On-road chasing measurement of exhaust particle emissions from diesel,CNG, LPG,and DME-fueled vehicles using a mobile emission laboratory

We designed and applied a mobile emission laboratory for on-road measurements of exhaust particles emitted from conventional diesel, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and dimethyl ether (DME)-fueled vehicles. Fuel type and vehicle driving conditions significantly affected the particle size distribution and the number concentrations of the nucleation mode. For all buses, the size distributions of particles in the exhaust under idling conditions had larger mode diameters than at constant speed conditions of 50 km/h or 80 km/h. The nucleation mode (< 50 nm) fraction of diesel, CNG, LPG, and DME at a constant speed of 50 km/h was 53%, 63%, 79%, and 99%, respectively, indicating that the DME-fueled bus emitted the most nanoparticles. As the vehicle speed increased from 50 km/h to 80 km/h, the nucleation mode fraction of diesel, CNG, LPG, and DME changed to 43%, 99%, 99%, and 99%, representing a significant increase in the number concentrations of nanoparticles in the CNG and LPG-fueled vehicles. The particle size distributions in the exhaust of diesel, CNG, LPG, and DME-fueled vehicles were not affected by increase in the chasing distance.     

Effect of fuel choice on nanoparticle emission factors in LPG-gasoline bi-fuel vehicles

Nanoparticle and gas-phase emission factors are presented for a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) passenger vehicle and are compared to gasoline operation. A bi-fuel LPG-gasoline vehicle certified for use on either fuel was used as the test vehicle so that a direct comparison of the emissions could be made based on fuel choice. These values were considered along with previous studies to determine the relative change in particulate emissions due to fuel choice over a wide range of vehicles and operating conditions. The vehicle examined in this study was tested on a chassis dynamometer for both steadystate and transient conditions. Transient test cycles included the US FTP72 driving cycle, Japanese driving cycle and modified Indian driving cycle while steady-state tests were done at vehicle speeds ranging from 10–90 km/hr in various transmission gears. Exhaust particle size distributions were measured in real-time using a differential mobility spectrometer (DMS50), and particle number and particle mass emission factors were calculated. For both fuels, the majority of the particles ranged from 5 to 160 nm in terms of particle diameter, with typically more than 85% of the particles in the nucleation mode (between 5–50 nm). In most cases, the vehicle produced a greater fraction of larger (accumulation mode) particles when fuelled on LPG. Using the data in the literature as well as the data in the current study, gasoline fuel produces 4.6 times more particles in terms of number and 2.1 times more particles in terms of mass.     

Sideslip angle estimation considering short-duration longitudinal velocity variation

The accurate estimation of sideslip angle is necessary for many vehicle control systems. The detection of sliding and skidding is especially critical in emergency situations. In this paper, a sideslip angle estimation method is proposed that considers severe longitudinal velocity variation over the short period of time during which a vehicle may lose stability due to sliding or spinning. An extended Kalman filter (EKF) based on a kinematic model of a vehicle is used without initialization of the inertial measurement unit to estimate vehicle longitudinal velocity. A dynamic compensation method that compensates for the difference in the locations of the vehicle velocity sensor and the IMU in on-road vehicle tests is proposed. Evaluations with a CarSim™ 27-degree-of-freedom (DOF) model for various vehicle test scenarios and with on-road tests using a real vehicle show that the proposed sideslip angle estimation method can accurately predict sideslip angle, even when vehicle longitudinal velocity changes significantly.     

基于系统动力学的北京市私家车总量仿真与控制

以北京市为例,从系统动力学角度分析城市私家车拥有量发展问题.剖析各要素间相互关系建立流图,通过VENSIM平台构建SD模型,在历史统计数据的基础上结合北京市"公交优先"的政策背景模拟私家车总量发展趋势,并根据2008奥运北京机动车实行"单双号限行"的措施,研究了长期实行该制度将对城市机动车和私家车拥有量未来变化造成的影响,为合理控制私家车总量给予了一定的政策建议.模型仿真与分析结果表明,在现阶段北京市私家车数量仍处于S形曲线的快速增长期,并未达到规模峰值,需要对其发展趋势进行关注和必要控制.而相对于车辆限行政策,大力发展公交事业可有效限制私家车总量,且不会随时间产生负面影响,是更为科学合理的调控措施.     

基于事故数据挖掘的乘用车追尾卡车AEB测试规程研究

基于未来出行交通事故场景研究数据库中的乘用车追尾卡车事故,分析并提出了以卡车为目标物的乘用车自动紧急制动系统的典型测试工况。采用K-means聚类算法得出可代表实际卡车的目标物颜色,基于事故数据分析提取卡车目标物尾部特征参数,设计并制作了一种新型的具有与真实车辆反射特性和机器视觉识别特性接近的重型厢式卡车目标物。卡车目标物静止,测试车辆分别以45、50、55、60 km/h的速度进行100%重叠自动紧急制动系统测试,验证了该目标物的可行性和有效性。可为车辆主动安全相关标准法规研究提供数据支撑,推动车辆主动安全测试技术的发展。     

SX5256DH434PHEV型混合动力环卫车动力系统浅谈

近年来,随着石油资源的消耗,人类生存环境的不断恶化,发展绿色能源交通已刻不容缓。节约能源,低排放甚至零排放的电动汽车成为解决问题的手段。而混合动力汽车作为传统汽车到纯电动汽车之间的过渡类型成为现阶段新能源汽车的主力军。混合动力汽车较传统汽车有着良好的燃油经济性,较低的油耗和良好的排放特性。本文从混合动力重型汽车工作原理出发,依据汽车设计原则,介绍了陕汽集团SX5256DH434PHEV型混合动力环卫车驱动模式,并在此基础上确定了整车底盘驱动动力分配机构,为我国混合动力汽车的发展提供借鉴。     

Impact of SME blended fuel combustion on soot morphological characteristics in a diesel engine

The soot morphological study and NOx emissions of soybean oil methyl ester (SME) in a passenger diesel vehicle were investigated experimentally. The soot morphological characteristics were conducted at various injection pressures, engine speeds and engine loads. Soot sampling and image processing analysis with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to investigate the influence on particulate morphologies. The dimensions of average primary particles and the size of the radius of gyration were gradually decreased as injection pressures increased at all operating engine conditions. The average radius of gyration was increased with increasing engine load, while the average primary particle size decreased. NOx emissions were gradually increased with the increasing injection pressure at all operating engine conditions.     

都市汽车

对于设计师及城市规划者而言，市区成为其所面临的日益艰难的挑战。空间不足、排放物污染及交通拥挤等问题使得城市不太适宜使用汽车。尽管如此，汽车买主对个人行动灵活性仍然有很大的需求。     

Characterizing future crashes on Indian roads using counterfactual simulations of pre-crash vehicle safety technologies

India's national road crash statistics indicate a continuing increase in casualties. Pre-crash safety technologies are effective in high-income countries, but it is unclear how these will perform in India and which crash types will remain after their implementation. The study objective was to predict and characterize the crashes resulting in moderate or more-severe injuries (Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale 2 or above: MAIS2+) that remain on Indian roads after 22 pre-crash safety technologies have been implemented in all cars, heavy vehicles (buses and trucks), and Powered Two-Wheelers (PTW). Two deterministic rulesets (one optimistic and one conservative) were modeled for each of the pre-crash safety technologies. Each rule was designed and tuned to the functionality of one technology. The data were obtained from the Road Accident Sampling System India (RASSI) database. In addition to the effectiveness of each technology alone, the combined effectiveness of all technologies was estimated. Further, the characteristics of those crashes that none of the technologies would have avoided were determined. Rear-end-specific Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB REAR-END) and Electronic Stability Control (ESC) installed in cars and heavy vehicles reduced MAIS2+ crashes the most. Crashes between PTWs and cars were significantly reduced by a rear-end-specific AEB installed in the cars. A pedestrian-specific AEB (AEB-PED) in cars and heavy vehicles was also shown to be effective. The only pre-crash safety technology in PTWs that was included, Antilock Braking Systems (ABS), reduced overall PTW crash involvement, but only reduced PTW-to-pedestrian crashes marginally. The largest proportion of remaining crashes were those that involved PTWs, indicating that PTW safety will remain a concern in future.     

动态交通分配中一种多模式动态决定式点排队模型及其特性分析

提出了一个可应用于动态交通分配中的多模式决定式点排队模型。模型中不同的交通模式(如小汽车、卡车和公交车等)由于车辆特性以及长度的差异在路网中将分别具有不同的行驶特性。为了能够反映不同模式车辆在路段上的相互作用,将单模式点排队模型扩展为多模式点排队模式。并对这个模型的相关特性进行了研究,如:反映不同模式车辆在路段上的速度收敛特性,在路段上每一模式车辆的先入先出特性(FIFO)以及路段上不同模式车辆的因果特性。     

High speed driving stability of passenger car under crosswind effects

The driving stability of a passenger car at high-speed and under crosswind conditions is affected by aerodynamic characteristics as well as their dynamic characteristics, suspension, and weight distribution. In this study, the total measuring system was thought up to understand the transient vehicle dynamics and aerodynamics with driver’s control inputs all together. The test results were taken from a full-scale wind tunnel test, a crosswind generator test and an on-road test. We investigated major aerodynamic parameters that affect the driving stability of passenger cars under crosswind effects such as overtaking, passing each other, natural crosswind, etc. The reaction rate of high-speed stability will be improved when we minimize the total lift, side force and especially the yawing moment.     

机动车冷启动排放试验研究

在底盘测功机上,采用NEDC循环,对汽油车和柴油车分别在常温和低温环境下冷启动排放进行试验,研究车辆冷启动的排放情况。试验结果表明:常温冷启动状态下,催化器激活之前的排放在整个排放测试循环中所占的比重比较大,其中汽油车的冷启动排放占到整个循环排放量的50%以上,柴油车也达到了20%以上。汽油车低温冷启动下,催化器激活之前排放所占比重超过90%。     

Assessment of diesel combustion noise overall level in transient operation

Combustion noise in passenger cars powered with direct injection (DI) diesel engines is frequently the main reason why end-users are reluctant to drive this type of vehicle. Thus, the great potential of diesel engines for environment preservation — due to their lower CO₂ emissions — could be missed. This situation worsens with the current design trends (engine downsizing) and the emerging new diesel combustion concepts (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition-HCCI, Premixed Charge Compression Ignition-PCCI, etc.), which are intrinsically noisy. This negative feature can be even more critical in transient operation due to the contribution of the temporal changes of both source and transmission path on engine noise. Therefore, combustion noise must be considered as an additional essential factor in engine development, together with performance, emissions and driveability. Thus, suitable evaluation procedures that can be integrated into the global engine development process in a timely and cost-effective manner are imperative. Regarding the evaluation procedures, most of the work available in the literature addressed combustion noise at steady operation. To surpass this limitation, two possible approaches — adapted from the classical and multiple regression methods — for the overall level assessment of combustion noise in transient conditions are evaluated in this paper.     

乘用车制动标准对汽车制动性能的评价

汽车制动性能是汽车安全性的重要评价指标之一,本文主要通过分析我国现有乘用车制动有关标准:GB 7258-2017《机动车运行安全技术条件》、GB 21670-2008《乘用车制动系统技术要求及试验方法》中的相关要求,对乘用车制动性能进行评价。     

Modelling and control of a new differential steering concept

This paper presents a new steer-by-wire concept using an all-wheel drive vehicle layout with in-wheel motors while completely omitting the application of any dedicated steering device. Steering is based on the so-called differential steering principle which generates the necessary steering moment about the kingpins by a traction force difference between left and right sides of the vehicle. In order to investigate the behaviour of the vehicle and to design the underlying control algorithms, a planar vehicle model is presented, where the vehicle is described as constrained non-holonomic system requiring a special treatment. A state feedback linear controller for controlling of the lateral dynamics of the vehicle at higher speeds and a simple PI angle controller for low-speed manoeuvring are developed. The resulting behaviour of the system is investigated by various simulation experiments demonstrating a comparable steering performance of the new steering concept as that of conventional passenger cars.     

EQ6100型内燃机空气消耗量的计算

本文以东风EQ6100型汽车发动机为例系统论述了内燃机空气消耗量的计算思路,内燃机进气密度的简单计算和扫气空气量的计算思路。为汽车废气涡轮发电量大小的计算和汽车废气涡轮发电可行性的研究提供了前提。     

ABS功能,原理及控制逻辑分析

车辆制动过程是一能量转换过程。它受众多动力学参数的影响。ABS是以车轮的滑移率与附着系数的关系为理论依据的，在ABS的控制逻辑中选取正确的控制元，可规避众多动力学参数，保证ABS控制模式的正确性。     

多类型共享电动汽车出行用户特征分析

共享电动汽车作为共享经济下的新兴产物,成功融合了私家小轿车和公共交通工具的优点,成为一种新兴交通模式。本文采用问卷调查及统计分析方法对共享电动汽车细分市场下的用户需求及出行选择进行分析,揭示出多类型共享电动汽车的用户特征,以助于共享电动汽车产业发展和促进中国绿色低碳发展战略进程。     

预约出行条件下私家车通勤客流分配方法

预约能调整城市交通的供需关系,最大化利用交通资源.针对私家车通勤引发的交通拥堵,研究了预约出行条件下私家车通勤客流分配方法.将车辆分为受控的预约车辆和不受控的非预约车辆,道路状态分为可预约状态和不可预约状态,给出了道路状态判别及车辆行程时间计算方法,构建了城市通勤私家车的预约出行模型.以Nguyen-Dupuis网络作...     

谈汽车驾驶与维修对排放性能的影响

由于时代的发展和人民物质生活水平的提升,我国已经从原来的自行车大国转变为汽车大国,随着汽车产业规模逐步扩大,开车出行已经成为我国交通出行的一项重要部分组成.汽车数量越来越多,致使驾驶途中的污染排放现象呈逐渐加重的趋势,另外,在汽车维修上,排放性能也会造成一定的污染并破坏生态环境.因此,本文就汽车驾驶与维修方面的排放性能...