Where to dispose of urban green waste? Transportation planning for the maintenance of public green spaces

Urban green spaces provide various social and environmental benefits that strongly improve the quality of life in a city. Municipalities are responsible for maintaining their green spaces in order to preserve these potentials. This paper supports municipalities in planning the transportation and disposal logistics of the green waste that is produced by the maintenance activities. The approach combines ecological issues like the seasonality of green waste generation and different types of biomass with economically driven decision making. We show how to determine cost efficient transportation plans for the disposal logistics and how to capture the seasonality of green waste generation when booking capacities at disposal facilities. It is also shown how a municipality can select the disposal facilities to cooperate with in a competitive environment where facilities offer capacities at differing conditions, as is the case for disposal sites that dump the green waste and for conversion plants that use the biomass for producing renewable energy. We illustrate the approach using case data of a major city in Germany.     

Opportunities for collaboration between infrastructure agencies and conservation groups: Road-stream crossings in Oklahoma

Rivers and streams worldwide are highly fragmented by dams and road crossings, and there is a pressing need to retrofit the most problematic structures to ensure aquatic organism passage. At the same time, a majority of the transportation infrastructure within developed nations is beyond its projected lifespan and significant investments will be needed to ensure that this transportation infrastructure remains safe and functional. Historically, these two problems have been addressed separately. Here, we use a rapid survey methodology to identify road-stream crossings that are likely high-priority projects for both conservation and infrastructure agencies. We conducted a field assessment of more than 700 road-stream crossings across Oklahoma to determine if they blocked fish movements and to determine their physical condition. We then developed an index of ecological impact, and an index of infrastructure condition, based on physical variables measured at each crossing. This survey revealed a subset of crossings that are both fragmenting the river network and in poor physical condition. These crossings are high-priority locations where culvert replacement may have both high ecosystem benefit and would eliminate a piece of transportation infrastructure with a high risk of failure. We discuss opportunities for cost-sharing between conservation and transportation agencies.     

浅埋暗挖法施工中结构受力的合理转换

文章针对浅埋暗挖法施工中结构受力转换的问题,结合某地铁工程实例,介绍了几种对控制沉降比较有效的施工方法。在竖井开挖到通道顶标高后提前对通道顶部土体进行加固,并施作短柱暗梁,有效地保证了结构安全和土体稳定;在通道转入双联拱正洞的施工中采用增设洞门加固环和通道顶部加强拱等措施,成功地解决了通道格栅破除后通道的稳定问题,并有效地控制了地层下沉;通过对现场一手监测数据的深入分析,结合自己的施工体会,总结出了一些较为珍贵的施工经验,对类似工程设计和施工有一定的参考价值。     

Promoting public bike-sharing: A lesson from the unsuccessful Pronto system

In 2014, Seattle implemented its own bike-sharing system, Pronto. However, the system ultimately ceased operation three years later on March 17th, 2017. To learn from this failure, this paper seeks to understand factors that encourage, or discourage, bike-sharing trip generation and attraction at the station level. This paper investigates the effects of land use, roadway design, elevation, bus trips, weather, and temporal factors on three-hour long bike pickups and returns at each docking station. To address temporal autocorrelations and the nonlinear seasonality, the paper implements a generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) that incorporates the joint effects of a time metric and time-varying variables. The paper estimates models on total counts of pickups and returns, as well as pickups categorized by user types and by location. The results clarify that effects of hilly terrain and the rainy weather, two commonly perceived contributors to the failure. Additionally, results suggest that users in the University District, presumably mostly university students, tend to use shared bikes in neighborhoods with a higher household density and a higher percentage of residential land use, and make bike-sharing trips regardless workdays or non-workdays. The paper also contributes to the discussion on the relationship between public transportation service and bike-sharing. In general, users tend to use bike-sharing more at stations that have more scheduled bus trips nearby. However, some bike-sharing users may shift to bus services during peak hours and rainy weather. Several strategies are proposed accordingly to increase bike ridership in the future.     

上林至武鸣公路路域野生动物区系研究

文章以上林至武鸣公路为研究对象,以经典动物区系的相关理论为指导,系统分析该区域陆栖野生脊椎动物的种类、区系及生态地理情况,进而研究该公路沿线野生动物物种分布情况,研究成果为该公路沿线动物资源保护提供依据。     

A dynamic analysis of travel demand

A panel data set is analysed with the goal of identifying patterns of change in the use of various modes of transport. The data set, which represents a national sample of the Netherlands, is comprised of over 2000 individuals surveyed in three waves six months apart in 1984 and 1985. The data were processed in the form of categorical variables depicting use or non-use of each mode at each wave and were analysed using log-linear models. Results indicated that there were significant patterns of change for all of the modes studied. Some of these patterns were interpreted as representing seasonality, while others were interpreted as representing more fundamental adjustments in travel behavior.     

临时关闭道路以疏导城市道路交通流的可行性分析

文章基于Braess悖论,以单位车辆的平均出行时间为最优目标,以网络道路系统为约束条件,从逆向思维角度建立了通过临时关闭道路引导交通流以缓解城市道路交通拥挤的Narsh均衡非线性规划模型,并以北京二环道路网络为研究对象进行了实例分析。结果表明,在城市道路网中,关闭部分路段并不能明显缓解交通拥堵现状,但可以在不影响路网整体通行时间的条件下改善路网局部拥堵状况。建议城市道路交通临时疏导方案应该根据路网交通流的分布特点和道路通过能力等因素进行制订。     

上海外滩通道超大直径土压平衡盾构施工技术

针对上海外滩通道圆隧道工程的特点及施工难点,介绍了通过采取隔离桩、土体改良以及控制盾构正面土压力等一系列有效的施工技术措施,使直径14．27m土压平衡盾构顺利下穿外滩万国建筑群及外白渡桥、轨道交通2号线、南京东路人行地道和北京东路人行地道等建（构）筑物,为今后超大直径土压盾构施工提供借鉴。     

乌鞘岭隧道志留系板岩夹千枚岩地段结构验证试验研究

对乌鞘岭隧道志留系板岩夹千枚岩地段支护结构的受力特性,采用数值分析方法进行计算,开展现场结构试验并进行对比分析。试验揭示了隧道开挖后围岩应力释放引起的结构变形与支护压力变化规律,支护结构的稳定性和安全性在不同测试地段受各种影响因素的作用而不同。数值计算与现场试验结果表明,隧道衬砌的结构安全系数均满足规范要求,但应以按实测衬砌应力进行结构内力计算,并对结构安全性进行评价为宜。     

厦门淤泥地层大跨度浅埋暗挖地下通道三维变形分析

以厦门市典型淤泥地层修建大跨度浅埋暗挖城市地下通道为工程背景,借助abaqus有限元软件分析市中心某地下通道的三维变形效应和特征,对不同工况下的预加固效果做出评价.分析结果表明,在地下通道下承的大体积淤泥中采用高压旋喷桩斜向加固地层,在开挖区域及其两侧采用高压旋喷桩水平向加固地层,并结合长管棚超前预加固可以很好地控制基础沉降和地表沉陷,若进一步用易切削玻璃纤维锚杆对"待挖核心体"进行纵向加固,则可以更好地控制土体变形,降低施工对周围环境、建筑物以及地下管线的影响.     

Using vehicle simulations to understand strategies for accommodating oversize,overweight vehicles at roundabouts

There is considerable evidence that roundabouts are the safest and most efficient form of traffic control for most intersections. The potential use of roundabouts with all their inherent benefits may be greatly diminished if they are not able to accommodate oversize/overweight (OSOW) vehicles, sometimes called “Superloads.” The problem, therefore, is how to accommodate OSOW vehicles without sacrificing the integrity, safety and other benefits of roundabouts.This study uses TORUS software to design six standard roundabouts using guidance from the latest Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) roundabout guide. Six OSOW check vehicles from the Wisconsin Department of Transportation’s library were used to modify the designs to accommodate these selected check vehicles at the roundabouts. These six OSOW check vehicles were used to conduct swept path analysis using AutoTURN software at the selected six standard roundabouts for right turn, through, and left turn simulations. The space requirements for these maneuvers were analyzed in detail. Various strategies for better accommodating these OSOW check vehicles were suggested and experimented with in this study using AutoTURN software simulations. The effectiveness of using a straight passage through the center island for OSOW vehicles was also addressed in this study and was found to be effective. All the strategies investigated in this study proved to be effective in accommodating OSOW vehicles when compared to conventional ways of using a roundabout. The needed total truck apron was calculated and used as a reference to determine an effective strategy for accommodating OSOW vehicles. This research can be used as guidance for transportation engineers, planners and decision makers to determine possible ways of designing a roundabout at an intersection where certain OSOW vehicles are expected.     

Monitoring wildlife crossing structures along highways in Changbai Mountain,China

In China, the construction and monitoring of wildlife crossing structures is uncommon. Mountainous area occupies two-thirds area of China. A lot of tunnels (similar to overpasses in developed countries), bridges, and culverts (similar to underpasses) are constructed along highways. In general, these structures are multifunctional, including wildlife migration. However, studies on monitoring these potential crossing structures are almost vacant. Taking two highways in Changbai Mountain area as case studies, infra-red camera trapping and snow tracking were used to investigate the efficiency of tunnels, bridges and culverts on the highways. A total of 13 medium and large-sized wildlife species crossed highway through tunnels, bridges and culverts. One third of species were Chinese national protective species, and almost all species were present within 500 m from Ring Changbai Mountain Scenic highway used bridges and culverts to cross this highway. The tunnel along the expressway (length = 1000 m) and the bridges along the highway (width > 8 m) have been important passages for ungulates, Eurasian red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris), yellow throated martens (Martes flavigula) and sables (Martes zibellina). Different species preferred to different types of structures, although most species preferred to bridges and tunnels. We suggest that short fences should be set around the bridges and culverts to guide animals to cross the passages, especially for ungulates. Monitoring programs of uses of crossing structures by wildlife should be conducted for at least 2 months to catch most species activity.     

短小成品油管道批次和罐容的确定

为了研究短小成品油管道输送批次和罐容的确定方法,以安庆-合肥成品油管道为例,根据该工程线路短、管径小、不考虑分输、不需要新建储罐、混油量少等特点,经过综合比较确定管道输送的最大批次数,再综合分析首末站的实际情况,以充分利用首末站现有储罐、方便运行管理、减少混油损失为原则,来确定合适的批次和首末站的罐容.     

Assessment of factors associated with travel time reliability and prediction: an empirical analysis using probabilistic reasoning approach

Significant efforts have been made in modeling a travel time distribution and establishing measures of travel time reliability (TTR). However, the literature on evaluating the factors affecting TTR is not well established. Accordingly, this paper presents an empirical analysis to determine potential factors that are associated with TTR. This study mainly applies the Bayesian Networks model to assess the probabilistic association between road geometry, traffic data, and TTR. The results from this model reveal that land use characteristics, intersection factors, and posted speed limits are directly associated with TTR. Evaluating the strength of the association between TTR and the directly related variables, the log odds ratio analysis indicates that the land use factor has the highest impact (0.83) followed by the intersection factor (0.57). The findings from this study can provide valuable resources to planners and traffic operators in their decision-making to improve TTR with quantitative evidence.     

Estimation of infrastructure performance models using state-space specifications of time series models

We consider state-space specifications of autoregressive moving average models (ARMA) and structural time series models as a framework to formulate and estimate inspection and deterioration models for transportation infrastructure facilities. The framework provides a rigorous approach to exploit the abundance and breadth of condition data generated by advanced inspection technologies. From a managerial perspective, the framework is attractive because the ensuing models can be used to forecast infrastructure condition in a manner that is useful to support maintenance and repair optimization, and thus they constitute an alternative to Markovian transition probabilities. To illustrate the methodology, we develop performance models for asphalt pavements. Pressure and deflection measurements generated by pressure sensors and a falling weight deflectometer, respectively, are represented as manifestations of the pavement’s elasticity/load-bearing capacity. The numerical results highlight the advantages of the two classes of models; that is, ARMA models have superior data-fitting capabilities, while structural time series models are parsimonious and provide a framework to identify components, such as trend, seasonality and random errors. We use the numerical examples to show how the framework can accommodate missing values, and also to discuss how the results can be used to evaluate and select between inspection technologies.     

Predictive usage mining for life cycle assessment

The usage modeling in life cycle assessment (LCA) is rarely discussed despite the magnitude of environmental impact from the usage stage. In this paper, the usage modeling technique, predictive usage mining for life cycle assessment (PUMLCA) algorithm, is proposed as an alternative of the conventional constant rate method. By modeling usage patterns as trend, seasonality, and level from a time series of usage information, predictive LCA can be conducted in a real time horizon, which can provide more accurate estimation of environmental impact. Large-scale sensor data of product operation is suggested as a source of data for the proposed method to mine usage patterns and build a usage model for LCA. The PUMLCA algorithm can provide a similar level of prediction accuracy to the constant rate method when data is constant, and the higher prediction accuracy when data has complex patterns. In order to mine important usage patterns more effectively, a new automatic segmentation algorithm is developed based on change point analysis. The PUMLCA algorithm can also handle missing and abnormal values from large-scale sensor data, identify seasonality, and formulate predictive LCA equations for current and new machines. Finally, the LCA of agricultural machinery demonstrates the proposed approach and highlights its benefits and limitations.     

Identifying variations and co-variations in discrete choice models

This study introduces an extended version of a standard multilevel cross-classified logit model which takes co-variations into account, i.e., variations jointly caused by two or more unobserved factors. Whilst focusing on mode choice behavior, this study deals with four different types of variation: spatial variations, inter-individual variations, intra-individual variations and co-variations between inter-individual and spatial variations. Such co-variations represent individual-specific spatial effects, reflecting different responses to the same space among individuals, which may for example be due to differences in their spatial perceptions. In our empirical analysis, we use data from Mobidrive (a continuous six-week travel survey) to clarify the existence of co-variation effects by comparing two models with and without co-variation terms. The results of this analysis indicate that co-variations certainly exist, especially for utility differences in bicycle and public transport use in comparison with car use. We then sequentially introduce four further sets of explanatory variables, examine the sources of behavioral variations and determine what types of influential factors are dominant in mode choice behavior.     

Emissions of particulate matters from railways – Emission factors and condition monitoring

We report tunnel measurements, where abrasion particles from different types of trains are measured in two situations and emission factors are calculated from these. The measurements show significantly elevated particle concentrations in train passages that last for about a minute and are accompanied by increased airflow. The emission of particles for each train passage was obtained by summing the product of the particle concentration and the airflow and then multiplying with the tunnel area. The average emission factors were calculated for three categories freight trains, commuter trains and regional trains and found to be 2.9 g/train-km (0.7 – 9), 0.48 (0.1 – 1.6) and 0.24 (0.05–0.9), respectively. The number in brackets refers to the range of values observed. The size-resolved data showed maxima around 1 μm for all three train types.     

Modeling the choice continuum: an integrated model of residential location,auto ownership,bicycle ownership,and commute tour mode choice decisions

The integrated modeling of land use and transportation choices involves analyzing a continuum of choices that characterize people’s lifestyles across temporal scales. This includes long-term choices such as residential and work location choices that affect land-use, medium-term choices such as vehicle ownership, and short-term choices such as travel mode choice that affect travel demand. Prior research in this area has been limited by the complexities associated with the development of integrated model systems that combine the long-, medium- and short-term choices into a unified analytical framework. This paper presents an integrated simultaneous multi-dimensional choice model of residential location, auto ownership, bicycle ownership, and commute tour mode choices using a mixed multidimensional choice modeling methodology. Model estimation results using the San Francisco Bay Area highlight a series of interdependencies among the multi-dimensional choice processes. The interdependencies include: (1) self-selection effects due to observed and unobserved factors, where households locate based on lifestyle and mobility preferences, (2) endogeneity effects, where any one choice dimension is not exogenous to another, but is endogenous to the system as a whole, (3) correlated error structures, where common unobserved factors significantly and simultaneously impact multiple choice dimensions, and (4) unobserved heterogeneity, where decision-makers show significant variation in sensitivity to explanatory variables due to unobserved factors. From a policy standpoint, to be able to forecast the “true” causal influence of activity-travel environment changes on residential location, auto/bicycle ownership, and commute mode choices, it is necessary to capture the above-identified interdependencies by jointly modeling the multiple choice dimensions in an integrated framework.     

高强负温自密实混凝土结构损伤的探讨和控制

结合工程实际,对高强负温自密实混凝土的受冻损伤问题进行了描述和探讨,认为采用低水胶比、适当的复合矿物掺合料组成与掺加聚羧酸高效减水剂等是配制上海长江隧道联络通道具有较高抗冻能力高强负温自密实混凝土的基本技术措施;并根据技术分析,提出了解决高强负温自密实混凝土结构损伤问题的施工工艺措施