贝克曼梁测试路基表面弯沉修正研究

用贝克曼梁法测试路基表面弯沉在公路工程中得到广泛应用,测试中由于受车型多样化、贝克曼梁弯沉仪支点和百分表支架位置以及计算理论与实际不符等影响,测得的弯沉值需要进行修正。针对以上3个方面,本文分析了非标准轴载的弯沉换算、弯沉仪支点变形和百分表支架变形对弯沉测试结果的影响、支点和支架变形对弯沉测试结果的影响。根据弹性半空间理论,建立了不同轴载作用下的弯沉换算公式;通过理论分析和验证计算,提出了实测弯沉值的修正系数。     

Pedaling torque sensor-less power assist control of an electric bike via model-based impedance control

This paper proposes a method to assist human force acting on electric bike without using costly torque sensors via a model-based impedance control technique. In general, electric bikes are classified into two categories, i.e., pedelec electric bikes and throttle electric bikes. We focus on the system called a pedelec electric bike. It assists human pedaling force using the pedaling information, e.g., pedaling force or speed. To obtain the human’s pedaling information in real-time, it needs physical sensors such as a torque sensor and a velocity sensor. But, these sensors are expensive and weak against external loads. Also, since these sensors are fixed directly to the forced component in a bike system, there are the risks of damage. For these reasons, sensor-less control methods based on a disturbance observer have been studied so far. In this paper, we have proposed a pedaling torque sensor-less power assist method and have applied it to the experimental pedelec electric bike. A power assist control algorithm, designed by employing an impedance model, consists of a PI-type feedback controller, an inverse model-based feedforward controller, and a pedaling torque observer. Finally, we performed experiments and confirmed the effectiveness of a proposed power assist control method.     

某车型悬置支架模态仿真与优化设计

悬置支架作为悬置系统中的重要部件,其模态性能的高低对于整个悬置系统很关键。文章基于Optistruct软件的拓扑优化算法得到一种悬置支架的优化设计,在提高模态性能的同时,实现了结构的轻量化。对悬置支架设计开发的指导,有非常重要的意义。     

斜拉桥粉沙软土地基现浇箱梁支架基础施工技术

神舟友谊大桥主跨为现浇混凝土箱梁,采用落地现浇支架施工,由于支架基础存在4~6 m的粉沙地基,地基承载能力低,变形大。采用钢管混凝土扩大基础施工工艺,提高地基承载力。支架上部承重按等跨连续钢梁布置。钢管桩顶横向设双拼I40b工字钢横梁,横梁与桩顶钢板焊接,横梁上布设纵梁,横梁与纵梁在接触点采用焊接,纵梁上承碗口式满堂支架,支架上托横线安装方木横梁,上铺大钢模板,作为箱梁底模。以确保箱梁施工的质量和支架结构的安全,可为类似软土地基上现浇箱梁的支架施工提供参考。     

大吨位前支点挂篮百米高空拼装新技术

结合铁罗坪特大桥现场施工条件，打破常规挂篮拼装施工方法，采用空中拼装贝雷片托架平台，在平台上分段拼装前支点挂篮，作为现浇段的施工支架，然后拼装挂篮其他构件。该项技术可用于其它构件拼装施工中，供同类桥梁施工借鉴。     

Energy-harvesting potential of automobile suspension

This study is aimed quantify dissipated power in a damper of automobile suspension to predict energy harvesting potential of a passenger car more accurately. Field measurements of power dissipation in a regenerative damper are still rare. The novelty is in using the broad database of real road profiles, a 9 degrees-of-freedom full-car model with real parameters, and a tyre-enveloping contact model. Results were presented as a function of road surface type, velocity and road roughness characterised by International Roughness Index. Results were calculated for 1600 test sections of a total length about 253.5?km. Root mean square of a dissipated power was calculated from 19 to 46?W for all four suspension dampers and velocity 60?km/h and from 24 to 58?W for velocity 90?km/h. Results were compared for a full-car model with a tyre-enveloping road contact, full-car and quarter-car models with a tyre–road point contact. Mean difference among three models in calculated power was a few per cent.     

京石客专北西联络线框构墩支架设计

支架是现浇梁施工过程中的支承结构,支架的强度、刚度、稳定性直接影响到结构质量及安全性;当支架高度超过15 m时,采用碗扣式满堂支架,将很不经济,且支架的稳定性将难以保证,这时较优的方案是选用钢管柱贝雷梁支架。结合京石客专北西联络线跨京广铁路特大桥框构墩工程实例对20 m高框构墩支架方案进行了设计,确定了荷载分布,建立了受力分析模型,验证了方案的可行性,为以后同类桥型的施工提供参考。     

某车型减振器支架断裂原因分析及改进方案

悬架系统的减振器支架作为连接车架及减振器的零件,在车辆运行过程中,因受到减振器的拉力及压力,经常导致断裂失效,致使减振器无法正常工作。文章以某车型减振器支架的故障断裂为例,采用HyperMesh有限元分析方法对支架进行应力分析,计算结果表明:支架最大应力384MPa,应力最大位置与故障件断裂位置吻合,因此,判断支架因强度不足导致的断裂。针对支架的断裂原因,提出了3种加强改进方案,从应力、重量、成本、整改周期等因素考虑,选择最优的改进方案。整改后的减振器支架3年内售后故障率为0,达到预期效果,整改方案有效。     

载货汽车转向系统分析

阐述了载货汽午转向系统运动学特忭的计算方法和分析方法;研究了载货汽车原地转向阻力的主要组成及动力转向器的效率特性,给出了原地转向性能的计算分析方法。通过对4种动力转向系统匹配方案的分析表明,转向机构的传动比和动力转向器的效率对车辆原地转向性能具有重要影响。     

摩洛哥布里格里格河谷斜拉桥梭形塔施工技术

摩洛哥布里格里格河谷斜拉桥梭形主塔为4肢分离式的空间曲线形主塔,塔高柱曲,施工困难。通过在塔底处设置预应力混凝土实心段,对下塔柱逐渐分离的4肢进行约束,改善了裙板交汇处的混凝土应力。塔内采用多功能钢管支架作为布料机平台、上下移动式施工平台和施工电梯的附着结构,简洁有效地完成了主塔4肢混凝土的浇筑。考虑模板占位和温差效应在下塔柱设置2道对拉装置,在上塔柱设置2道对撑装置,第二道为框形对撑结构,改善了主塔施工时的结构受力和变形。     

某国Ⅵ整车发动机舱热空气扰流对冷却系统的影响探究

从不同?度探究不同影响因素对整车冷却效率的影响,对于目前严苛的商用车国Ⅵ排放标准具有十分现实的意义.通过改变发动机舱中冷器至驾驶室底部空隙的大小,探究其对冷却系统冷却能力的影响情况.结果表明:优化后的整车扭矩点冷却效率提升2.8％,功率点冷却效率提升6.5％,从控制发动机舱热空气扰流的?度提出了改进方向.     

某车辆控制臂与副车架连接处拧紧参数优化

汽车悬架系统中常见的焊接类传力支架连接处,易于发生力矩松动异响故障,造成底盘松垮感严重、底盘异响,影响驾驶信心,影响此类结构连接稳定性的重要因素是螺栓的拧紧参数设置是否合理。结合某车型开发过程中出现的副车架与控制臂前铰接点的力矩优化工作,对该类结构的拧紧参数设计方法进行说明,并形成通用化的设计流程图,可用于类似结构的设计借鉴。     

郑万高铁隧道口紧急救援站防灾通风方案及参数敏感性研究

为确定隧道口紧急救援站火灾工况下射流风机的最优布置方案,明确各参数对防灾通风设计方案的影响,依托郑万高铁隧道口紧急救援站工程,对火灾工况下风机的布置方案及影响因素进行研究。采用网络通风算法,研究将风机布置于正洞进口段、正洞进口段和平导进口段、正洞进口段和横通道内3种方案的优劣,以及隧道内自然风、火源位置、火灾规模及隧道纵坡等因素对正洞内及防护门处风速的影响程度及规律。研究结果表明： 1）对于隧道口紧急救援站,将风机同时布置于正洞进口段和平导进口段时需要的风机数量最少。2）隧道内自然风对隧道正洞进口段的风速影响最大,而火源位置的影响程度相对较小,火灾规模及隧道纵坡的影响规律相同;相比于隧道正洞,各因素对隧道防护门处的风速影响相对较小。3）同时考虑火灾规模、隧道纵坡、火源位置及隧道内自然风等因素时,满足防灾通风要求的风机总功率为不考虑上述因素时的2.5倍;火灾工况下,开启风机的总功率为不考虑上述因素时的3.0倍。     

汽车付加轴断裂的失效分析

付加轴在汽车运行过程中发生断裂,断裂发生在付加轴与弹簧支架的焊接部位.焊缝结合区的金相组织为淬火马氏体,局部焊接区域内存在未熔合和夹渣缺陷,这些是导致付加轴断裂的根本原因.     

浅谈水闸牛腿的悬臂施工方法计算及分析

悬臂施工时占用的空间较小,利于节省施工费用,降低工程造价,便于施工作业。闸墩上凸出的牛腿主要用来支撑弧形闸门,牛腿的施工一般是水闸工程中的一个十分关键的阶段,其拉筋计算也是个难题,计算的方法也较为复杂。该文主要基于某水库排淤泄洪闸工程,原定施工方案为在枯水期搭设钢管脚手架进行牛腿部位的施工,由于工程的设计变更,新的方案拟定在牛腿的下方预埋工字钢,从而保证在汛期闸室牛腿能继续施工,并且可以安全度汛。为此,针对该工程在设计变更后,对该排淤泄洪闸上的牛腿施工进行施工计算分析,可供同行参考。     

Shape Optimization of Elliptical Road Containers Due to Liquid Load in Steady-State Turning

A numerical analysis of liquid load in elliptical road containers undergoing a steady-state turning manoeuvre is presented for containers of unrestricted size and for containers of fixed capacity. The liquid load is expressed in terms of the horizontal and vertical forces and the overturning moment created by these forces around the middle bottom point of the container. The moment is obtained by integrating the liquid free-surface equation and using numerical calculation of the resulting expressions. An optimization study with an objective to minimize the peak overturning moment is performed on containers of fixed capacity to identify the optimal height/width ratio of the container. The results of this investigation being of a general nature, i.e. with no restriction for an application, are particularly intended for road tankers under a steady turning manoeuvre, where they can be applied with high degree of accuracy.     

基于MPC的分布式驱动越野车辆原地转向控制研究

针对轮毂电机分布式驱动越野车辆在狭小空间快速机动的需求,设计了一种分层结构的原地转向控制策略。基于动力学原理分析了各轮载荷、附着条件对原地转向横摆速度的影响机理,并搭建原地转向运动学模型,上层采用模型预测控制算法设计原地转向理想轨迹以及期望的横摆角速度,开发基于PI滑模控制的横摆运动跟踪算法,通过补偿转向横摆力矩以提高方向角控制的鲁棒性和稳定性,下层以最优轮胎利用率为目标,设计二次规划算法优化分配各轮附加横摆力矩。dSPACE硬件在环测试结果表明,所提出的控制算法可在保证稳定性的前提下实现原地转向,大幅提高了车辆的转向机动性,在方向盘动态输入仿真中,车辆最大转弯半径为0.157 m,转向中心的最大偏移量为3.610 m;同时,驾驶员能对转向过程进行闭环控制,实现了原地转向过程中横摆速度的实时调节。     

Methodology to Improve the Performance of the End-stop Buffers of Suspension Seats

The aim of this study was to optimise the characteristics of the bottom end-stop buffers of compact suspension seats fitted to fork lift trucks with a load-lifting capacity of less than 3.5 tons, earthmoving equipment, farm tractors and plants intended for forestry work. This work required the development of a numerical model of a seat subject to movements likely to cause impact with the end-stop buffer. The model employs a global approach based on modelling the friction phenomenon of the suspension mechanisms by means of Bouc-Wen's behavior law. After validation, the model was used to calculate the optimal characteristics (stiffness, damping and height) of the bottom end-stop buffers of the seat. Prototypes of optimised end-stop buffers were produced from the optimal characteristics calculated. Comparisons between the nominal end-stop buffers and the optimised buffers were made in the laboratory using the excitation signals recorded in the field. The results show that when the optimised end-stop buffers were fixed to the seat instead of the nominal end-stop buffers, between 73% and 93% of the maximum achievable gain was obtained at the acceleration peaks.     

基于控制应变周期荷载试验预估沥青混凝土疲劳寿命

疲劳裂缝是路面破坏的一种,为路面受到长期、反复的荷载后,由内部产生的微小破坏开始,渐渐加深、延长,从沥青面层底部由下而上累积成为类似鳄鱼皮般的表面龟裂,进而影响路面的性能。研究的主要目的是探讨沥青混凝土的裂缝生成与疲劳寿命,采用级配类型为AC—20的某高速公路的现场钻芯试件,进行室内控制应变疲劳试验,应用劲度变化曲线的裂缝生成机制,与应力-应变回圈面积的消散能理论,推估沥青混凝土疲劳寿命与临界应变。结果表明,应用劲度变化曲线与消散能理论,所得的疲劳寿命都有一致性,故可判断其都可作为疲劳寿命的定义。其中以劲度变化曲线较为便捷,可以作为推估裂缝生成与疲劳寿命的参考方法。可作为沥青混凝土路面疲劳研究与设计的参考。     

Optimal power distribution of front and rear motors for minimizing energy consumption of 4-wheel-drive electric vehicles

In this paper, the optimal power distribution of the front and rear motors for minimizing energy consumption of a 4WD EV is investigated. An optimal power distribution control is developed based on the mathematical energy consumption model of an EV. The objective function is defined while ignoring time. And, the time effect is applied by considering the objective function for every single driving point which consists of the vehicle driving force and velocity. From the optimization problem, the optimal torque distribution maps of the front and rear motors can be obtained for all vehicle driving force and velocity ranges. These maps can be expressed using a 3-dimensional map. If the vehicle driving force and velocity are determined, the optimal front and rear motor torques can be determined using these maps. These maps can distribute the front and rear motor torques for the entire velocity range. Thus, these maps can perform the optimal power (torque times speed) distribution of the front and rear motors for minimizing the energy consumption of the 4WD EV. The performance of the optimal power distribution is evaluated by comparing the energy consumption to that of simple power distribution control. For obtaining the energy consumption, a vehicle driving simulation is performed. For the simulation, the driving cycle is required, and the NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) is used. From the simulation results, it is found that the energy consumption of simple power distribution is 4.8 % larger than the optimal one. Thus, the optimal power distribution can minimize the 4WD EV energy consumption as the optimization objective function.