基于ReliefF-RBF的路面不平度识别算法研究

路面不平度对道路车辆行驶安全性及车辆动力学响应具有重要影响。通过将路面不平度识别与先进悬架控制结合,有望能进一步提升乘员舒适性和车辆的操纵稳定性。现有基于数据驱动的路面分类方法难以高效处理时变参数与车速,现有基于模型的路面识别算法需要已知精确车辆模型,在实际应用中面临车辆物理参数难以获得的问题。提出一种融合模型和数据驱动的路面分类算法,采用基于模型的方法反算等效路面轮廓,结合数据预处理方法,对车辆响应和反算等效路面轮廓数据进行滤波;对等效路面轮廓和响应信息进行时域频域特征计算,采用ReliefF算法进行关键特征提取,构建基于径向基函数神经网络的路面分类器,进行路面分级识别;通过仿真试验和实车试验验证了不同车辆参数和车速下所提出的算法鲁棒性。     

Road classification for two-wheeled vehicles

This publication presents a three-part road classification system that utilises the vehicle's onboard signals of two-wheeled vehicles. First, a curve estimator was developed to identify and classify road curves. In addition, the curve estimator continuously classifies the road curviness. Second, the road slope was evaluated to determine the hilliness of a given road. Third, a modular road profile estimator has been developed to classify the road profile according to ISO 8608, which utilises the vehicle's transfer functions. The road profile estimator continuously classifies the driven road. The proposed methods for the classification of curviness, hilliness, and road roughness have been validated with measurements. The road classification system enables the collection of vehicle-independent field data of two-wheeled vehicles. The road properties are part of the customer usage profiles which are essential to define vehicle design targets.     

桥面平整度对大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥车辆振动的影响

由路面平整度能量谱密度函数得到桥面平整度不规则形状沿纵向分布函数,分析不同等级桥面平整度对大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥的车辆振动的影响。提出一种车—桥振动简化计算方法,该方法在建立桥的有限元模型时,将车辆的动力性能与桥面平整度对桥梁振动的影响加入到外载荷中,简化了振动分析过程,可用于确定不同等级桥面下的汽车荷载冲击系数取值,为大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥的设计和养护提供参考。     

考虑道路因素的智能车辆纵向运动决策与控制研究

针对智能车辆纵向运动时的交通道路适应性问题,考虑路面附着系数和前车运动速度等因素,研究了智能车辆纵向运动决策与控制方法。论文研究了基于车头时距的纵向运动决策方法并建立不同驾驶行为的目标车速模型,运用变论域模糊推理算法设计了目标加速度模型。基于纵向动力学模型,运用自适应反演滑模控制算法建立了驱动控制器和制动控制器。对高附着系数路面和低附着系数路面的行驶工况进行仿真试验验证,结果表明,在不同的附着系数路面和前车变速行驶条件下,智能车辆能实时、合理地决策目标车速、目标加速度,实现安全、高效、稳定的跟驰。     

汽车悬挂系统故障寻迹检测设备的设计方案

汽车悬挂系统故障维修工作中,某些故障需要在复杂路况下路试重现,给维修工作带来很多不便.为解决上述问题,设计方案中提供了一种可变振幅可倾斜动态模拟汽车路试的震动装置,采用这种装置可动态模拟汽车以不同车速以及行驶在各种路况.震动装置由型钢焊接成的框架,和框架上安装的两根滚筒,其中一根是无动力同心滚筒,另一根是可变偏心度的偏...     

History of Stability of Railway and Road Vehicles

Stability of running of vehicles is one of the important design criteria of railway and road vehicles. Railway vehicle stability is based on kinematics as well as contact mechanics. It reaches back to the 19th century and had its first hey-day with the work of Carter and Rocard on stability of locomotives. A rediscovery of their knowledge, which seemed to have been forgotten, was inevitable due to increased vehicle speeds since the early Fifties. — Though investigations on road vehicle stability only began approximately in 1930 with the treatment of the shimmy phenomenon, realistic solutions were available at the same time as for railway vehicles. Besides considering historical aspects we discuss in the paper links which exist between both approaches; open questions are described.     

Estimating the ride quality characteristics of vehicles with random decrement analysis of on-the-road vibration response data

This paper describes the application of a practical analytical technique based on the random decrement method to estimate the rigid sprung mass dynamic characteristics (frequency response function) of road vehicles using only vibration response data during constant-speed operation. A brief history and development of the random decrement technique is presented, along with a summary of work undertaken on optimal parameter selection to establish the random decrement signature. Two approaches to estimate the dynamic characteristics from the random decrement signature are described and evaluated. A custom, single-wheeled vehicle (physical quarter car) was commissioned to undertake a series of on-the-road experiments at various nominally constant operating speeds. The vehicle, also instrumented as an inertial profilometer, simultaneously measured the longitudinal pavement profile to establish the vehicle's actual dynamic characteristics during operation. The main outcome of the paper is that the random decrement technique can be used to provide accurate estimates of the sprung mass mode of the vehicle's dynamic characteristics for both linear and nonlinear suspension systems of an idealised vehicle.     

基于激光雷达的纵向坡路动态可行驶性预测（双语出版）

为解决智能汽车在含有纵向坡路的环境中行驶时所涉及的环境感知与路面可行驶性理解问题,提出了一种基于激光雷达的动态、不确定性路面可行驶性预测方法。首先,利用PreScan,CarSim与MATLAB软件搭建虚拟行驶环境,并建立激光雷达物理模型提高虚拟点云的保真度。其次,进行基于激光雷达的动态可行驶性研究,利用路面激光雷达点云数据基于车辆未来行驶方向建立笛卡尔坐标系下的间隔栅格地图;在间隔内进行平面拟合得到路面的法向量,利用平面法向量计算路面纵向坡角并利用车辆姿态补偿得到大地坐标系下的间隔坡角和道路轮廓信息,并探讨天气对道路轮廓估计结果的影响;基于车辆纵向动力学特性和道路参数估计结果,计算可行驶性概率并预测可行驶性。为了快速仿真验证所提出的可行驶性预测方法,搭建相应的自动测试环境并设计测试方法。首先分析并测试车辆行驶过程中容易因失效造成预测失败的临界关键工况,接着在虚拟行驶环境中建立自动化测试流程,加强对关键工况区的采样,总计通过402组测试工况验证可行驶性预测算法,预测准确率达到87.81%。最后,在实车平台和真实测试道路上对算法流程进行验证。研究结果表明：该方法能够很好地对车辆在纵向坡路上的可行驶性进行动态的、基于概率性指标的预测。     

History of Stability of Railway and Road Vehicles

Stability of running of vehicles is one of the important design criteria of railway and road vehicles. Railway vehicle stability is based on kinematics as well as contact mechanics. It reaches back to the 19th century and had its first hey-day with the work of Carter and Rocard on stability of locomotives. A rediscovery of their knowledge, which seemed to have been forgotten, was inevitable due to increased vehicle speeds since the early Fifties. — Though investigations on road vehicle stability only began approximately in 1930 with the treatment of the shimmy phenomenon, realistic solutions were available at the same time as for railway vehicles. Besides considering historical aspects we discuss in the paper links which exist between both approaches; open questions are described.     

Simulation model for the study of overhead rail current collector systems dynamics, focused on the design of a new conductor rail

Overhead rigid conductor arrangements for current collection for railway traction have some advantages compared to other, more conventional, energy supply systems. They are simple, robust and easily maintained, not to mention their flexibility as to the required height for installation, which makes them particularly suitable for use in subway infrastructures. Nevertheless, due to the increasing speeds of new vehicles running on modern subway lines, a more efficient design is required for this kind of system.

In this paper, the authors present a dynamic analysis of overhead conductor rail systems focused on the design of a new conductor profile with a dynamic behaviour superior to that of the system currently in use. This means that either an increase in running speed can be attained, which at present does not exceed 110 km/h, or an increase in the distance between the rigid catenary supports with the ensuing saving in installation costs.

This study has been carried out using simulation techniques. The ANSYS programme has been used for the finite element modelling and the SIMPACK programme for the elastic multibody systems analysis.     

基于安全车速的北京冬奥会山地道路冰雪路面通行能力研究

复杂山地线形和道路冰雪路面结合条件下的安全车速设置及通行能力保障是交通管理面临的新挑战。针对北京冬奥会延庆赛区复杂山地道路冰雪路面场景，建立了安全车速与道路线形设计及路面附着系数之间的关系，以安全车速为依据得到了不同路面条件下山地道路的通行能力。依据道路平曲线、竖曲线和横断面数据建立了山地道路三维空间模型；分析了车辆在山地道路平纵组合路段的受力情况，构建了车辆安全行驶速度与圆曲线半径、道路超高、纵坡坡度和路面附着系数的关系模型，并分析了基于安全车速模型的道路通行能力。为了验证模型，选取2种常见的冰雪路面状况和2种常用的车辆类型，获得不同条件下山地道路冰雪路面的安全车速。采用VISSIM软件设计了20种仿真场景，结合道路实测数据验证了安全车速模型的对山地道路冰雪路面车辆安全行驶的提升作用。实测与结果表明:相比全程单一限速模型，所建立的安全车速模型在冰膜路面的行程时间缩短了约38%（小汽车）和32%（大客车），雪板路面的行程时间缩短了约26%（小汽车）和24%（大客车）。山地道路交通流量存在1个自由流到饱和流的相变过程，冰膜路面小汽车下行最大交通量为241辆/h（单向行驶）和231辆/h（双向行驶），大客车下行最大交通量为227辆/h（单向行驶）和222辆/h（双向行驶）；雪板路面小汽车下行最大交通量为319辆/h（单向行驶）和249辆/h（双向行驶），大客车下行最大交通量为301辆/h（单向行驶）和236辆/h（双向行驶）。      

Design and hardware-in-loop implementation of collision avoidance algorithms for heavy commercial road vehicles

An important aspect from the perspective of operational safety of heavy road vehicles is the detection and avoidance of collisions, particularly at high speeds. The development of a collision avoidance system is the overall focus of the research presented in this paper. The collision avoidance algorithm was developed using a sliding mode controller (SMC) and compared to one developed using linear full state feedback in terms of performance and controller effort. Important dynamic characteristics such as load transfer during braking, tyre-road interaction, dynamic brake force distribution and pneumatic brake system response were considered. The effect of aerodynamic drag on the controller performance was also studied. The developed control algorithms have been implemented on a Hardware-in-Loop experimental set-up equipped with the vehicle dynamic simulation software, IPG/TruckMaker®. The evaluation has been performed for realistic traffic scenarios with different loading and road conditions. The Hardware-in-Loop experimental results showed that the SMC and full state feedback controller were able to prevent the collision. However, when the discrepancies in the form of parametric variations were included, the SMC provided better results in terms of reduced stopping distance and lower controller effort compared to the full state feedback controller.     

A New Method for Accurately Estimating the Weight of Moving Vehicles Using Piezoelectric Sensors and Adaptive-footprint Tire Model

Summary This paper presents new methods for estimating the axle weight of a moving vehicle, using two piezoelectric sensors and adaptive-footprint tire model. It is more difficult to weigh vehicles in motion accurately than to weigh standing vehicles. The difficulties in weighing moving vehicles result from sensor limitations as well as dynamic loading effects induced by vehicle/pavement interactions. For example, two identical vehicles with the same weight will generate sensor signals that differ in the shape and the peak value, depending the tire pressure, vehicle speed, road roughness, and sensor characteristics. This paper develops a method that is much less sensitive to these variable factors in determining the axle weight of a moving vehicle. In the developed method, first the piezoelectric sensor signal is reconstructed using the inverse dynamics of a high-pass filter representing the piezoelectric sensor. Then, the reconstructed signal, is normalized, using the nominal road/tire contact length obtained using an adaptive-footprint tire model, and then integrated. Experiments are performed with 3 vehicles of known weight ranging from 1,400 kg to 28,040 kg. The developed method is compared to two other algorithms. Results show that the developed method is most consistent and accurate.     

Robustness to Speed of 4WS Vehicles for Yaw and Lateral Dynamics

This paper addresses the issue of robustness and closed loop performance of four wheel steering (4WS) vehicles for yaw and lateral maneuvers for fixed and non-fixed speeds. A feedback structure derived from the plant inverse dynamic, such that the vehicle 2×2 matrix transfer function is robust to speed, is proposed. The efficiency of the proposed structure depends on the actuator's bandwidth and non-linearities, and on the sensor delay. A design example which shows how to implement the proposed algorithm in highly uncertain vehicles, subject to actuator bandwidth limitations and sensor delay, is provided.     

A New Method for Accurately Estimating the Weight of Moving Vehicles Using Piezoelectric Sensors and Adaptive-footprint Tire Model

Summary This paper presents new methods for estimating the axle weight of a moving vehicle, using two piezoelectric sensors and adaptive-footprint tire model. It is more difficult to weigh vehicles in motion accurately than to weigh standing vehicles. The difficulties in weighing moving vehicles result from sensor limitations as well as dynamic loading effects induced by vehicle/pavement interactions. For example, two identical vehicles with the same weight will generate sensor signals that differ in the shape and the peak value, depending the tire pressure, vehicle speed, road roughness, and sensor characteristics. This paper develops a method that is much less sensitive to these variable factors in determining the axle weight of a moving vehicle. In the developed method, first the piezoelectric sensor signal is reconstructed using the inverse dynamics of a high-pass filter representing the piezoelectric sensor. Then, the reconstructed signal, is normalized, using the nominal road/tire contact length obtained using an adaptive-footprint tire model, and then integrated. Experiments are performed with 3 vehicles of known weight ranging from 1,400 kg to 28,040 kg. The developed method is compared to two other algorithms. Results show that the developed method is most consistent and accurate.     

Using the lead vehicle as preview sensor in convoy vehicle active suspension control

Both ride quality and roadholding of actively suspended vehicles can be improved by sensing the road ahead of the vehicle and using this information in a preview controller. Previous applications have used look-ahead sensors mounted on the front bumper to measure terrain beneath. Such sensors are vulnerable, potentially confused by water, snow, or other soft obstacles and offer a fixed preview time. For convoy vehicle applications, this paper proposes using the overall response of the preceding vehicle(s) to generate preview controller information for follower vehicles. A robust observer is used to estimate the states of a quarter-car vehicle model, from which road profile is estimated and passed on to the follower vehicle(s) to generate a preview function. The preview-active suspension, implemented in discrete time using a shift register approach to improve simulation time, reduces sprung mass acceleration and dynamic tyre deflection peaks by more than 50% and 40%, respectively. Terrain can change from one vehicle to the next if a loose obstacle is dislodged, or if the vehicle paths are sufficiently different so that one vehicle misses a discrete road event. The resulting spurious preview information can give suspension performance worse than that of a passive or conventional active system. In this paper, each vehicle can effectively estimate the road profile based on its own state trajectory. By comparing its own road estimate with the preview information, preview errors can be detected and suspension control quickly switched from preview to conventional active control to preserve performance improvements compared to passive suspensions.     

基于二次规划的智能车辆动态换道轨迹规划研究

为实现智能车辆的自主换道操作并满足安全性、舒适性和实时性等约束条件,提出一种针对动态交通环境的换道轨迹规划模型。该模型由道路平面曲线表征模块、路径生成模块以及速度曲线生成模块组成。首先,在道路平面曲线表征模块中,模型基于实时获取的周边道路信息,利用切比雪夫多项式插值法回归拟合出连续可导的道路平面曲线函数,用以保证模型在各种道路平面线形上的普适性。然后,在路径生成模块中,根据换道车辆初始时刻的运动状态,建立一系列多项式方程,并利用牛顿迭代法求解方程未知参数,以此生成连接初始位置和目标位置的换道路径,用以保证换道轨迹的平滑性。最后,在速度曲线生成模块中,以满足防碰撞约束、跟驰加速度约束以及车辆运动状态约束为目标,构建二次规划模型,生成沿着换道路径的车辆速度曲线,用以保证换道轨迹的安全性和舒适性。此外,考虑到周边动态的交通环境,车辆系统在每个时间步内会循环调用提出的模型实时更新换道轨迹,直至车辆到达目标位置。仿真试验结果表明：应用提出的换道轨迹规划模型,车辆能够有效避免与周边动态车辆发生碰撞,成功完成换道;基于二次规划框架,模型优化求解时间明显缩短,满足轨迹规划的实时性和有效性要求。     

Connected variable speed limits control and car-following control with vehicle-infrastructure communication to resolve stop-and-go waves

The vision of intelligent vehicles traveling in road networks has prompted numerous concepts to control future traffic flow, one of which is the in-vehicle actuation of traffic control commands. The key of this concept is using intelligent vehicles as actuators for traffic control systems. Under this concept, we design and test a control system that connects a traffic controller with in-vehicle controllers via vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. The link-level traffic controller regulates traffic speeds through variable speed limits (VSL) gantries to resolve stop-and-go waves, while intelligent vehicles control accelerations through vehicle propulsion and brake systems to optimize their local situations. It is assumed that each intelligent vehicle receives VSL commands from the traffic controller and uses them as variable parameters for the local vehicle controller. Feasibility and effectiveness of the connected control paradigm are tested with simulation on a two-lane freeway stretch with intelligent vehicles randomly distributed among human-driven vehicles. Simulation shows that the connected VSL and vehicle control system improves traffic efficiency and sustainability; that is, total time spent in the network and average fuel consumption rate are reduced compared to (uncontrolled and controlled) scenarios with 100% human drivers and to uncontrolled scenarios with the same intelligent vehicle penetration rates.     

Heavy vehicle pitch dynamics and suspension tuning. Part I: unconnected suspension

The influence of suspension tuning of passenger cars on bounce and pitch ride performance has been explored in a number of studies, while only minimal efforts have been made for establishing similar rules for heavy vehicles. This study aims to explore pitch dynamics and suspension tunings of a two-axle heavy vehicle with unconnected suspension, which could also provide valuable information for heavy vehicles with coupled suspensions. Based on a generalised pitch-plane model of a two-axle heavy vehicle integrating either unconnected or coupled suspension, three dimensionless measures of suspension properties are defined and analysed—namely the pitch margin (PM), pitch stiffness ratio (PSR), and coupled pitch stiffness ratio (CPSR)—for different unconnected suspension tunings and load conditions. Dynamic responses of the vehicle with three different load conditions and five different tunings of the unconnected suspension are obtained under excitations arising from three different random road roughness conditions and a wide range of driving speeds, and braking manoeuvres. The responses are evaluated in terms of performance measures related to vertical and pitch ride, dynamic tyre load, suspension travel, and pitch-attitude control characteristics of the vehicle. Fundamental relationships between the vehicle responses and the proposed suspension measures (PM, PSR, and CPSR) are established, based on which some basic suspension tuning rules for heavy vehicles with unconnected suspensions are also proposed.     

动态输入下路段行程时间研究

以元胞传输模型(LWR模型的离散形式)作为分析工具,以行程时间为研究对象,研究了单车道路段没有出入口的基本路段受交通信号控制影响下的动态行程时间.考虑到路段上车辆密度对车辆速度的影响,文章定义了路段加权密度来表征车辆进入路段时路段的状态.分析结果表明,动态行程时间和车辆进入路段时的流量基本上没有关系;当车辆进入路段时刻一定时,路段加权密度和车辆的动态行程时间成线性关系.