The Application of Roller Rigs to Railway Vehicle Dynamics

Roller rigs have been built world-wide to research into the dynamics of railway vehicles and they have particularly been applied to the development of high-speed trains. This survey takes into consideration both full scale as well as small scale model roller rigs. Besides performance, most important experimental work and the emphasis of application, the scaling strategies of model test rigs and the differences involved in roller rig experiments are treated. Suggestions for potential future uses and developments are also given for this tool which is useful for demonstration and analysis of railway vehicle dynamic behaviour.     

Parametric Excitation of a Single Railway Wheelset

This paper presents the results of analytical, numerical and experimental investigations of a single railway wheelset. Periodic parametric excitation is added to one of the simplest linear mechanical models. This extended model describes, for example, the geometric deviations often experienced on roller rigs. Above a certain critical speed, the stationary running of the wheelset loses its stability. To verify the analytical and numerical results for the critical speed, experiments were carried out on a simple roller rig having a large ratio of the radii of the roller and the railway wheel.     

Parametric Excitation of a Single Railway Wheelset

This paper presents the results of analytical, numerical and experimental investigations of a single railway wheelset. Periodic parametric excitation is added to one of the simplest linear mechanical models. This extended model describes, for example, the geometric deviations often experienced on roller rigs. Above a certain critical speed, the stationary running of the wheelset loses its stability. To verify the analytical and numerical results for the critical speed, experiments were carried out on a simple roller rig having a large ratio of the radii of the roller and the railway wheel.     

A numerical model of a HIL scaled roller rig for simulation of wheel–rail degraded adhesion condition

Scaled roller rigs used for railway applications play a fundamental role in the development of new technologies and new devices, combining the hardware in the loop (HIL) benefits with the reduction of the economic investments. The main problem of the scaled roller rig with respect to the full scale ones is the improved complexity due to the scaling factors. For this reason, before building the test rig, the development of a software model of the HIL system can be useful to analyse the system behaviour in different operative conditions. One has to consider the multi-body behaviour of the scaled roller rig, the controller and the model of the virtual vehicle, whose dynamics has to be reproduced on the rig. The main purpose of this work is the development of a complete model that satisfies the previous requirements and in particular the performance analysis of the controller and of the dynamical behaviour of the scaled roller rig when some disturbances are simulated with low adhesion conditions. Since the scaled roller rig will be used to simulate degraded adhesion conditions, accurate and realistic wheel–roller contact model also has to be included in the model. The contact model consists of two parts: the contact point detection and the adhesion model. The first part is based on a numerical method described in some previous studies for the wheel–rail case and modified to simulate the three-dimensional contact between revolute surfaces (wheel–roller). The second part consists in the evaluation of the contact forces by means of the Hertz theory for the normal problem and the Kalker theory for the tangential problem. Some numerical tests were performed, in particular low adhesion conditions were simulated, and bogie hunting and dynamical imbalance of the wheelsets were introduced. The tests were devoted to verify the robustness of control system with respect to some of the more frequent disturbances that may influence the roller rig dynamics. In particular we verified that the wheelset imbalance could significantly influence system performance, and to reduce the effect of this disturbance a multistate filter was designed.     

Validation of a MATLAB Railway Vehicle Simulation Using a Scale Roller Rig

A 1/5 scale roller rig has been constructed for use in analysing the dynamic behaviour of railway vehicles. The roller rig includes a servo hydraulic system to allow a realistic input of track irregularities at the rollers and instrumentation is fitted to allow measurement of the position and acceleration of the bodies. This paper reports on the first stage in validating the behaviour of the roller rig using a relatively simple, linear computer model constructed in MATLAB. Initial results show good correlation between the behaviour seen on the roller rig and that predicted by the model.     

A method for testing railway wheel sets on a full-scale roller rig

Full-scale roller rigs for tests on a single axle enable the investigation of several dynamics and durability problems related with the design and operation of the railway rolling stock. In order to exploit the best potential of this test equipment, appropriate test procedures need to be defined, particularly in terms of actuators’ references, to make sure that meaningful wheel –rail contact conditions can be reproduced. The aim of this paper is to propose a new methodology to define the forces to be generated by the actuators in the rig in order to best reproduce the behaviour of a wheel set and especially the wheel –rail contact forces in a running condition of interest as obtained either from multi-body system (MBS) simulation or from on-track measurements. The method is supported by the use of a mathematical model of the roller rig and uses an iterative correction scheme, comparing the time histories of the contact force components from the roller rig test as predicted by the mathematical model to a set of target contact force time histories. Two methods are introduced, the first one considering a standard arrangement of the roller rig, the second one assuming that a differential gear is introduced in the rig, allowing different rolling speeds of the two rollers. Results are presented showing that the deviation of the roller rig test results from the considered targets can be kept within low tolerances (1% approximately) as far as the vertical and lateral contact forces on both wheels are concerned. For the longitudinal forces, larger deviations are obtained except in the case where a differential gear is introduced.     

Validation of a MATLAB Railway Vehicle Simulation Using a Scale Roller Rig

SUMMARY

A 1/5 scale roller rig has been constructed for use in analysing the dynamic behaviour of railway vehicles. The roller rig includes a servo hydraulic system to allow a realistic input of track irregularities at the rollers and instrumentation is fitted to allow measurement of the position and acceleration of the bodies. This paper reports on the first stage in validating the behaviour of the roller rig using a relatively simple, linear computer model constructed in MATLAB. Initial results show good correlation between the behaviour seen on the roller rig and that predicted by the model.     

铁路隧道火灾事故及其规模研究综述

铁路隧道火灾规模是隧道火灾防治的关键问题。通过对国内外铁路隧道火灾事故及列车火灾规模大小的统计,分析了铁路隧道火灾事故发生的原因和产生的后果,提出了减少铁路隧道火灾事故的相关建议。总结了影响铁路隧道内列车火灾规模大小的因素,建议列车材质采用难燃材料、设计合理的防灾通风速度、尽可能减少列车门窗的开启数量等措施来降低隧道内列车火灾规模。在此基础上,结合我国铁路客车的特点及国外相关研究结果,建议在铁路隧道和隧道群火灾后果评估中,可采用15 MW的稳定热源作为参考。     

Dynamics of a Wheelset on Roller Rig

The expressions for the longitudinal creepage, lateral creepage and spin quantities are derived for a railway wheelset on a roller rig. The analysis takes into account the initial canting and the yaw motion of the rollers. A reduced set of Equations of motion representing the four degrees of freedom is also derived.     

Design of an Active Wheelset on a Scaled Roller Rig

The article describes the application of a 1:5-scaled roller rig with a two-axled experimental vehicle to the design of a torque-controlled railway wheelset. Particular attention is drawn to the scaling problem and the dynamic similarity laws behind it and in addition to the chosen scaling strategy. For the controller design of the active wheelset the experiments with the scaled vehicle were combined with multibody computer simulations. The complete mechatronic system has therefore been modelled using the SIMPACK-MATLAB/Simulink interface. The steering behaviour, typical for this particular active wheelset, is demonstrated by results from roller rig experiments.     

Railway wheel-flat and rail surface defect modelling and analysis by time–frequency techniques

Damage to the surface of railway wheels and rails commonly occurs in most railways. If not detected, it can result in the rapid deterioration and possible failure of rolling stock and infrastructure components causing higher maintenance costs. This paper presents an investigation into the modelling and simulation of wheel-flat and rail surface defects. A simplified mathematical model was developed and a series of experiments were carried out on a roller rig. The time–frequency analysis is a useful tool for identifying the content of a signal in the frequency domain without losing information about its time domain characteristics. Because of this, it is widely used for dynamic system analysis and condition monitoring and has been used in this paper for the detection of wheel flats and rail surface defects. Three commonly used time–frequency analysis techniques: Short-Time Fourier Transform, Wigner–Ville transform and wavelet transform were investigated in this work.     

南京南高架站桥梁设计

南京南站有3个车场、15个站台、28条铁路线,根据其使用功能和规模,分站房区正线桥、站房外桥梁和站台梁设计3个部分,进行高架站桥梁设计。站房区正线桥设计为3座独立的双线桥梁,采用钢筋混凝土连续刚构结构,孔跨布置为2×21 m+3×24 m+2×21 m;站房外桥梁采用14座独立的双线桥,为3×21 m的钢筋混凝土连续刚构;站台梁采用钢筋混凝土结构,为防止站台在地震作用下落梁、减少火车运行时对站台梁的振动作用,每孔站台梁下设角钢防落梁,采用减震支座。选择8种车型,160~350 km/h3、75~420 km/h 2种列车速度范围对京沪正线桥梁进行动力分析,结果表明桥梁动力性能、车体振动加速度、脱轨系数、减载率均满足指标。     

Experimental and numerical investigation on the derailment of a railway wheelset with solid axle

This paper presents the results of an experimental and numerical investigation on the derailment of a railway wheelset with solid axle. Tests were carried out under quasi-steady-state conditions, on a full-scale roller rig, and allowed to point out the effect of different parameters like the wheelset's angle of attack and the ratio between the vertical loads acting on the flanging and non-flanging wheels. On the basis of the test results, some existing derailment criteria are analysed in this paper and two new criteria are proposed. A model of wheel-rail contact is proposed for the mathematical modelling of the flange climb process, and numerical vs. experimental comparisons are used to obtain model validation.     

基于滑动窗口动态输入LSTM网络的铁路运输系统碳排放量预测方法

铁路运输的低碳发展对交通系统实现“双碳”战略目标有着重要意义。针对当前铁路运输碳排放预测研究较少、预测精度不高的问题,考虑碳排放时间序列数据中历史信息和当前信息间的相关性,引入滑动窗口,结合长短期记忆（LSTM）网络,构建铁路运输碳排放量预测模型。采用灰色关联分析法计算铁路运输碳排放量各影响因素的关联度值,筛选铁路运输碳排放量的关键影响因素,使用高关联性数据作为预测模型的输入变量,提高预测精度;应用LSTM网络为基础预测模型,通过引入滑动窗口改进神经网络的数据输入;考虑未来减排政策变化对铁路运输碳排放量的影响,融合基于动态政策的情景分析,构建铁路碳排放预测模型,并利用多项式误差拟合方法进行误差修正,提高预测结果准确性。以1980—2019年铁路运输碳排放相关数据为例,从现有文献中总结出17个铁路碳排放影响因素,利用灰色关联分析法从中筛选出6个关键因素,通过滑动窗口对筛选出的数据进行子序列分割,测试不同长度窗口下的预测精度,选择最优窗口参数,建立改进LSTM模型进行预测,并将预测结果与原LSTM、BPNN和RNN模型进行对比,结果表明：改进LSTM模型将相对误差平均值降低至0.392%,...     

轮胎包容特性分析及其在汽车振动系统建模中的应用

本文分析了轮胎与路面的接触特点，将汽车承载系统简化为二自由度垂直振动系统，建立了同时考虑轮胎几何滤波效应与弹性滤波效应的弹性滚子接触模型。基于刚性滚子模型和弹性滚子模型，仿真出滚子包容后的有效路形。     

京广高速铁路石家庄六线隧道建设关键技术

石家庄六线隧道与一般的铁路隧道不同,属于城市隧道工程,其规模与复杂程度在国内地下隧道工程中尚属首例。为确保隧道工程的顺利实施,同时也为今后类似隧道穿越城市工程提供借鉴与参考,在石家庄六线隧道设计、施工过程中,经过研究论证、理论计算、模拟分析、方案比选优化、现场试验和重难点技术科研攻关,成功解决了穿城入地连拱多跨超长距离隧道营业线施工技术难题,形成了松软地层超宽基坑围护技术、紧邻既有线带状基坑工程安全防护技术、连拱隧道下穿运营铁路安全防护技术、宽体隧道下穿城市主干道技术等一系列关键技术,以及客运专线铁路穿越城区修建技术重点科研成果。     

Experimental and numerical investigation on the derailment of a railway wheelset with solid axle

This paper presents the results of an experimental and numerical investigation on the derailment of a railway wheelset with solid axle. Tests were carried out under quasi-steady-state conditions, on a full-scale roller rig, and allowed to point out the effect of different parameters like the wheelset's angle of attack and the ratio between the vertical loads acting on the flanging and non-flanging wheels. On the basis of the test results, some existing derailment criteria are analysed in this paper and two new criteria are proposed. A model of wheel–rail contact is proposed for the mathematical modelling of the flange climb process, and numerical vs. experimental comparisons are used to obtain model validation.     

一种特殊用途的悬挂式坡面振动压路机

针对目前公路、铁路、堤坝等基础工程中现有压路机压实侧面坡面较困难的实际状况，推出了一种悬挂式坡面振动压路机。重点介绍了该机的悬挂装置和能够随时适应道路坡面角的调节装置以及振动轮、减震装置等组件的结构与工作原理     

站城一体化的高铁车站客流特征及规划要点

在中国铁路建设高速发展的背景下，新一轮的高铁车站规划设计逐步引入了站城一体化的发展理念，更加重视“站”与“城”的空间联系、交通联系，这给高铁站房的规划设计提出了全新的问题。归纳梳理了铁路车站4.0时代高铁车站的特点，分析了在站城一体化的发展模式下，高铁车站各种客流的交通特征、发展趋势，以及规划建设需要重点关注和解决的问题，并提出了解决方案。     

Experimental investigations on the damping effect due to passengers on flexural vibrations of railway vehicle carbody and basic studies on the mimicry of the effect with simple substitutions

The effect of passengers on a railway vehicle is usually considered as additional mass in designing a carbody. However, previous studies by means of stationary excitation tests or running tests using actual vehicles indicate that passengers behave not as mass but as damping. In this paper, the authors examined the passengers' damping effect under controlled excitation conditions on a roller rig through a series of excitation tests using a commuter-type vehicle. Large and multi-modal reductions of flexural vibrations of the carbody were observed when passengers existed. Influences of the number of passengers, distributions and postures of passengers were investigated. The authors also tried to mimic the damping effect by passengers using flexible tanks filled with fluids. Three kinds of fluids which have different viscosities have been tested. As a result of the excitation tests, good vibration reduction effects were observed by applying those tanks, and it has been found that the flexible tanks filled with fluids bring about vibration reduction effect (including multi-modal reduction) which is equal to or rather better than the case of similar mass of passengers in the carbody; the difference of viscosity gave little affect on the damping abilities. From these measurement results, a possibility of realising effective damping devices against flexural vibrations of railway vehicle carbodies representing passengers damping effect, in a simple, economical and environmental friendly way, has been demonstrated.