浅议盾构法隧道施工过程中的安全控制措施

近年来盾构法隧道施工逐渐成为城市地下铁道施工的主流方法,其特有的施工安全管理问题也引起了广泛关注。文章结合深圳地铁二期工程2号线2222标侨香站—香蜜站—香梅北站两区间的施工实践,对土压平衡式盾构法隧道施工的安全生产进行了研究,并提出了对城市地铁及地下工程施工的安全控制措施。     

对美国几个城市地铁和水下隧道的观感

文章通过对美国地下空间的实地考察,扼要地介绍了两点内容(1)结合城市建设,修建地下铁道;(2)立足战备,修建水下隧道.这些内容可供我国开发地下空间时参考.     

东山口人行隧道跨越地铁隧道区段的施工技术

随着社会经济的发展,地铁在我国越来越多的城市建成,地铁隧道主要沿着城市干道修建.与此同时,人行天桥越来越与城市环境不相协调,而且,施工时常常会阻断交通,因此,更多采用暗挖人行隧道来解决繁华路口行人过街问题,这样,就给人行隧道的设计和施工带来一定难度.文章介绍了广州市东山口人行隧道跨越地铁隧道区段的施工技术,可为以后类似工程提供参考.     

城市地下工程施工技术在我国的现状、分类和发展

21世纪中国的城市化进程对城市地下空间的开发利用带来了空前的机遇和挑战,城市地铁建设尤其是施工技术将是其中最重要的课题之一。文章分析了目前我国城市地下工程施工方法的现状;重点讨论了应用于不同施工方法中的施工辅助技术,即岩土加固技术、防水技术、信息技术和环保技术;对城市地下工程施工技术进行了分类;展望了未来我国城市地下工程施工技术的发展趋势。     

城市桥梁维修加固施工技术研究

依据城市桥梁维修加固工程案例,分析城市桥梁主要病害,结合相关经验,探寻城市桥梁维修加固施工技术应用要点。结果显示,加强城市桥梁状态检测,根据检测结果科学制定维修加固施工方案,合理选用维修加固施工技术,并在技术应用过程中做好质量控制工作,可在一定程度上保证施工技术应用作用充分发挥,实现城市桥梁维修加固目标有效达成,保障城市桥梁稳定、安全、长久运行。     

北京地铁五号线崇文门站施工中允许地表沉降分析

建设中的北京地铁五号线崇文门站下穿既有地铁一号线区间隧道及众多地下管道,为保证既有地下铁道正常运营和地下结构的安全,需严格控制新建车站施工引起的地层位移.文章结合新建车站的暗挖施工及地下管线和既有线铁道的实际情况,计算和分析了穿越既有线地铁段施工的地表允许沉降值,可为制定合理的施工方案提供参考.     

公路工程道路路基施工技术思考分析

我国不断强调交通强国发展目标,公路工程属于重要的设施,在城市建设过程中道路建设占据较大的比例,关系到社会发展.不断提高城市化发展进程,在一定程度上增加路基施工难度.本文分析了公路工程道路路基施工技术,对于实际施工起到参考作用,促进社会经济建设可持续发展.     

地铁盾构隧道施工组织影响因素分析

文章结合上海、广州、北京等城市地铁盾构隧道的设计、施工经验,总结提出了影响盾构隧道施工组织编制的主要因素,并对其进行了具体分析和比较.     

动水动态信息化注浆施工技术研究

在我国城市建设中,随着城市岩溶富水隧道的修建,岩溶富水隧道的帷幕注浆技术在城市隧道施工中得到了广泛运用。但在岩溶富水隧道施工中,由于对不良地质的超前预报是有限的,当前采用的帷幕注浆具有一定的探索性和盲目性。为了加强对帷幕注浆的指导性和可控性,进行动水动态信息化施工技术的研究是必要的。动水动态信息化注浆设计、施工技术的核心体现在:信息化注浆模型地质数据的更新;注浆方案的优化;现场动态控制。文章介绍了中梁山隧道岩溶富水段帷幕注浆的施工情况,研究分析了帷幕注浆动水动态信息化施工的技术特点和运用效果。     

多种施工技术在广州地铁二号线纪越区间隧道的综合应用

城市地铁区间隧道的施工,依据不同的地质状况、环境要求、施工机具等条件,可以选择明挖、矿山、盾构、顶管、沉管、凿岩等不同的施工方法.在广州地铁二号线纪越区间隧道的矿山法施工中,综合应用了水平冻结、注浆止水帷幕、洞内超前深孔注浆、CRD法、密排小导管桩、控制爆破、监测信息反馈、地面跟踪注浆的施工技术,取得了满意的效果,确保了工程的安全顺利施工.     

Bicycles in large cities in China

Bicycles are a main means of transport in China. This paper discusses several aspects of the current situation and future policy, including the production of bicycles, their possession and utilization in typical large cities, the reasons for their importance in communication, the advantages and problems of bicycle traffic, and two different opinions on solving the existing problems. The paper also deals with road design for bicycles and their regulation in China's cities.     

Travel choices in alcohol-related situations in Virginia

Transportation - Using survey data from 3004 respondents aged 21 and older in Northern Virginia, Richmond, and the Tidewater area, this paper identifies factors associated with respondents’...     

Parking policies in large cities in Germany

This article deals with highly motorized large West German cities of about 200,000 inhabitants and more, which usually provide reasonable public transport systems. Illegal parking with shares of about 40 to 50% of the total parking is widespread in the parking problem areas of those cities, especially in the inner-city residential and mixed-use areas. Parking spaces are demanded by residents, employees, customers and visitors, and by delivery and service traffic. The different characteristics of parking demands by different user groups are discussed. The total parking supply consists of public and private spaces. The share of private spaces is about 40 to 50% of the total parking spaces in German cities. The amount of car traffic generated by a parking space depends on parking duration and parking turnover, as well as on search traffic. So the change of a space from long-duration use of an employee to short-duration of customers — as often discussed in parking concepts — generates at least five-fold car traffic. The measurements and effects of parking control of public spaces as well as the parking regulations in zoning ordinances, restrictions on the construction of new private parking spaces and park-and-ride are discussed. Finally, a parking concept methodology — using the example of Frankfurt am Main — is discussed.     

Logistics opportunities in Asia and development in Taiwan

The economy in Asia is growing rapidly. As a consequence, transportation and communication technologies and the changing needs of customers and shippers have resulted in Asian and Taiwan's logistics being in transition. This paper discusses why logistics changes, and explores the opportunities for Asian logistics development. The issues of logistics perspectives of private sectors in Taiwan are then raised. Finally, logistics development in Taiwan is described.     

Changes in transport risk perception in urban populations in Norway from 2004 to 2013

Urban populations transport risk perception is interesting because it is associated with travel mode choices and use. This study investigates changes in transport-related risk constructs in the urban population in Norway in 2004 and 2013, and describes whether people perceive private or public to be associated with the highest risk. The results are based on self-completion questionnaire surveys conducted in two independent representative samples living in the same urban areas in 2004 (n?=?592) and 2013 (n?=?1035). Overall, the respondents perceived the risk as lower in 2013 than in 2004. For both time periods, people consistently assessed the risk constructs related to private motorized transportation as higher than corresponding risk in public transportation. The findings suggest that while transportation risk perception in urban populations may change over time, the pattern that private motorized transportation is associated with a higher perceived risk than public transportation remains stable.     

Role of transport in rural development in Africa

Rural Africa is starved of transport services. The transport routes run towards the export enclaves and the coast.

The political, social and developmental rural transport benefits are discussed. Rural transport will help (i) integrate the country and ease its governance; (ii) widen markets; (iii) induce increased agricultural output, through new technologies, reduced transport costs, etc. The transport cost savings should be passed on to rural firms and producers. The paper warns against their accruing only to middlemen — agricultural parastatals inclusive, thereby stifling the benefits to production. This could happen under some forms of pan‐territorial pricing. Negative aspects of road development, e.g. the substitution of local goods by imports, increased migration and noise, are noted.

The place and role of project appraisal in rural road planning is acknowledged. The broad‐based development packages approach associated with Integrated Rural Development Projects has, despite its attractions, some pitfalls. It favours well established villages and ignores distribution benefits within villages.

Project appraisal can be used to justify socially uneconomic transport developments. However, rural road investment projects with immediate negative returns are unlikely to be funded. Given clear priorities, short of elaborate cost/benefit analysis, obvious road investments choices can be made by the local community. Greater public accountability of transport planners and peoples’ participation in determining rural transport needs and priorities is emphasized. Increased rural road maintenance especially through self‐help schemes and increased use of traditional modes of transport, e.g. walking, animal and water transport, is recommended.     

Passenger rail in North America in the light of developments in Western Europe and Japan

Because of different geo‐demographic and economic conditions, the impact of the new passenger modes (road and air) on rail travel was much larger in North America than in Europe. In 1960s and 1970s, as the railway share of intercity traffic in North America shrunk to a negligible one or two percent, the passenger trains were abandoned by private railway companies and taken over by state organizations, which have continued to operate traditional trains and generate mounting losses. On the technology side, no attempts have been made to improve competitiveness of trains vis‐a‐vis automobiles and airplanes.

In Europe and Japan, the railways responded to the challenge by (i) upgrading the performance (speed) and comfort of traditional trains operating on existing tracks and (ii) developing trains which could, on short and intermediate range distances, compete successfully, in terms of speed and economy, with the road and air modes. The Japanese (Shinkansen trains) and French (TGV trains) experience clearly shows that trains operating on dedicated lines at average speeds of 150 to 200 km/hr provide a superior transportation service and economy on high‐traffic intercity routes of up to about 500 km length. In this paper the factors responsible for the present status of passenger rail in North America are analysed, the current policies in the U.S. and Canada are evaluated in the light of experience to date and developments abroad, and suggestions for a long‐term passenger rail policy are made. This includes examination of (i) the viability of continued subsidization of traditional train services, (ii) the viability of operation of faster trains on existing tracks, (iii) the scope for introduction of modern, fast trains on dedicated lines in high‐density, intercity corridors, (iv) the application of fast trains as access to major airports and integration of airports with fast intercity lines, and (v) the impact of energy (oil) consumption in transportation.

     

Mapping minibuses in Maputo and Nairobi: engaging paratransit in transportation planning in African cities

ABSTRACT

Often called paratransit because of their flexible stops, schedules and routes, minibuses make up the bulk of public transport in African cities. Despite their ubiquity and importance, these systems are poorly understood by transportation planners who tend to focus on large-scale urban infrastructure projects such as highways, commuter rail or bus rapid transit systems. The assumption within much of this planning is that these minibus systems are barriers to change and will become at most secondary “feeder” buses within large-scale projects, but structured plans detailing this vision are lacking. This paper argues that frequent failure to collect data and value important paratransit systems as a critical part of transportation in their own right is deeply problematic from the point of view of equity, access and inclusive and effective planning. We ask whether the growing number of bottom up mapping projects of minibus systems can disrupt this status quo. By comparing two mapping projects, Digital Matatus in Nairobi and the Mapa Dos Chapas in Maputo, we find that inclusive, collaborative mapping can help render these minibuses more visible in planning and provoke more grounded and inclusive “planning conversations” on multi-modal integration, passenger information and minibus upgrading, all key but relatively marginalised aspects of creating accessible, low emission, high quality and safe public transport in African cities.     

Heterogeneity among motorists in traffic-congested areas in southern California

Estimation of congestion costs, presumed to be one of the largest external costs of automobile travel, is typically based on a single value of time delay for motorists in metropolitan areas. However, the estimation may be wrong if the profiles of motorists are different at different times of day. This study uses a survival model to examine the demographic and socioeconomic profiles of motorists at different times of day at congested locations in southern California, by using on-road remote-sensing measurements and license plates images obtained in 2007 and 2008 by the California South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD). More than 80,000 vehicles were observed from fifteen selected study sites over fifteen days. Their plates, through anonymized registration records, revealed addresses at the census block group level, which have homogenous profiles by construction. Motorists’ profiles at different times of day display large variation, however, according to extended Cox model with a non-parametric baseline hazard, which is used to accommodate both the time-invariant and time-varying effects of the covariates. This study thus proposes a new approach to examine heterogeneity among motorists.     

Gender inequality in mobility and mode choice in Pakistan

Using the nationally representative dataset of the 2007 Pakistan Time-Use Survey, this paper examines gender differences in daily trip rate, mode choice, travel duration, and purpose of travel, which are previously unreported because of limited data availability. Wide gender mobility gaps are observed in the country, where women are less likely to travel, are half as mobile as men and may rely heavily on walking. The particular social and cultural context of the country, that renders women as private, secluded and family honor, seems influential in shaping their mobility and choice of activities. Demographic factors such as age, household income, and marital status significantly decrease female mobility levels. Hence, these findings call for a gender-based culturally responsive transportation policy in the country.