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研究常规公交微观区间运行时间可靠性,有助于从微观层面深入分析常规公交在各区间的运行状态稳定性,查找运行的薄弱段以提高公交服务水平.本文从研究常规公交微观区间运行时间的拟合分布入手,采用正态分布、对数正态分布、伽玛分布和威布尔分布,分别对不同性质城市道路微观区间单位距离运行时间进行分布拟合,样本分析结果表明,对数正态分布是最优拟合分布.根据分位数法确定了不同公交服务水平对应的微观区间单位距离运行时间阈值,在此基础上建立了基于可接受公交服务水平的常规公交微观区间运行时间可靠性模型,并对337路公交实测数据进行实例分析.     

随机需求道路网络出行时间可靠性评估方法

为提高不确定路网可靠性评估的合理性,设需求服从对数正态分布,假定出行者在随机需求作用下能 够达到确定性用户均衡,运用路径算法获得流量,根据BPR(bureauofpublicroads)型路段特性函数以及对数正 态分布的概率特性,给出了路径出行时间的随机分布,以此为基础建立了路径及OD对出行时间可靠性评估模 型.用数值算例验证了评估方法的可行性,分析结果表明该方法能够合理评价需求及其波动程度、路径之间的相 关程度对出行时间可靠性的影响.      

Degradation Reliability Analysis Based on TOPSIS Model Selection Method

It is necessary to determine the degradation path model of products at first when using the method based on degradation path model to evaluate the degradation reliability of products.At present,the degradation path model is mainly determined by scatter plots of degradation data.However,this method has strong subjectivity and is liable to cause the evaluation results to be inconsistent with the actual situation.In this paper,a degradation reliability analysis method based on TOPSIS(technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution)model selection is proposed,and its implementation process is given.The optimal degradation path model is selected according to the calculated proximity.With the help of TOPSIS method,various degradation path models can be selected and quantified,and the original degradation path method can be improved to avoid the risk of errors in product reliability evaluation caused by inaccurate subjective hypothesis,so as to ensure the objectivity and accuracy in the process of model determination.The validity and practicability of the proposed method are verified by the degradation analysis of the injector of a certain type of diesel engine.     

道路拥堵概率估计方法及其在城市交通运行评价中的应用

首先提出能够统一描述不同交通负荷下路段内车流离散性进的出行时间指数 （TTI）概率分布模型,并建立该分布模型参数随路段速度变化的模型.进而给出一种新的 拥堵概率估计方法.其根据路段速度获得路段内车辆TTI 的概率分布参数,进而获得隐含 的车辆TTI 概率分布及路段处于不同拥堵状态的概率.应用于交通运行评价,解决了现有 方法评价结果受路段长度影响,以及微观评价波动性大的缺陷.给出的理论方法在交通运 行分析、仿真及控制领域具有广泛的应用前景.     

Method of a new iteration scheme combined with Kriging model for structural reliability evaluation

The first order reliability method (FORM) is widely adopted for structural reliability evaluation due to its numerical efficiency. Concerning the issue of FORM often failing to converge when the limit state function (LSF) behaves high nonlinearity, a new iteration scheme called ??rotated gradient algorithm (RGA)?? is proposed and combined with Kriging model to evaluate the reliability of implicit performance function. In this paper, the Kriging model is applied to approximate the real LSF first. Then the scheme of RGA, constructed in terms of gradient information of two adjacent design points obtained during the process of calculation, is used to calculate the reliability index. Numerical examples show the validity in convergence and accuracy of the proposed method for arbitrary nonlinear performance function.     

基于正态云模型和模糊层次分析法的列车通信网络性能评估方法

为保证高速列车安全、可靠运行,研究了列车通信网络性能评估方法;综合考虑列车通信网络的实时性、可靠性和服务质量,建立了合理的列车通信网络性能评价指标体系,采用模糊层次分析法确定列车通信网络性能评估指标的权重;考虑列车通信网络评估过程中具有不确定性,构建了基于正态云模型和模糊熵的二维评估模型;建立了基于交换式以太网的大容量和高可靠性列车通信网络仿真平台,获取各指标样本数据,运用二维评估模型计算各指标的隶属度,依据模糊理论最大隶属度法则确定列车通信网络性能等级。研究结果表明:在列车通信网络状态良好时,60%评估样本的网络性能等级为Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,在网络丢包率和误码率较大时,40%评估样本的评估等级为Ⅲ、Ⅳ级,表明二维评估模型能够有效地反映列车通信网络状态;与仅运用模糊综合评价法相比较,两者的评估结果基本一致,反映了二维评估模型的准确性;模糊综合评价法不能消除评估过程中不确定性因素的影响,从而导致评估结果缺乏精确度,因此,提出的方法更适合于列车通信网络性能评估。      

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为了评价冰雪环境对公路网运行质量的影响,以便及时制定相应的管理对策将冰雪灾害的影响降到最低,提出了应用交通运行可靠度评价公路运行质量的方法,并以行程时间作为评价指标.以黑龙江省的干线公路网为研究对象,根据实测数据验证了降雪情况下路段的行程时间符合正态分布的特性.应用可靠性理论和概率与数理统计理论建立了路段可靠度计算模型,根据路面磨擦系数与行程时间的关系,提出了行程时间的阈值和判定冰雪灾害发生的标准.根据黑龙江省干道网的布局,建立了路径和路网可靠度的分析方法,并应用实例验证了本方法的可行性.     

基于有删失数据的失效率非参数估计方法

为解决当寿命分布的数学形式完全未知，而寿命试验数据又含有右删失数据的情况下，如何估计失效率函数的问题，推广运用密度结构估计的处理手段，根据极大似然的估计思想，在推推导出失效率函数估计的数学形式基础上，构造特殊的样条插值，给出了失效率函数的连续非参数估计。     

CT reconstruction with priori MRI images through multi-group datasets expansion

Computed tomography (CT) reconstruction with a well-registered priori magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image can improve reconstruction results with low-dose CT, because well-registered CT and MRI images have similar structures. However, in clinical settings, the CT image of patients does not always match the priori MRI image because of breathing and movement of patients during CT scanning. To improve the image quality in this case, multi-group datasets expansion is proposed in this paper. In our method, multi-group CT-MRI datasets are formed by expanding CT-MRI datasets. These expanded datasets can also be used by most existing CT-MRI algorithms and improve the reconstructed image quality when the CT image of a patient is not registered with the priori MRI image. In the experiments, we evaluate the performance of the algorithm by using multi-group CT-MRI datasets in several unregistered situations. Experiments show that when the CT and priori MRI images are not registered, the reconstruction results of using multi-group dataset expansion are better than those obtained without using the expansion.     

Human reliability analysis method on armored vehicle system considering error correction

Human reliability analysis(HRA) is an expansion of man-machine engineering. It is also a new multidisciplinary based on behavioral science, cognitive science, information processing, system analysis and probability statistics in order to analyze, predict, reduce and prevent human errors. Firstly, the quantitative analysis model of HRA is proposed based on Markov process theory by using human error probability(HEP) and error correction cycle(ECC) as parameters. And human reliability evaluation criterion is built. Then, the HRA process considering error correction is proposed based on cognitive reliability and error analysis method(CREAM). Finally, according to the characteristics of armored vehicle system, common performance condition(CPC) in CREAM is improved.A reliability impact index is characterized by the overall contexts of tasks. Human reliability evaluation criterion of armored vehicle system is formulated. And the result of HRA is obtained based on the method presented in this paper. In addition, the relative weights are estimated by combining scale of 10/10—18/2 and analytical hierarchy process(AHP), and the triangular fuzzy number considering confidence factor and optimism index is adopted in order to reduce the subjectivity. The analysis results show that the method presented in this paper is reasonable and feasible. Meantime, the method can provide guidance for human reliability analysis of other weapon systems.     

Numerical simulation to reliability analysis of fault-tolerant repairable system

In the traditional method for the reliability analysis of fault-tolerant system, the system structure is described by means of binary decision diagram (BDD) and Markov process, and then the reliability indexes are calculated. However, as the size of system augments, the size of state space will increase exponentially. Additionally, Markov approach requires that the failure and repair time of the components obey an exponential distribution. In this study, by combining dynamic fault tree (DFT) and numerical simulation based on the minimal sequence cut set (MSCS), a new method to evaluate reliability of fault-tolerant system with repairable components is proposed. The method presented does not depend on Markov model, so that it can effectively solve the problem of the state-space combination explosion. Moreover, it is suitable for systems whose failure and repair time obey an arbitrary distribution. Therefore, our method is more flexible than the traditional method. At last, an example is given to verify the method.     

城市轨道交通牵引变电所继电保护可靠性评估

为了掌握城市轨道交通牵引变电所继电保护可靠性,寻找继电保护系统薄弱环节,为故障排查提供指导,进行城市轨道交通牵引变电所继电保护可靠性评估研究. 首先针对城市轨道交通牵引变电所继电保护系统特点,确定可靠性指标;其次根据系统构成及其故障模式,建立继电保护装置故障树模型以及不同配置方案的保护系统故障树模型;最后考虑微机自检功能,基于马尔科夫理论及蒙特卡洛方法,仿真计算城市轨道交通牵引变电所继电保护可靠性指标. 研究结果表明:方法能够获取丰富的可靠性指标,进行牵引变电所继电保护可靠性评估,从而识别系统薄弱环节;自检率为0.9时,继电保护装置误动故障概率占装置故障概率比例高出拒动故障17.93%,装置误动及拒动自检成功率分别为86.09%与74.37%,保护装置可用度为99.88%;后备保护能够降低保护系统拒动概率,但由其误动造成的保护系统误动占比30%～50%,因此,在选用保护配置时需要考虑保护误动风险影响.      

ATIS 环境下随机动态路网行程时间可靠性0

为评价随机动态道路网络系统在ATIS 环境下的行程时间可靠性,将出行者群 体划分为装载和未装载信息接收设备两类,并假设他们均遵循随机动态用户最优原则 (SDUO)进行动态路径选择,运用动态均衡理论建立了基于路径的混合SDUO 不动点模 型,并证明该模型至少存在一个不动点.使用离散随机变量序列描述需求的随机动态变 化,基于Monte Carlo 模拟和对角化相继平均算法(MSA),提出了ATIS 环境下随机动态路 网的行程时间可靠性评价方法.随后通过算例验证了可靠性评价方法的可行性. 数值结果 表明：OD 行程时间可靠性随出发时段动态变化,且在动态情形下,扩大ATIS 市场占有率 并不能进一步提高可靠性,反而可能会导致可靠性下降.     

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为考察出行信息对道路网络出行时间可靠性的改善效果,将出行者划分为“有ATIS接收装置”和“无ATIS接收装置”两类,且均以随机方式选择路径,运用混合网络随机用户均衡建模理论构建了信息诱导下的出行路径选择模型.从路段容量的实际变化规律出发,假定其服从截尾正态分布,基于Monte Carlo仿真技术和网络均衡流求解算法,建立了信息影响下的道路网络出行时间可靠性评估方法.数值分析结果表明：道路网络出行时间可靠性随出行信息质量和信息系统的市场渗透率增加而递增,但其边际影响递减;对于交通需求水平高的道路网路,信息的提供对网络出行时间可靠性的改进更加明显.     

Approach for Reliability Evaluation of Cross-Linked Polyethylene Under Combined Thermal and Vibration Stresses

Based on Wiener process model, a new approach for reliability evaluation of cross-linked polyethylene(XLPE) is proposed to improve the lifetime evaluation reliability of XLPE under multi-stressing conditions and study the failure probability distribution. In this paper, two accelerated aging tests are carried out under combined thermal and vibration conditions. The volume resistance degradation data of XLPE samples are tested with a24 h interval under the accelerated stressing conditions at(130℃, 12 m/s~2) and(150℃, 8.5 m/s~2), respectively.Nonlinear degradation data obtained from the experiment are transformed to linear intermediate-variable values using time scaling function, and then linearized degradation data are calculated and evaluated on the basis of linear Wiener process model. Considering traditional Arrhenius equation and inverse power criterion, parameters of the linear Wiener model are estimated according to the maximum likelihood function. The relationship curves on probability density and reliability are given, and the lifetime distribution of XLPE under different stressing conditions is also obtained for evaluating the reliability of XLPE insulation. Finally, the life expectancy of XLPE is 17.9 a under an allowance temperature of 90℃ and an actual vibration acceleration of 0.5 m/s~2. The approach and results in this paper may be used for reliability assessment of high-voltage multiple samples or apparatuses.     

Approximate method for reliability assessment of complex phased mission systems

Phased-mission systems (PMSs) have wide applications in engineering practices, such as manmade satellites. Certain critical parts in the system, such as cold standby, hot standby and functional standby, are designed in redundancy architecture to achieve high reliability performance. State-space models such as Markov process have been used extensively in previous studies for reliability evaluation of PMSs with dynamic behaviors. The most popular way to deal with the dynamic behaviors is Markov process, but it is well known that Markov process is limited to exponential distribution. In practice, however, the lifetime of most machinery products can follow non-exponential distributions like the Weibull distribution which cannot be handled by the Markov process. In order to solve this kind of problem, we present a semi-Markov model combined with an approximation algorithm to analyze PMS reliability subjected to non-exponential failures. Furthermore, the accuracy of the approximation algorithm is investigated by comparing to an accurate solution, and a typical PMS (attitude and orbit control system) is analyzed to demonstrate the implementation of the method.     

Reliability Prediction Method Based on State Space Model for Rolling Element Bearing

Reliability analysis based on equipment’s performance degradation characteristics is one of the significant research areas in reliability research. Nowadays, many researches are carried on multi-sample analysis. But it is limited for a single equipment reliability prediction. Therefore, the method of reliability prediction based on state space model(SSM) is proposed in this research. Feature energy of the monitored signals is extracted with the wavelet packet analysis and the associated frequency band energy with online monitored data. Then,degradation feature is improved by moving average filtering processing taken as input pair model parameter of SSM to be estimated. In the end, state space predicting model of degradation index is established. The probability density distribution of the degradation index is predicted, and the degree of reliability is calculated. A real testing example of bearing is used to demonstrate the rationality and effectiveness of this method. It is a useful method for single sample reliability prediction.     

管片衬砌可靠度分析实用方法研究

由于盾构隧道管片衬砌结构形式的特殊性,可靠度分析中仅采用截面承载力极限状态方程作为功能函数不够全面,故文中提出管片可靠度分析应采用双功能函数,即增选管片裂缝宽度控制方程作为第二功能函数.考虑到随机变量的非正态分布和功能函数的高度非线性,常规一次二阶矩法精度较低,提出采用映射变换和二次二阶矩相结合的方法进行管片衬砌可靠度分析.实例表明：双功能函数相互补充,可保证结构的安全可靠,映射变换和二次二阶矩结合分析法清晰简便,能较好地解决功能函数高度非线性、随机变量非正态分布等问题.     

桥梁结构非线性地震响应极值分布的估算方法

为了研究近断层脉冲地震作用下桥梁非线性地震响应极值分布,进行小失效概率下的桥梁动力可靠度精确计算,提出了一种有效的近断层脉冲地震作用下桥梁结构非线性地震响应极值分布分析方法. 首先考虑桥梁结构的非线性和地震动的不确定性,采用拉丁超立方抽样对近断层脉冲地震动随机参数和结构随机参数进行随机抽样,通过模拟的高频地震动均方值和与精确值的相对误差确定出所需要的样本数量;其次以合成的近断层脉冲地震动作为地震激励,通过时程分析对结构非线性动力方程进行求解,从而得到结构非线性地震响应极值样本,再采用改进的分数阶矩最大熵原理获得结构非线性地震响应的极值分布;最后通过非线性单自由度系统和三层非线性剪切框架验证了该方法的有效性. 研究结果表明:该方法不仅能够有效的模拟近断层脉冲地震作用时,桥梁结构与地震动双重不确定性影响下的动力响应极值分布,更能在兼顾效率和计算精度时,精确估计桥梁结构非线性地震响应极值的尾部分布,能够为桥梁结构非线性动力可靠度评估提供一种有效的途径.      

基于结构性能的PC连续刚构桥损伤分析

为探讨PC(预应力混凝土)连续刚构桥开裂及下挠的原因,提出了基于结构性能的损伤分析方法.该方法立足于结构性能的客观表象,把对可能造成损伤的诸多因素对结构性能水平的影响分析作为主要手段;通过对大量理论计算与试验数据的对比分析,以基于实桥检测和荷载试验的性能水平参数作为评判依据,找出造成损伤的因素及其达到的程度,同时获得损伤桥梁较为真实的性能水平,作为可靠性评估和加固设计的依据.通过对一座跨径160 m的PC连续刚构桥基于性能的损伤分析,结果表明:用该方法,结构挠度的校验系数可达0.9.