物理添加剂在燃油的节能与排放中的作用

先进的燃油添加剂对于燃油的燃烧和排放至关重要,对于汽车来讲添加剂能否及时而有效地清除积碳,不仅对于发动机稳定运行有直接影响,而且对于节能和尾气排放起到了非常关键的作用。     

汽车燃油添加剂-清净分散剂排放影响研究

节能减排成为世界环保主题,清净分散剂、润滑油等汽车燃料添加剂得到广泛运用,为了解燃油添加剂对汽车尾气排放影响,本研究在同一台内燃机上分别用空白燃油、加润滑油燃油及加清净分散剂燃油分别进行实验测定燃油消耗率、排气温度、烟度、和CO、CH、NOx浓度。从实验结果看,我们一般行驶使用润滑油,即可减少积碳,有害气体排放相对比使用添加清净分散剂的燃料排放少,而汽车大修之前选用清净分散剂它的除沉积物效果更佳。     

节能绿灯亮起来——宇通发布客车行业首款安节助驾系统

随着石油资源的日益减少,汽车燃油的经济性越来越受到关注,油耗已成为用户关注的主要性能之一。研究发现,影响汽车用户油耗的因素有两个方面,一方面是车辆本身的燃油经济性,一方面是用户的使用操作。调查显示,很多驾驶员的驾驶习惯并不合理,如驾驶过程中档位使用不合理、换挡时机不当等,尤其是发动机进入电控时代之后,由于驾驶员对电控发动机的特点不了解,导致使用过程中车辆油耗增高的现象时有发生。     

基于底盘测功机的汽车燃油消耗量测试研究

随着石油储量的减少和油价的持续走高,油耗已经成为大家关注的焦点.文章通过基于底盘测功机的汽车燃油消耗量的测试研究,获得了不同车况和车速下的油耗曲线,试验结果比较科学地反映了车辆的真实油耗,可供各种汽车油耗测试参考.     

全球国家、地区竞争力排行榜（2010年）

快速增长的民用航空业正面临不断波动的航空燃油价格和燃油对环境造成负面影响的威胁。航空业正在探索各种能提高燃油效率、减少二氧化碳排放的方法，其中一个方法可能因此改变传统的能源模式，即研发生物类可再生航空燃油替代传统燃油，以减少二氧化碳排放从而减少污染。可以预见在不久的将来，生物燃油将会在航空公司运营中占有越来越重要的比例。     

略论汽车的油耗与管理

文章从汽车管理者的角度探讨如何实现节约车辆油耗。根据汽车的工作原理,分析造成汽车油耗增大的机械因素,从驾驶员不良驾驶习惯分析,由于驾驶员自身的因素造成汽车油耗增大,最后从燃油的正确使用分析造成汽车油耗增大的又一因素,针对造成汽车油耗增大的三个主要因素,从车辆的保养制度的建立与保养质量的监督,到专职驾驶员考核与奖罚制度,逐层分析如何制订有效的管理措施,落实管车、管人的管理手段,通过具体的考核与监督,最终实现车辆油耗有效节约的管理目标。     

基于Vmas的碳平衡法汽车油耗检测应用研究

文章介绍基于Vmas的碳平衡法汽车油耗检测的检测原理、系统构成、计算方法,通过现有废气分析仪和流量计构建了碳平衡油耗测量系统,在汽车和发动机台架上进行稳定工况燃油消耗量测量比对试验并对试验结果进行了分析。为碳平衡法油耗检测技术应用于在汽车不解体油耗检测提供依据。     

汽车运行油耗的影响因素与汽车节能技术

汽车是我国成品油的消耗大户,消耗的汽油量约占汽油生产总量的90%,柴油消耗量约占柴油生产总量的20%。在汽车运输企业中,汽车的燃油费用支出占运输成本的1/3左右。随着我国汽车燃油税的即将开征,燃油价格将大幅提高,汽车油耗的高低在汽车使用成本中将有着举足轻重的地步,低油耗汽车及在汽车上采用节能技术也必将受到汽车使用者的密切关注。     

基于JT/T 719-2016的商用车油耗测试分析

我国营运车辆的产品准入需满足特定法规标准的技术要求,且燃油消耗量是影响国民经济、运输成本及空气质量的关键因素.本文以最大总质量为31 t的某品牌厢式运输车为例,基于道路试验分别对等速、加速、怠速三种工况进行实测分析,经加权计算后得出的综合燃料消耗量未超出标准第四阶段限值,同时总结分析了当下影响油耗的集中因素,为后续营运车辆油耗试验改进提供了有力参考.     

阻力加载对乘用车WLTC循环排放及油耗影响

基于一辆搭载1.4 L涡轮增压汽油机的乘用车汽车,通过WLTC循环工况测试,分别对比研究了不同阻力加载a和b对整车试验循环排放及油耗的影响。研究发现:阻力加载b在中低速阶段的阻力相对阻力加载a比较小,对排放和油耗均有一定程度的改善;但是第四阶段阻力加载b相对阻力加载a较大,排放和油耗均增加;但是整体综合排放和油耗均有改善。     

Assessing methods for comparing emissions from gasoline and diesel light-duty vehicles based on microscale measurements

This paper assess whether a real-world second-by-second methodology that integrates vehicle activity and emissions rates for light-duty gasoline vehicles can be extended to diesel vehicles. Secondly it compares fuel use and emission rates between gasoline and diesel light-duty vehicles. To evaluate the methodology, real-world field data from two light-duty diesel vehicles are used. Vehicle specific power, a function of vehicle speed, acceleration, and road grade, is evaluated with respect to ability to explain variation in emissions rates. Vehicle specific power has been used previously to define activity-based modes and to quantify variation in fuel use and emission rates of gasoline vehicles taking into account idle, acceleration, cruise, and deceleration. The fuel use and emission rates for light-duty diesel vehicles can also be explained using vehicle specific power -based modes. Thus, the methodology enables direct comparisons for different vehicle fuels and technologies. Furthermore, the method can be used to estimate average fuel use and emission rates for a wide variety of driving cycles.     

Consumer preferences for alternative fuel vehicles: A discrete choice analysis

This paper analyzes the potential demand for privately used alternative fuel vehicles using German stated preference discrete choice data. By applying a mixed logit model, we find that the most sensitive group for the adoption of alternative fuel vehicles embraces younger, well-educated, and environmentally aware car buyers, who have the possibility to plug-in their car at home, and undertake numerous urban trips. Moreover, many households are willing to pay considerable amounts for greater fuel economy and emission reduction, improved driving range and charging infrastructure, as well as for enjoying vehicle tax exemptions and free parking or bus lane access. The scenario results suggest that conventional vehicles will maintain their dominance in the market. Finally, an increase in the battery electric vehicles’ range to a level comparable with all other vehicles has the same impact as a multiple measures policy intervention package.     

Modeling the effects of congestion on fuel economy for advanced power train vehicles

Fuel-speed curves (FSC) are used to account for the aggregate effects of congestion on fuel consumption in transportation scenario analysis. This paper presents plausible FSC for conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and for advanced vehicles such as hybrid electric vehicles, fully electric vehicles (EVs), and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) using a fuel consumption model with transient driving schedules and a set of 145 hypothetical vehicles. The FSC shapes show that advanced power train vehicles are expected to maintain fuel economy (FE) in congestion better than ICE vehicles, and FE can even improve for EV and FCV in freeway congestion. In order to implement these FSC for long-range scenario modeling, a bounded approach is presented which uses a single congestion sensitivity parameter. The results in this paper will assist analysis of the roles that vehicle technology and congestion mitigation can play in reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from motor vehicles.     

The role of alternative fuel vehicles: Using behavioral and sensor data to model hierarchies in travel

Greater adoption and use of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) can be environmentally beneficial and reduce dependence on gasoline. The use of AFVs vis-à-vis conventional gasoline vehicles is not well understood, especially when it comes to travel choices and short-term driving decisions. Using data that contains a sufficiently large number of early AFV adopters (who have overcome obstacles to adoption), this study explores differences in use of AFVs and conventional gasoline vehicles (and hybrid vehicles). The study analyzes large-scale behavioral data integrated with sensor data from global positioning system devices, representing advances in large-scale data analytics. Specifically, it makes sense of data containing 54,043,889 s of speed observations, and 65,652 trips made by 2908 drivers in 5 regions of California. The study answers important research questions about AFV use patterns (e.g., trip frequency and daily vehicle miles traveled) and driving practices. Driving volatility, as one measure of driving practice, is used as a key metric in this study to capture acceleration, and vehicular jerk decisions that exceed certain thresholds during a trip. The results show that AFVs cannot be viewed as monolithic; there are important differences within AFV use, i.e., between plug-in hybrids, battery electric, or compressed natural gas vehicles. Multi-level models are particularly appropriate for analysis, given that the data are nested, i.e., multiple trips are made by different drivers who reside in various regions. Using such models, the study also found that driving volatility varies significantly between trips, driver groups, and regions in California. Some alternative fuel vehicles are associated with calmer driving compared with conventional vehicles. The implications of the results for safety, informed consumer choices and large-scale data analytics are discussed.     

Estimating fuel consumption and emissions based on reconstructed vehicle trajectories

Microscopic emission models are widely used in emission estimation and environment evaluation. Traditionally, microscopic traffic simulation models and probe vehicles are two sources of inputs to a microscopic emission model. However, they are not effective in reflecting all vehicles' real‐world operating conditions. Using each vehicle's spot speed data recorded by detectors, this paper provides a new method to estimate all vehicles' real‐world activities data. These data can then be used as inputs to a microscopic emission model to estimate vehicle fuel consumption and emissions. The main task is to reconstruct trajectory of each vehicle and calculate second‐by‐second speed and acceleration from the activities data. The Next Generation Simulation dataset and the Comprehensive Modal Emissions Model are used in this study to calculate and analyze the emission results for both lane‐level and link‐level. The results showed that using the proposed method for estimating vehicle fuel consumption and emissions is promising. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance Evaluation of Hybrid-Drive Buses and Potential Fuel Savings in Brazilian Urban Transit

Transporting more than 55 million passengers per day, buses are the main transit mode in Brazil. Most of these vehicles use diesel oil and this situation causes dependence on oil, extensive greenhouse gas emissions and increasing air pollution in urban areas. In order to improve this situation the options for Brazilian cities include the use of alternative fuels and new propulsion technologies, such as hybrid vehicles. This article proposes a procedure for evaluating the performance of a recently developed Brazilian hybrid-drive technology. A simple procedure is presented to compare hybrid-drive buses with conventional diesel buses in urban operation focusing on fuel economy and the potential for reducing diesel oil consumption through the use of hybrid-drive buses. Field tests carried out by the authors indicate that fuel consumption improvement through the use of hybrid-drive buses would certainly exceed 20%, resulting in lower fuel costs and reduced carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions.     

The influence of deposit control additives on exhaust CO and HC emissions from gasoline engines (case study: Tehran)

Air pollution is the most serious environmental problem in Tehran with exhaust emissions from spark-ignition engines accounting for a major part of problem. The formation and accumulation of deposits on the internal surfaces of engines could adversely affect the exhaust emission from vehicles. It is the perception that some of fuel additives can remove these deposits due to their detergency. The Iranian Department of Environment decarbonized more that 250,000 SI engine vehicles in Tehran with the goal of reducing exhaust CO and HC emissions from gasoline engine vehicles by engine deposit removal. Here, the influence of engine deposit removal by decarbonization on the exhaust CO and HC emissions from more than 500 gasoline engine vehicles is examined. It is found that the decarbonization process could reduce the exhaust CO and HC emissions, significantly. Emissions from Peykan and Pride vehicles decreased considerably after decarbonization.     

Development a new power management strategy for power split hybrid electric vehicles

Reduction of greenhouse gas emission and fuel consumption as one of the main goals of automotive industry leading to the development hybrid vehicles. The objective of this paper is to investigate the energy management system and control strategies effect on fuel consumption, air pollution and performance of hybrid vehicles in various driving cycles. In order to simulate the hybrid vehicle, the combined feedback–feedforward architecture of the power-split hybrid electric vehicle based on Toyota Prius configuration is modeled, together with necessary dynamic features of subsystem or components in ADVISOR. Multi input fuzzy logic controller developed for energy management controller to improve the fuel economy of a power-split hybrid electric vehicle with contrast to conventional Toyota Prius Hybrid rule-based controller. Then, effects of battery’s initial state of charge, driving cycles and road grade investigated on hybrid vehicle performance to evaluate fuel consumption and pollution emissions. The simulation results represent the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed control strategy. Also, results indicate that proposed controller is reduced fuel consumption in real and modal driving cycles about 21% and 6% respectively.     

Customizing driving cycles to support vehicle purchase and use decisions: Fuel economy estimation for alternative fuel vehicle users

Wider deployment of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) can help with increasing energy security and transitioning to clean vehicles. Ideally, adopters of AFVs are able to maintain the same level of mobility as users of conventional vehicles while reducing energy use and emissions. Greater knowledge of AFV benefits can support consumers’ vehicle purchase and use choices. The Environmental Protection Agency’s fuel economy ratings are a key source of potential benefits of using AFVs. However, the ratings are based on pre-designed and fixed driving cycles applied in laboratory conditions, neglecting the attributes of drivers and vehicle types. While the EPA ratings using pre-designed and fixed driving cycles may be unbiased they are not necessarily precise, owning to large variations in real-life driving. Thus, to better predict fuel economy for individual consumers targeting specific types of vehicles, it is important to find driving cycles that can better represent consumers’ real-world driving practices instead of using pre-designed standard driving cycles. This paper presents a methodology for customizing driving cycles to provide convincing fuel economy predictions that are based on drivers’ characteristics and contemporary real-world driving, along with validation efforts. The methodology takes into account current micro-driving practices in terms of maintaining speed, acceleration, braking, idling, etc., on trips. Specifically, using a large-scale driving data collected by in-vehicle Global Positioning System as part of a travel survey, a micro-trips (building block) library for California drivers is created using 54 million seconds of vehicle trajectories on more than 60,000 trips, made by 3000 drivers. To generate customized driving cycles, a new tool, known as Case Based System for Driving Cycle Design, is developed. These customized cycles can predict fuel economy more precisely for conventional vehicles vis-à-vis AFVs. This is based on a consumer’s similarity in terms of their own and geographical characteristics, with a sample of micro-trips from the case library. The AFV driving cycles, created from real-world driving data, show significant differences from conventional driving cycles currently in use. This further highlights the need to enhance current fuel economy estimations by using customized driving cycles, helping consumers make more informed vehicle purchase and use decisions.     

模拟计算法在重型车辆燃油经济性标准中的应用研究

随着节能减排压力的日益严重,世界各国均开始制定重型车辆的燃油经济性标准。在对重型车燃油经济性的测量方面,模拟计算法由于操作简单、可重复性好、成本低的优点越来越受到行业的重视,在日本、中国和美国的标准中都得到了应用。本文在分析模拟计算法测量车辆燃油经济性的原理基础上,对比研究了日本、中国和美国标准中模拟计算法的应用情况,分析了各国在模拟计算法关键环节上策略的异同。