Assessing the performance of SpeedInfo radar traffic sensors

Traffic speed is a crucial input for real-time traffic management applications. Operating agencies typically deploy their own sensors to collect the measurements, e.g., loop detectors. Recently, SpeedInfo emerged with a different paradigm for traffic speed collection: instead of selling hardware to operating agencies, at each link the company deploys its own Doppler radar in a self-contained wireless unit to measure traffic speeds and then sells the speed data. This study uses well-tuned loop detector-based speed measurements to evaluate 15 of the Doppler radar sensors over several months while the two traffic data collection systems were operating concurrently. The extended study period includes potentially challenging and transient conditions for the radar sensors: both recurrent (rush hour congestion and late night low flow) and nonrecurrent (incidents and precipitation). The analysis took a broad overview, comparing speed measurements from the radar sensors against the concurrent loop detector data and then explicitly looked for any anomalous pattern in the radar data such as latency and system outages. The work found the radar measurements are generally good, but also identified several points that should be considered before deployment, including latency, different biases in free flow and congestion, vulnerability to precipitation, and sensitivity to mounting angle.     

神经网络于拥挤指针之研究

拥挤是国内外用来描述路况最通俗的代名词,主要在于简单易懂;目前以车速间距发布拥挤等级的方式常会发生与用路人主观之行车拥挤感知经验不符的现象。文中以路段固定侦测器之实时交通参数、CCTV信息画面,结合类神经网络理论,探究群体用路人于号志化干道上之拥挤感知。以台15线为例,进行主观拥挤指针之模式建构与评估。     

Outsourced probe data effectiveness on signalized arterials*

ABSTRACT

This paper presents results of an I-95 Corridor Coalition sponsored project to assess the ability of outsourced vehicle probe data to provide accurate travel time on signalized roadways for the purposes of real-time operations as well as performance measures. The quality of outsourced probe data on freeways has led many departments of transportation to consider such data for arterial performance monitoring. From April 2013 through June of 2014, the University of Maryland Center for Advanced Transportation Technology gathered travel times from several arterial corridors within the mid-Atlantic region using Bluetooth traffic monitoring (BTM) equipment, and compared these travel times with the data reported to the I95 Vehicle Probe Project (VPP) from an outsourced probe data vendor. The analysis consisted of several methodologies: (1) a traditional analysis that used precision and bias speed metrics; (2) a slowdown analysis that quantified the percentage of significant traffic disruptions accurately captured in the VPP data; (3) a sampled distribution method that uses overlay methods to enhance and analyze recurring congestion patterns. (4) Last, the BTM and VPP data from each 24-hour period of data collection were reviewed by the research team to assess the extent to which VPP captured the nature of the traffic flow. Based on the analysis, probe data is recommended only on arterial roadways with signal densities (measured in signals per mile) up to one, and it should be tested and used with caution for signal densities between one and two, and is not recommended when signal density exceeds two.     

基于视频检测技术的城市交通拥堵判别模型

针对日益严重的道路交通拥挤问题,基于视频检测获得的道路占有率、平均速度、车流量3个交通特征参数,提出适用于城市交通拥堵判别的改进模糊综合判别模型。通过研究交通特征参数与道路拥挤状况的关系,提出拥堵预判别和依据不同拥堵状况采用不同权重集合的方法。通过实际采集的视频数据,对算法进行验证,以证明本文方法的有效性。     

Real-Time Transportation Mode Detection Using Smartphones and Artificial Neural Networks: Performance Comparisons Between Smartphones and Conventional Global Positioning System Sensors

Traditionally, traffic monitoring requires data from traffic cameras, loop detectors, or probe vehicles that are usually operated by dedicated employees. In efforts to reduce the capital and operational costs associated with traffic monitoring, departments of transportation have explored the feasibility of using global positioning system (GPS) data loggers on their probe vehicles that are postprocessed for analyzing the traffic patterns on desired routes. Furthermore, most cell phones are equipped with embedded assisted-GPS (AGPS) chips, and if the mode of transportation the phone is in can be anonymously identified, the phones can be treated as if they are probe vehicles that are voluntarily hovering throughout the city, at minimal additional costs. Emerging cell phones known as “smartphones” are equipped with additional sensors including an accelerometer and magnetometer. The accelerometer can directly measure the acceleration values, as opposed to having acceleration values derived from speed values in conventional GPS sensors. The magnetometer can measure mode-specific electromagnetic levels. Smartphones are subscribed with roadside Internet data plans that can provide an essential platform for real-time traffic monitoring. In this article, neural network-based artificial intelligence is used to identify the mode of transportation by detecting the patterns of distinct physical profile of each mode that consists of speed, acceleration, number of satellites in view, and electromagnetic levels. Results show that newly available values in smartphones improve the mode detection rates when compared with using conventional GPS data loggers. When smartphones are in known orientations, they can provide three-dimensional (3-D) acceleration values that can further improve mode detection accuracies.     

Towards lane-level traffic monitoring in urban environment using precise probe vehicle data derived from three-dimensional map aided differential GNSS

Today's urban road transport systems experience increasing congestion that threatens the environment and transport efficiency. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-based vehicle probe technology has been proposed as an effective means for monitoring the traffic situation and can be used for future city development. More specifically, lane-level traffic analysis is expected to provide an effective solution for traffic control. However, GNSS positioning technologies suffer from multipath and Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) propagations in urban environments. The multipath and NLOS propagations severely degrade the accuracy of probe vehicle data. Recently, a three-dimensional (3D) city map became available on the market. We propose to use the 3D building map and differential correction information to simulate the reflecting path of satellite signal transmission and improve the results of the commercial GNSS single-frequency receiver, technically named 3D map-aided Differential GNSS (3D-DGNSS). In this paper, the innovative 3D-DGNSS is employed for the acquisition of precise probe vehicle data. In addition, this paper also utilizes accelerometer-based lane change detection to improve the positioning accuracy of probe vehicle data. By benefitting from the proposed method, the lane-level position, vehicle speed, and stop state of vehicles were estimated. Finally, a series of experiments and evaluations were conducted on probe data collected in one of the most challenging urban cities, Tokyo. The experimental results show that the proposed method has a correct lane localization rate of 87% and achieves sub-meter accuracy with respect to the position and speed error means. The accurate positioning data provided by the 3D-DGNSS result in a correct detection rate of the stop state of vehicles of 92%.     

城市交通拥塞辐射模型及其对路网服务能力损伤研究

为预防和治理城市路网系统中交通拥塞的辐射扩散以及由此造成的路网系统服务能力损伤，从新的视角对交通拥塞辐射扩散规律进行研究。将毒气在有限空间内的泄漏扩散抽象为交通拥塞的辐射蔓延，首先运用Python软件对高德地图API的WEB服务进行实时路况数据爬取，并对爬取的数据、浮动车数据、SCATS监测的流量数据以及其他交通信息数据进行预处理。在此基础上建立基于高斯烟雨模型的城市道路拥塞辐射时空模型并且充分考虑邻居节点和路段的交通运行状态以及不同道路等级对拥塞传播范围的影响。对模型调节参数U进行标定，得出快速路、主干路U值均为1，次干路U值为0.7。然后通过实例进行验证，结合实际值将模型计算结果与高德地图预测值进行比较，所建立模型的拥塞最大辐射边界、拥塞辐射时间预测精度要更准确，整个拥塞过程模型拟合度较高，模型适用性强。最后在城市道路拥塞辐射时空模型的基础上利用材料力学中切应力对材料的损伤原理，以拥塞某传播方向为研究对象，计算出拥塞辐射传播给路网中的某路段造成的通行能力失效值。分析路网中路段通行能力下降对路网服务能力的损伤影响，进而给出路段重要性识别方法。研究成果可为交通管理部门加强关键路段治理以及制定缓堵政策提供参考。     

考虑拥堵空间排队与溢出的道路网静态交通流分配

为刻画拥堵空间排队与溢出现象对交通流分配的影响，提出考虑拥堵空间排队与溢出的道路网静态交通流分配问题，并构建相关的求解算法，用于描述交通需求在起讫点移动过程中路网整体的宏观运行状态。首先，丰富和完善考虑拥堵空间排队与溢出的静态交通流分配的相关假设，提出次生瓶颈、拥堵干扰与渗透和分段化路段阻抗等基本概念和理论，来刻画拥堵交通瓶颈、拥堵空间排队等交通现象；其次，建立网络瓶颈识别算法和空间排队回溯算法，基于此构建考虑拥堵空间排队和溢出的增量分配算法，用于求解交通流分配的结果；最后，通过使用一个具有说明型的算例进行对比分析。研究结果表明：建立的瓶颈识别、排队回溯和增量分配算法可以识别路网中的瓶颈位置及其拥堵排队区域，并可计算得到各路段上的分段分配流量；与点排队只影响瓶颈路段的运行状况和均一的路段分配结果相比，可有效描述路网整体的宏观运行状态以及由于拥堵空间排队所导致的拥堵干扰与渗透现象；不同于“时间片”的伪动态交通流分配模型，新建算法的分配结果是“全时段”与“整体性”的路网宏观运行状态，包含了拥堵瓶颈的具体位置和空间排队的干扰与渗透情况；一般拥堵点排队模型和基于“时间片”的拥堵空间排队模型难以刻画拥堵干扰与渗透现象以及路网整体的宏观运行状态，故所建立的分配方法是对传统拥堵交通流分配的丰富和发展。     

基于DEA的城市道路交通拥堵评价

为了更好地分析和解决城市道路交通拥堵问题,以主干道为研究对象,将城市道路拥堵状态分为堵塞、拥堵、较拥堵、较畅通、畅通5个等级,从交叉口拥堵和路段拥堵2个方面筛选了衡量道路交通拥堵的评价指标,利用数据包络分析（DEA）建立了城市交通拥挤评价模型。以济南市北园大街主干道为例进行交通拥堵评价,得到该道路的拥堵状态以及产生拥堵的主要原因。结果表明数据包络分析方法在进行多指标评价综合评价中具有很强的抗干扰性,评价结果更客观。     

基于手机定位的交叉路口交通流数据采集方法

为了实现对城市道路交叉口交通流数据的全面采集、减少成本、提高效率,提出以手机为交叉口交通流信息获取源的思路。研究了将手机定位数据（运动速度、经纬度）转化为交通流数据的方法。通过检测空间和检测单元的确定,根据用户的运动速度和位置信息,按照步行、自行车、小汽车和公交车将不同手机用户的出行方式进行了准确判断,最终实现了交叉口交通量、车流流向和延误数据的自动采集。     

城市车路协同系统下实时交通状态评价方法

交通状态评价方法能够为交通管理系统提供可量化的实时路网信息,为动态引导交通流、缓解交通拥堵提供依据。受限于交通路网的时变性和评价过程的主观性,目前传统评价方法的精度时常无法满足需求。基于城市车路协同系统动态获取路网信息优势,提出一种利用车路信息融合的实时交通状态评价方法。首先,定义了一种网联汽车与路侧终端间的无线交互方式,并确定数据协议以保证实时车辆数据的准确性;其次,从实时数据中选取平均通过时间、平均停车次数、平均停怠时间作为一级评价指标进行模糊综合,应用多算子对计算的一级评价结果构成二级交通状态评价指标,并根据层次分析法确立指标权重,同时根据仿真和试验结果建立适用于各级道路参数的可变隶属度规则,从而融合动态车辆数据与静态路段参数,计算得出交通状态评价结果与评分;最后,由网联汽车、车载终端、路侧终端和无线通信模块搭建实际协同测试系统对该方法进行了试验验证。试验结果表明：测试系统所得到的路段实时交通状态评价得分与对应的交通状态变化趋势一致,能够准确体现城市车路协同环境下的交通状态特点。该评价方法运用信息融合方法提高了交通状态评价结果的实时性与客观性,同时为车路协同技术应用于实时交通诱导,缓解城市交通拥堵提供了理论依据。     

基于有向图卷积神经网络的交通预测与拥堵管控

为解决城市快速路正面临的日益严重的交通拥堵问题,提出了一种针对城市快速路的基于有向图卷积神经网络的交通预测与拥堵管控方法,该方法能够有效利用海量交通数据进行交通预测,实现拥堵的主动管控。首先,基于交通路网的空间有向性和交通流的时空特性,定义了有向的距离影响矩阵、修正欧式距离矩阵和自由流可达矩阵,构建出有向的图卷积算子,并将其应用于长短时记忆神经网络模型中,提出了能学习交通路网时空双重特性的有向图卷积-长短时记忆神经网络（Directed Graph Convolution-LSTM,DGC-LSTM）模型;其次,基于DGC-LSTM的交通预测结果识别出拥堵产生点并将其作为拥堵管控的对象;再次,采用控制进口匝道车辆输入快速路主线的手段,针对管控对象的时空特征,设计了全圈层分时段阶梯式拥堵管控策略;最后,基于上海市快速路网上布设的2 712个检测器在122个工作日每间隔5 min记录的速度、流量和占有率信息,开展实例分析,测试了DGC-LSTM模型的预测精度以及全圈层分时段阶梯式拥堵管控策略的有效性。结果表明：与传统的循环神经网络、长短时记忆神经网络相比,DGC-LSTM模型具有更高的预测精度,能将速度预测的平均绝对误差和误差标准差分别降低38%和20%以上;基于预测结果采用的全圈层分时段阶梯式拥堵管控策略能令拥堵产生点的速度提升14 km·h^-1以上,并能使拥堵的持续时长缩短40%,可阻止拥堵从产生点开始发生大范围的蔓延,降低整个路网的拥塞程度。     

移动交通检测系统中探测车的样本数量

基于各国移动交通检测系统中探测车样本数量问题的研究现状,分析了现有成果存在的不足。在考虑探测车速度、计算时间间隔、数据精度要求等因素基础上,针对交通流密度均匀分布和非均匀分布两种情况,利用数理统计方法建立了道路网上探测车样本数量的双层模型。结果表明:当计算时间间隔为5 min时,若道路网上交通流密度均匀分布,则探测车比例至少为5.0%;若道路网上交通流密度非均匀分布,则探测车比例至少为7.0%。     

路段排队最远点估计方法研究

城市拥堵的发生过程一般是某路段发生拥堵,然后扩散至其他路段进而形成区域拥堵.因而,如果能够在排队上溯至交叉口之前估计出路段排队长度并实施控制,就可以在一定程度上缓解拥堵.为了得到路段实时排队最远点,文中利用点信息对路段上的排队演化进行研究.从分析路段排队形成时的道路交通流运行特征入手,研究了道路交通流运行状态与固定点数据之间的映射关系,提出了分别利用单固定点信息、双固定点估计连续流形成的排队最远点.利用仿真软件对其进行验证,并研究了不同的采样间隔对算法的影响,结果表明,该算法可以在一定的采样间隔下得到较好的结果.     

道路交通拥挤事件判别准则与检测算法

针对中国城市道路中存在的交通拥挤现象,通过对城市道路路段上环形线圈采集到的交通流流量和占有率数据进行对比性分析和统计推导,从理论上论证了交通拥挤产生的原因;提出了交通拥挤现象出现与消散过程的相对增量判别准则,并利用给出的判别准则构造出相应的拥挤检测指标,给出了城市道路路段上交通拥挤的平均占有率自动检测算法;最后结合实际调查的数据,对算法的正确性进行了验证。     

高速公路作业区智能车道汇合控制系统研究

在道路的养护维修期间,高速公路作业区由于经常需要关闭车道而形成道路通行的瓶颈,影响着高速公路运行的平稳性和安全性。为降低车道关闭带来的影响,结合ITS技术设计了高速公路作业区的智能车道汇合控制系统的流程,并建立了信息采集子系统、信息处理及决策子系统和信息发布子系统。该系统通过分析交通检测器采集到的实时数据对交通状态进行判别,根据道路的拥挤状况动态选择车道汇合控制方案。最后,通过模拟的方法对系统的性能进行了比较分析,结果表明:智能汇合控制相比于静态汇合控制、动态提前汇合控制和动态延迟汇合控制,性能更为优越,特别是在改善高速公路作业区的安全性和通行能力方面。     

城市公交车与社会车辆混合流速度模型及交通运行状态分析

为了精确解析城市公交车和社会车辆混合运行的状态,在基本路段车速模型适用性分析的基础上,引入公交车流量、社会车辆流量、公交车比例等参数,建立了改进的混合机动车运行速度模型,分别选取单向二车道和单向三车道路段进行交通试验调查,采用Metrocount 5600气压管式车辆分型系统进行数据采集并用于改进模型的参数标定,并分别建立了2种车型的速度差模型,提出了路段混合车流3种不同交通运行状态的评价方法。研究结果表明：同等车流量情况下,不同公交车比例对社会车辆速度的影响表现为3个显著的变化区间;随着路段饱和度的增加,社会车辆和公交车之间的速度差呈现出从几乎不变、快速缩小到接近于零3个较为明显的运行状态;考虑车流组成中公交车比例的变化可以细化路段车流畅通状态、拥堵形成状态以及拥堵状态的判别。     

ITS数据采集处理技术分析与系统框架流程设计

阐述实时动态交通信息采集与处理子系统的基本功能与特殊性,然后对国外智能交通运输管理系统中信息采集与处理的实用技术及关键技术参数进行了分析比较。在此基础上,对交通采集与处理流程中3个主要组成部分:交通信息采集、交通数据质量控制、交通数据集成和存储,分别进行系统框架流程设计,最后分析了ITS数据实时采集与处理的发展趋势,并对中国ITS数据的实时采集与处理给出若干可行建议。     

基于5G+智慧灯杆的区域交通协调优化控制系统功能分析与研究

随着国内城市化的稳步推进,智慧交通建设的理念逐渐得到了广泛的关注.在智慧交通的建设中,车载传感器因其载体局限性,对于规避道路拥堵、优化行车路线上无法起到关键性作用.车路协同的模式越来越受到科研人员的关注.智慧灯杆,因其可拓展性成了智慧交通建设中最佳的感知载体.杆件上可安装监控设施、广播、大屏幕,以及各类传感器、检测器等等一系列的感知设备.依托5G技术,相关交通管理部门可以更及时地掌控实时的交通运行情况.通过对交通流预测模型及区域交通协调优化模型的建立,提前预测中短期内道路交通流的运行情况,依托5G+智慧灯杆编织起的城市感知网络及定向广播系统,对沿途车主定向定量地决策最优的行车导航方案,对城市道路交通进行高效、有效的管理.现以上海5G+智慧灯杆的工程实例为依托展开基于交通流预测模型而开发的区域交通协调优化控制系统功能分析与研究.     

Predicting duration of traffic accidents based on cost-sensitive Bayesian network and weighted K-nearest neighbor

Abstract

With the development of urbanization, road congestion has become increasingly serious, and an important cause is the traffic accidents. In this article, we aim to predict the duration of traffic accidents given a set of historical records and the feature of the new accident, which can be collected from the vehicle sensors, in order to help guide the congestion and restore the road. Existing work on predicting the duration of accidents seldom consider the imbalance of samples, the interaction of attributes, and the cost-sensitive problem sufficiently. Therefore, in this article, we propose a two-level model, which consists of a cost-sensitive Bayesian network and a weighted K-nearest neighbor model, to predict the duration of accidents. After data preprocessing and variance analysis on the traffic accident data of Xiamen City in 2015, the model uses some important discrete attributes for classification, and then utilizes the remaining attributes for K-nearest neighbor regression prediction. The experiment results show that our proposed approach to predicting the duration of accidents achieves higher accuracy compared with classical models.