Robustness of autonomous underwater vehicle control in variable working conditions

The performance of the control systems of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) in the presence of parameter variations was studied. With an AUV working at different operating speeds and in different ocean environments, the physical parameters such as speed, hydrodynamic coefficients, or inertias may be perturbed from their nominal values. The vehicle control systems can be modeled as systems with parameter uncertainty. An existing robust control method, which uses the robustness properties of polynomials, was used for this system to calculate the permissible ranges of variation in the parameters. The method was applied to the Naval Postgraduate School AUV II and the results were verified by simulating the motion control of the vehicle under the influence of parameter perturbations.     

一种基于CFD的水动力系数计算新方法(英文)

Applications of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) to the maritime industry continue to grow with the increasing development of computers. Numerical approaches have evolved to a level of accuracy which allows them to be applied for hydrodynamic computations in industry areas. Hydrodynamic tests, especially planar-motion-mechanism (PMM) tests are simulated by CFD software -FLUENT, and all of the corresponding hydrodynamic coefficients are obtained, which satisfy the need of establishing the simulation system to evaluate maneuverability of vehicles during the autonomous underwater vehicle scheme design stage. The established simulation system performed well in tests.     

Power efficient formation configuration for centralized leader–follower AUVs control

Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) have rapidly developed in the last few decades due to their autonomous properties in the investigation of an underwater environment. The goal of this paper is to develop a power efficient formation control for the cooperative motion of AUVs with a support vessel as a leader. In this paper, a kinematic algorithm for the joint motion of an AUV with a support vessel was developed and that algorithm was expanded for the formation of AUVs. The AUV yaw, surge and sway control loops were designed for that purpose. The complexing navigation system structure for the AUV was also developed. Simulation results demonstrated efficiency of the proposed kinematic algorithm for the joint motion of AUVs. Also, influence of lateral ocean current was considered. After development of the centralized leader?Cfollower formation control for the group of AUVs with a support vessel as a leader, we optimized a formation configuration in terms of power efficiency. Drag forces caused by AUV motion in the water can significantly influence power consumption. We investigated the relationship between the AUV's formation configuration, underwater coverage efficiency, communication quality and power consumption. As a result of research, we proposed a power efficient formation configuration for typical underwater operations. As a result, the effect of the AUV formation configuration on the power consumption was investigated and a trade-off solution for the optimal AUV positions in formation with minimal energy consumption, high coverage efficiency and small communication power consumption was derived.     

模糊PID策略在AUV控制中的应用

由于自治水下机器人(AUV)动力学的非线性、模型参数以及海洋环境扰动的不确定性,基于常规PID控制的AUV性能通常不够理想。本文应用模糊控制对PID控制器的参数进行在线调整,从而使PID控制器具有自适应性以适应AUV工况的变化,并应用此策略为小型AUVSubzeroIII设计了自主航行控制系统,仿真结果验证了本策略的有效性。     

复杂外形潜水器的动力学建模

为建立复杂外形潜水器精确的动力学模型,并基于模型设计控制算法,本文以DOE HD2+2无人遥控潜水器(ROV)为对象,应用计算流体力学(CFD)粘流方法与面元法预测水动力系数.为提高计算速度,在保证计算精度的前提下,采用多面体网格,进行网格优化,减少了流体域的网格总数.由于ROV几何外形不对称,基于最小二乘法分段拟合了阻尼力/力矩与速度的曲线,建立了耦合的阻尼矩阵和附加质量矩阵.最后,基于CFD计算的水动力系数建立了Matlab Simulink动力学仿真模型,并通过水池操控实验对所建动力学模型进行了有效性验证.     

基于凯恩动力学的AUV建模

推导出基于凯恩动力学的AUV运动学和动力学方程。采用广义速度取代速度和角速度,给出了广义惯性力和广义主动力的计算方法。推导出作用在AUV上的水动力的计算方法,并通过仿真实验给出了水动力系数。为了验证该模型的有效性,对AUV的深度控制、前进距离控制进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,该模型是有效的。     

分体式船体设计的水下测绘AUV回转运动的建模和分析（英文）

There is much need for autonomous underwater vehicles(AUVs) for inspection and mapping purposes.Most conventional AUVs use torpedo-shaped single-rigid hull,because of which their manoeuvrability is limited.Moreover,any increase in payload results in a larger hull size and the turning diameter,limiting its operation in constrained areas.As a solution to this problem,we develop M-Hull,a subsurface mapping AUV with a modular-split hull design that provides better manoeuvrability than a conventional torpedo-shaped vehicle.At the same time,it has more agility than an unconventional bio-inspired snake-like vehicle though their designs look similar.This approach makes it a hybrid solution between conventional torpedo-shaped AUVs and unconventional bio-inspired vehicles.We focus on improving the turning diameter during the mapping operation,and hence this paper concentrates on the dynamic aspects of the 2 D turning motion of the vehicle.It will provide the relationship between turning speed,thrust,and joint torque requirements for the multi-hull underwater vehicle.Different turning modes are compared to choose an optimum turning configuration,and the critical speed is calculated for the vehicle's safe operation.In the end,the modelling is verified using the experimental data.One can follow the method followed here for the 2 D motion analysis of similar underwater vehicles.     

开发水下机器人控制器的MDA/MBSE方法的实用专业化研究（英文）

The model-driven architecture(MDA)/model-based systems engineering(MBSE) approach, in combination with the real-time Unified Modeling Language(UML)/Systems Modeling Language(SysML), unscented Kalman filter(UKF) algorithm, and hybrid automata, are specialized to conveniently analyze, design, and implement controllers of autonomous underwater vehicles(AUVs). The dynamics and control structure of AUVs are adapted and integrated with the specialized features of the MDA/MBSE approach as follows. The computation-independent model is defined by the specification of a use case model together with the UKF algorithm and hybrid automata and is used in intensive requirement analysis. The platform-independent model(PIM) is then built by specializing the real-time UML/SysML's features, such as the main control capsules and their dynamic evolutions, which reflect the structures and behaviors of controllers. The detailed PIM is subsequently converted into the platform-specific model by using open-source platforms to quickly implement and deploy AUV controllers. The study ends with a trial trip and deployment results for a planar trajectory-tracking controller of a miniature AUV with a torpedo shape.     

Development trend and key technologies of autonomous underwater vehicles北大核心CSCD

为推进和引导我国自主水下航行器(AUV)的发展,总结国内外AUV的研究现状,提出其系列化、集群化、体系化、大型化的发展趋势。重点探讨AUV总体多学科优化设计、结构与材料设计、动力与推进、导航与控制、探测与通信等关键技术,为更好地利用AUV经略海洋,从而实现“进入海洋、探测海洋、利用海洋”的战略目标提出发展意见。     

自主式水下航行器水下回收融合引导技术方案及算法

[目的]为解决母艇携载的自主式水下航行器（AUV）在水下自主回收和对接的问题,基于惯导（INS）、声学超短基线定位（USBL）、光学等信号引导的多源数据融合,提出一种面向移动平台的AUV水下回收对接引导方法。[方法]为此,设计融合多传感器信息的扩展联邦卡尔曼滤波器,采用分散滤波并再经信息融合方法以提高滤波精度。分别以INS和USBL及光学探测信号作为子滤波器的输入信息,结合AUV水下回收对接过程中的5个阶段分别建立运动方程,最终得到适用于移动平台搭载的AUV水下对接引导系统的多源数据融合导航算法。[结果]仿真结果表明,所提方法具有可行性、系统鲁棒性和控制精度,[结论]可满足母艇水下回收作业对接的工程要求,以及作为AUV水下自主回收操作的技术参考。     

近壁面水动力干扰下的AUV运动控制研究

按自治式水下机器人(AUV)需要接近水下工作站并实现坐落的要求,依据平壁面对AUV水动力干扰的力学机理,建立了AUV在平壁面附近运动时的数学模型,并设计了五个自由度运动PID控制器.在海流影响下,通过系统仿真,实现了AUV的五自由度运动控制和准确坐落,仿真结果验证了控制策略的可行性.     

AUV hull shape design based on desired pressure distribution

The role of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) is more important in the quest to reach the deep seas today than ever before. The hull shape of the AUV can differ depending on the special mission considered for the vehicle. Therefore, different types of algorithms for the body shape design of these kinds of vehicles are being developed every day. In the current work, a new procedure has been proposed for designing the body shape of an AUV. Using this method which is based on a desired pressure distribution, it is possible to obtain the desired hull shape design. Artificial neural network algorithm has been used for this purpose. Preliminary data for training and testing of the network have been obtained from CFD simulation of the flow around the body of Hydrolab500 AUV. In this regard, pressure distribution has been evaluated around each body by changing the nose and tail profile of AUV. The results obtained from this research indicate that a body correlated to the desired pressure can be designed properly.     

欠驱动自主水下航行器的镇定及跟踪

针对仅带有轴向推力及偏航力矩的欠驱动自主水下航行器（AUV）,研究了其在水平面内的轨迹跟踪及定点调节问题。基于Lyapunov直接法及串接一反步技术,通过采用一种带有动力学震荡器的跟踪误差变换,设计了一种统一的连续时变状态反馈控制律,并给出了参数自适应更新律以估计AUV的非线性阻力参数,使得AUV的位置及方向角的跟踪误差全局渐近收敛于零点左右的一个邻域内,该区域可以为任意小,并且,AUV的跟踪性能与外界干扰的大小无关。仿真结果证明所提出的方法是有效的。     

基于CFD不同AUV艇体的阻力性能分析

自主水下航行器（AUV）作为探索海洋、开发资源和军事作战等水下应用的重要手段,其速度和续航力是评价其性能优劣的重要方面。AUV在水下航行时的阻力主要取决于其几何形状和尺寸以及其表面的光滑程度,因此,研究AUV的几何形状和外观尺寸便显得尤为重要。对AUTOSUB,HUGIN,REMUS,BLUEFIN1和BLUEFIN2这5种艇型建立几何模型并进行阻力性能分析。通过采用计算流体动力学（CFD）方法进行数值模拟,并将所得结果与理论结果进行对比分析,以验证CFD模拟的可靠性及模拟的最优模式。通过对比不同直径、不同舵的展弦比、带舵和无舵、有整流罩以及相似径长比的不同艇型来比较AUV的阻力性能,最终得到艇型的阻力性能特点以及最佳艇型。研究表明：在5种艇型中,AUTOSUB型最优,其次是HUGIN型、REMUS型和BLUEFIN1型,最后是BLUEFIN2型,其中AUTOSUB型和HUGIN型适合中、高速航行,REMUS型和BLUEFIN型适合低速航行。     

AUV navigation around jacket structures I: relative localization based on multi-sensor fusion

Underwater jacket structures or support legs of on-water platforms, such as ports and oil rigs, need to be periodically inspected for maintenance, environmental monitoring, and security reasons. Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) can potentially make these tasks more inexpensive and reliable compared to conventional methods that involve the use of divers and remotely operated vehicles. This paper proposes a robust and practical self-localization method for an underwater vehicle navigating around jacket structures, where the performance of conventional acoustic positioning suffers from multipath degradation. The key idea is to stochastically update the vehicle??s horizontal position and heading relative to the structures using two types of perceptional sensors, sonar and camera, assuming that the configuration of the structure is known. The performance of the method was verified with tank experiments using a jacket mock-up and the AUV Tri-Dog 1.     

面向复杂地形海洋勘探的Multi-AUV编队协同控制策略

针对Multi-AUV编队执行复杂海底地形勘探任务的实际需求和问题,提出Multi-AUV的编队协同控制策略。首先采用领航-跟随思想和反馈线性化方法推导出编队控制律,使Multi-AUV编队可以维持在恒定的几何队形进行巡航,实现高效的并行作业;其次为使搭载的设备获得更佳的扫描效果,引入基于最小二乘法估计的高度控制方法,以保持AUV处在期望的距底高度;然后针对执行梳状探测路径中存在的路径变换和极端地形避障问题提出路径变换优化策略和避障策略,最后通过计算机仿真试验验证提出的编队方法和策略在执行海底复杂地形探测任务中的有效性。     

CFD理论黏性流场中三维振动水翼的非定常水动力性能(英文)

The motion of the fins and control surfaces of underwater vehicles in a fluid is an interesting and challenging research subject. Typically the effect of fin oscillations on the fluid flow around such a body is highly unsteady, generating vortices and requiring detailed analysis of fluid-structure interactions. An understanding of the complexities of such flows is of interest to engineers developing vehicles capable of high dynamic performance in their propulsion and maneuvering. In the present study, a CFD based RANS simulation of a 3-D fin body moving in a viscous fluid was developed. It investigated hydrodynamic performance by evaluating the hydrodynamic coefficients (lift, drag and moment) at two different oscillating frequencies. A parametric analysis of the factors that affect the hydrodynamic performance of the fin body was done, along with a comparison of results from experiments. The results of the simulation were found in close agreement with experimental results and this validated the simulation as an effective tool for evaluation of the unsteady hydrodynamic coefficients of 3-D fins. This work can be further be used for analysis of the stability and maneuverability of fin actuated underwater vehicles.     

考虑螺旋桨体积力的水下机器人水动力特性仿真

为在初步设计时预测ROV的水动力性能,使用CFD技术进行分析,以ROV模型为例,最大程度地保留ROV内部的构件,使模型更加接近真实状况。分别计算ROV在不同工况下的阻力、不同漂角下的横向力和转艏力矩以及添加体积力模型之后的螺旋桨流场状况,很好地模拟出ROV周围的流场,并与已有的试验数据进行对比。结果验证了CFD水动力仿真的可行性和准确性,并还可预测ROV在螺旋桨作用下的进速等,对ROV设计具有实际的参考价值和指导意义。     

翼身融合水下滑翔机外形设计与水动力特性分析

为了提高水下滑翔机的水动力性能,本文将航空航天领域先进的翼身融合布局引入到水下滑翔机外形设计中,并对其水动力性能进行研究与分析。首先,对比3种具有代表性的水下滑翔机常用壳体形状的几何参数,选用扁平椭球体作为翼身融合水下滑翔机壳体的基本形状;在此基础上,设计出翼身融合水下滑翔机的三维模型;最后,采用计算流体力学（ CFD）的方法对翼身融合水下滑翔机进行仿真模拟并分析其水动力性能,结果表明,采用翼身融合布局的水下滑翔机,其水动力性能得到显著提高。     

带吊舱水下机器人运动建模与仿真(英文)

To provide a simulation system platform for designing and debugging a small autonomous underwater vehicle’s (AUV) motion controller, a six-degree of freedom (6-DOF) dynamic model for AUV controlled by thruster and fins with appendages is examined. Based on the dynamic model, a simulation system for the AUV’s motion is established. The different kinds of typical motions are simulated to analyze the motion performance and the maneuverability of the AUV. In order to evaluate the influences of appendages on the motion performance of the AUV, simulations of the AUV with and without appendages are performed and compared. The results demonstrate the AUV has good maneuverability with and without appendages.