Handling Safety Simulation of Driver-Vehicle Closed-Loop System with Evolutionary Random Road Input

The response simulation is studied and the handling safety is evaluated using finer integration method for driver-vehicle closed-loop system with stationary random road input. This algorithm is not only precise, but can also shorten the evaluation period of handling safety and reduce the tremendous cost for real vehicle testing. The response simulation and the vehicle handling safety evaluation are also studied for the closed-loop system with evolutionary random road input. The study can more truly simulate vehicle handling quality for including the varying of vehicle velocity with time.     

汽车操纵性评价指标的研究

本文研究了驾驶员-汽车闭环系统操纵性的各个单项指标。增加了某些单项评价指标，验证了在汽车设计中仅有几个单项指标就可确定出合理的综合评价指标的结论；对汽车的开环操纵性单项评价指标也做了补充；并对汽车的开环操纵性综合评价指标的驾驶员-汽车闭环系统操纵性综合评价指标进行了相关分析。     

具有随机道路输入的人—车—路闭环操纵系统的响应分析与操纵安全性评价

本文建立了一种平衡随机道路输入的数学模型。应用精细积分法，进行了具有此类随机道路输入的人－车－路闭环操纵系统响应的仿真研究与汽车的主动安全性评价。该方法不仅为精确算法，珂能缩短汽车主动安全性的评价周期，避免实车试验带来的巨大的经济负担。结合实例，说明该方法是正确的，其结果是有效而合理的。     

汽车响应分析方法的探讨

本文将精细积分算法推广应用到考虑轮胎非线性的驾驶员－汽车－道路闭环系统的运动微分方程组的求解，推广后的算法原则上可用来求在计算机精度范围内的精确解，以转向盘角阶跃为例进行了非线性的仿真计算，对汽车的动态运动特性进行了分析。     

基于电子地图信息的车辆主动转向仿真

以驾驶员预瞄点处的横向偏移最小为目标，以道路曲率输入的车辆运动模型为基础，分析了车辆进行主动转向所需要的道路环境信息，并研究了利用电子地图及车辆定位传感器得到这些信息的方法。利用设计的转向控制器进行了恒定道路曲率及基于电子地图数据的实际道路信息输入下的主动转向仿真。仿真结果表明，利用电子地图提供的信息能够在投入较低成本的条件下进行主动转向，使车辆在道路曲率变化的情况下沿预定道路行驶并有着较小的侧向加速度；从而提高车辆在弯曲道路行驶的安全性、舒适性。     

松软路面突变性对车辆垂向振动的影响

为了在越野行驶车辆平顺性仿真系统中实时动态反映车辆的振动特性,提出了基于小波变换的松软越野路面突变性描述方法并分析突变性对车辆垂向振动的影响。通过小波变换对路面奇异点进行测定和定位,把越野车辆平顺性仿真系统看作是在有限时间内受到随机载荷激励的动力系统,分析其受路面突变载荷的车辆的垂直振动响应方差。结果表明,小波变换能较准确地判定路面奇异点并对其定位,可为越野车辆平顺性虚拟测试系统提供路面随机输入。     

Handling qualities evaluation method based on actual driver characteristics

The present study proposes an objective handling qualities evaluation method using driver-in-the-loop analysis. The driving simulator experiments were performed for various driving conditions, drivers and vehicle dynamics. The response characteristics of the driver model and the closed-loop system were analyzed. The analysis revealed the driving strategies clearly, indicating the importance of closed-loop analysis. Using the identified driver model and its strategies, a cost function of the handling qualities was constructed. The cost function can be used to estimate the handling qualities analytically from the vehicle dynamics. The proposed method was validated by comparison with the handling qualities evaluation rated by the driver's comments.     

Handling qualities evaluation method based on actual driver characteristics

The present study proposes an objective handling qualities evaluation method using driver-in-the-loop analysis. The driving simulator experiments were performed for various driving conditions, drivers and vehicle dynamics. The response characteristics of the driver model and the closed-loop system were analyzed. The analysis revealed the driving strategies clearly, indicating the importance of closed-loop analysis. Using the identified driver model and its strategies, a cost function of the handling qualities was constructed. The cost function can be used to estimate the handling qualities analytically from the vehicle dynamics. The proposed method was validated by comparison with the handling qualities evaluation rated by the driver's comments.     

Modelling of Driver/Vehicle Directional Control System

Different driver models and driver/vehicle/road closed-loop directional control systems are reviewed and compared. Evaluation methods of vehicle handling quality based on closed-loop system dynamics, stability of the closed-loop system, and optimization of vehicle design are discussed.     

Vehicle handling dynamics modelling by a data-driven identification method

Modelling of vehicle handling dynamics has received a renewed attention in recent years. Different from traditional vehicle modelling, a novel data-driven identification method for vehicle handling dynamics is proposed, which can avoid the problems of the under-modelling and parameter uncertainties in the first-principle modelling process. By first-order Taylor expansion, the nonlinear vehicle system can be linearised as a slowly linear time-varying system with fourth-order. In order to identify the derived identifiable model structure, a recursive subspace method is presented. Derived by optimal version of predictor-based subspace identification (PBSID_opt) and projection approximation subspace tracking (PAST), the identification method is numerical stability and gives an unbiased estimation for the closed-loop system. Based on standard road tests, the proposed modelling method is proven effective and the obtained model has good predictive ability. Additionally, it is noted that the model obtained from the initial phase of straight driving is just a mathematical model to describe the relationship between input and output. And when the vehicle is steering, the model can converge to a stable phase quickly and represent vehicle dynamic performance.     

Random Response of Tractor-Semitrailer System

This work describes an analytical study of the dynamic behaviour of a tractor-semitrailer vehicle. A digital computer simulation was used to describe the longitudinal, vertical, and pitching motions of the vehicle travelling over a stationary random road surface. A man-seat model was also incorporated into the simulation. Vehicle response to road irregularities has been studied by assuming two different roads for loaded and unloaded cases.

Numerical results are presented for vehicle, showing system eigenvalues, power spectral densities and root mean square values of the linear and angular accelerations and displacements. Vehicle acceleration response is compared with the ISO riding comfort standard. All results for the loaded and unloaded cases and for smooth and rough roads indicated that an uncomfortable ride would result from vehicle response.     

Modelling of Driver/Vehicle Directional Control System

Abstract

Different driver models and driver/vehicle/road closed-loop directional control systems are reviewed and compared. Evaluation methods of vehicle handling quality based on closed-loop system dynamics, stability of the closed-loop system, and optimization of vehicle design are discussed.     

基于Simulink车辆舒适性和行驶安全性仿真分析

根据国标GB／T7031—2005机械振动道路路面谱测量数据报告,在MatLab中编写了随机路面激励谱仿真程序;利用拉格朗日方程建立了1／2车辆动力学模型,并用Simulink对其进行了仿真;以不同等级路面和不同车速下的随机路面激励谱作为输入,分析了车辆在不同等级路面、不同车速下的车身加速度均方根值和后轮的动载荷均方根值。这对满足汽车行驶舒适性和行驶安全性的情况下优化悬架参数具有重要意义。     

Handling and safety enhancement of race cars using active aerodynamic systems

A methodology is presented in this work that employs the active inverted wings to enhance the road holding by increasing the downward force on the tyres. In the proposed active system, the angles of attack of the vehicle's wings are adjusted by using a real-time controller to increase the road holding and hence improve the vehicle handling. The handling of the race car and safety of the driver are two important concerns in the design of race cars. The handling of a vehicle depends on the dynamic capabilities of the vehicle and also the pneumatic tyres’ limitations. The vehicle side-slip angle, as a measure of the vehicle dynamic safety, should be narrowed into an acceptable range. This paper demonstrates that active inverted wings can provide noteworthy dynamic capabilities and enhance the safety features of race cars. Detailed analytical study and formulations of the race car nonlinear model with the airfoils are presented. Computer simulations are carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed active aerodynamic system.     

厢式半挂车空气悬架系统的仿真分析

空气悬架系统是保证厢式半挂车行驶平顺性的重要组成部分。为研究该系统的各主要结构参数对半挂车动态响应的影响,采用M atlab/S imu link/D sp的仿真平台,对某半挂车进行建模,并建立了随机路面输入的实时仿真分析系统。试验结果验证了仿真分析系统的正确性,为空气悬架系统的设计与匹配提供了依据。     

Random Response of Tractor-Semitrailer System

SUMMARY

This work describes an analytical study of the dynamic behaviour of a tractor-semitrailer vehicle. A digital computer simulation was used to describe the longitudinal, vertical, and pitching motions of the vehicle travelling over a stationary random road surface. A man-seat model was also incorporated into the simulation. Vehicle response to road irregularities has been studied by assuming two different roads for loaded and unloaded cases.

Numerical results are presented for vehicle, showing system eigenvalues, power spectral densities and root mean square values of the linear and angular accelerations and displacements. Vehicle acceleration response is compared with the ISO riding comfort standard. All results for the loaded and unloaded cases and for smooth and rough roads indicated that an uncomfortable ride would result from vehicle response.     

全局演化局部模拟优化技术在汽车结构参数优化中的应用

本文将演化算法与模拟退火算法集成，提出一种适用的全局演化局部模拟优化技术，该技术使用演化算法在解空间通过较少代数的化为模拟退火算法提供一个良好的算法构形，在此基础上，通过退火方式寻找全局最优解。本文探讨了在该算法在汽车操纵稳定性评价与结构优化中的应用问题。优化以最小化汽车操纵稳定性综合评价指标为目标对评价参数与结构参数进行优化。使用优化参数在双移线条件下对四自由度汽车动力学模型的操纵稳定性进行仿真研究。通过仿真对比分析了演化算法与模拟退火算法，本文使用的算法继承了这两种算法的优点。研究结果表明：使用全局演化局部模拟优化技术所得综合评价指标值最小。耗用CPU时间也最少，而且所得优化参数使得人－车闭环系统跟随预期路径的精度提高约58．31％，而使综合评价指标值下降约37．35％。     

Optimal Preview Control of a Two-dof Vehicle Model Using Stochastic Optimal Control Theory

An optimal preview control algorithm is applied to a two degree of freedom(dof) vehicle model travelling with constant velocity on a randomly profiled road. The road roughness is modelled as a homogeneous random process being the output of a linear first order filter to white noise. The input from the road irregularity is assumed to be measured at some distance in front of the vehicle and this measured infonnation is utilized by the active controller to prepare the system for the ensuing input. The preview control algorithm is obtained by minimizing a quadratic performance index and by describing the average behaviour of the system by the covariance matrix of the vehicle response state vector. Results are presented for full state feedback and significant improvements in sprung mass acceleration, suspension working space and road holding are observed.     

汽车平顺性时域仿真分析

采用虚拟试验场技术进行了汽车行驶平顺性的时域仿真。建立了面向汽车平顺性分析的整车刚弹耦合有限元模型,同时建立了脉冲输入路面模型和随机输入路面模型。采用1/3倍频带分布加速度均方根值方法及总加权方法对试验车辆的平顺性进行了评价。试验结果表明,运用虚拟试验场技术能够真实地反映汽车的行驶平顺性,仿真分析结果可靠。     

基于主动安全的轮间电控限滑差速器控制方法研究

论述了电控限滑差速器(ELSD)改善汽车动力学特性的原理,提出了基于提高汽车主动安全性的控制方法。该方法利用前馈与误差反馈控制相结合来控制车辆运动状态。反馈系数根据最优控制的方法确定。通过对所述控制系统的仿真研究,证明该系统在各种路面条件下均可明显改善汽车的操纵稳定性与主动安全性。