确定响应的特征值。结果表明,提出的方法能够有效进行波浪载荷的预报,可供有关专业人员参考。     

船舶与海洋工程设计中风、波浪统计资料的集成

在大量收集风、波浪实测资料的基础上,应用大范围波浪数值模拟的计算结果,采用波侯综合模式对风、波浪数据进行了系统地统计分析,建立了船舶与海洋工程风、波浪数据库.海洋环境风、波浪数据库有效地集成了日本海上安全技术研究所风、波浪数据库、<西北太平洋波浪统计集>、英国海事研究所<全球波浪统计>、我国沿海海域和西北太平洋区域的风、波浪统计资料,为船舶与海洋工程设计提供风与波浪要素的长期统计数据,特别是对实海域船舶性能预报和耐波性研究起着重要的作用.     

浅水超大型FPSO波浪弯矩设计值与不同水深预报值的比较

针对水深对浅水超大型FPSO波浪诱导载荷的影响,在国际船级社协会(IACS)纵向强度标准的基础上,探讨了不同水深波浪诱导弯矩的长期预报值与波浪弯矩设计值的关系.开发了基于有限水深复合格林函数波浪诱导弯矩数值计算程序模块,对一艘300K DWT FPSO在不同水深海况下的波浪诱导载荷进行了长期预报.研究结果表明,水深对波浪弯矩设计值的影响很大.     

Design safety margin of a 10,000 TEU container ship through ultimate hull girder load combination analysis

Assessment of the ultimate longitudinal strength of hull girders under combined waveloads can be of particular importance especially for ships with large deck openings and low torsional rigidity. In such cases the horizontal and torsional moments may approach or exceed the vertical bending moment when a vessel progresses in oblique seas. This paper presents a direct calculation methodology for the evaluation of the ultimate strength of a 10,000 TEU container ship by considering the combined effects of structural non-linearities and steady state wave induced dynamic loads on a mid ship section cargo hold. The strength is evaluated deterministically using non-linear nite element analysis. The design extreme values of principal global wave-induced load components and their combinations in irregular seaways are predicted using a cross-spectral method together with short-term and long-term statistical formulations. Consequently, the margin of safety between the ultimate capacity and the maximum expected moment is established.     

Hull-girder reliability of new generation oil tankers

A series of new generation oil tankers is presently under construction. These ships differ from traditional oil tankers by their unusual form and therefore direct hydrodynamic analysis is used to determine design vertical wave bending moments instead of adopting IACS rule values. The purpose of the paper is to quantify changes in hull-girder reliability resulting from the new design features. To achieve this, first-order reliability analysis is carried out with respect to ultimate collapse bending moment of the midship cross section of a new generation oil tanker and of a conventional “rule” designed oil tanker. The stochastic model of wave-induced bending moment is derived from direct hydrodynamic analysis performed according to IACS Recommendation No. 34 Standard Wave Data, Rev 1, 2000. The probability distribution of the still water bending moment is assumed based on the data from loading manuals. The model uncertainties of linear wave loads, non-linearity of the response as well as load combination factors are included in the reliability formulation. The reliability analysis is performed for three relevant loading conditions: full load, ballast and partial load and for two states of the hull: the “as-built” hull and “corroded” hull according to anticipated 20-year corrosion. One of the most interesting conclusions from the study is that the annual hull-girder reliability of new generation oil tanker is increased considerably compared to the conventional oil tanker. Sensitivity and parametric studies are performed with respect to random variables representing modelling uncertainties. The results of a sensitivity study enable sorting of pertinent variables according to their relative importance, while parametric study is used to quantify changes in the reliability indices for moderate variation of input parameters. Furthermore, some other results and discussions are presented pointing out the benefits of introducing the ship reliability methods in design practice, especially if this refers to new designs.     

关于船舶规范中计算载荷的分析

本文利用非线性切片理论，以两条不同类型的船舶为例，具体分析了现行规范中关于波浪弯矩、砰击振动弯矩以及弯矩迭加计算时存在的一些问题；指出了在确定计算载荷时应当计及船舶在波浪中的失速，所谓的谐振波不一定就是最危险的规则子波，按动量冲击理论计算以底部砰击为主的船舶是不合适的，不应把波浪弯矩和砰击报动弯矩的最大值简单相加来确定合成弯矩。     

船舶结构极限波浪弯矩统计特征的一致性定义

在船舶结构界可靠性方法已得到越来越广泛的应用。在进行现有船舶的可靠性分析或对新船制订可靠性设计规范时，必须要首先确定能力与载荷的统计特征。对于船舶结构来说，波浪弯矩是主要的载荷，极限波浪弯矩的统计特征对极限强度的可靠性分析十分重要。但是，通过研究发现，不同的文献中给出的用于确定极限波浪弯矩统计特征的概念和方法并不一致，这一差别可能对了随后的船舶结构可靠性分析和设计有一定的影响。本文旨在对船舶结构极限波浪弯矩统计特征的一致性定义作一些讨论，以期澄清一些概念。     

A practical method for torsional strength assessment of container ship structures

Container ship structures are characterized by large hatch openings. Due to this structural property, they are subject to large diagonal deformations of hatch openings and warping stresses under complex torsional moments in waves. This necessitates torsional strength assessment of hull girder of container ships in their structural design stage. In this paper, a practical method for torsional strength assessment of container ship structures with transparent and consistent background is discussed based on the results from up-to-date analyses. In order to estimate the torsional response characteristics as accurately as possible, three-dimensional Rankine source method, after being validated by tank tests, is employed for estimation of wave loads on a container ship, and FE analyses are conducted on the entire-ship model under the estimated loads. Then, a dominant regular wave condition under which the torsional response of the container ship becomes maximum is specified. Design loads for torsional strength assessment that give torsional response equivalent to the long-term predicted values of torsional response are investigated based on the torsional moments on several container ships under the specified dominant wave condition. An appropriate combination of stress components to estimate the total hull girder stress is also discussed.     

舰船波浪弯矩响应的频率特性

非直壁式舰船在高浪级和高航速下的弯矩响应中,除了含有低频遭遇频率成分外,还存在着一定数量的遭遇频率的倍频成分及船体各谐调的垂向总振动频率成份,它们都会对舰船波浪弯矩的非线性响应产生相应的影响。如果舰船的第一谐调垂向总振动频率正好是遭遇频率的整数倍,这时弯矩的非线性响应将达到极值。本文从模型试验及理论计算两方面分析了舰船波浪弯矩的频率特性,对船体载荷响应理论的发展及设计载荷的确定具有指导意义。     

基于设计波的载重3600t干货船结构强度直接计算分析

为准确评估超规范的载重3600t大通舱干货船的弯扭强度及变形水平,采取全船水动力分析及全船有限元直接计算的方法,对各工况下的主要载荷参数进行长期预报,推导出对应等效设计波各参数。根据等效设计波求出各工况全船所受的波浪诱导动载荷,施加到全船有限元模型上,进而对船体弯扭强度及变形水平进行评估。比较了单舱船及货舱中部设一道横舱壁的两舱船,得出单舱船屈曲强度不足的结论,并提出改善屈曲强度的方案。     

Investigation of springing in ship structures using experimental methods and 3-D hydroelastic theory

Large and long ships experience springing behavior. Depending on the trade routes and design of such ocean-going ships, wave-induced vibrations may be due to springing and whipping effects. In this paper, we address the wave-induced vibrations in an ultra-large ore carrier under fully loaded and ballast conditions. The experimental measurements from tests performed using a flexible model of the ship were compared with the numerical predictions from 3-D hydro-elastic theory (THAFTS) (Wu, Hydroelasticity of floating bodies. PH.D thesis, Brunel University, 1984). The measurements showed multiple frequencies between the encountered wave frequency and the 2-node bending frequency that occurred only in ballast conditions, whereas the springing vibrations were more apparent with forward speed under ballast conditions in both regular and irregular waves. The numerical method predicted the vertical bending moment quite well in the fully loaded condition but underestimated it in the ballast condition. This result was primarily due to an inability to capture the prediction of the multiple frequencies between the encountered wave frequency and the 2-node bending frequency. Using THAFTS, a new ship form with a deep draft was introduced, and this vessel was shown to reduce springing vibrations.     

Structural loads induced in a containership by abnormal wave conditions

An analysis is presented of the vertical bending moments induced in a containership by a set of abnormal waves measured at different locations and on different occasions. A systematic investigation was carried out by using a large set of wave traces that included abnormal waves. In this way it was possible to assess the influence of the height, length, and shape of the abnormal waves on the wave-induced structural loads. The probability distributions of the ship responses to the sea states that included the abnormal waves were also calculated and were compared to the responses induced by the abnormal waves and to fitted distributions. Finally, the structural loads induced by the abnormal waves were compared with rule values and with long-term predictions.