Federal ports policy

In contrast to the centralized port-planning framework that is utilized in some industrialized countries, the US relies on a complex and fragmented framework in which responsibility for the planning, development and operation of landside maritime infrastructure rests with State and local governments. It has been argued that the separation of the federal government from port policy was rooted in the port preference clause of the Constitution. This paper is an effort to determine whether the current decentralized port policy in fact stems from the Constitution and, to that end, reviews how over the years the US Supreme Court has construed the port preference clause in the Constitution. It was found that there is no evidence to support the assertion that the port preference clause has restricted the development of Federal port policy. Moreover, the decentralized and fragmented decision-making process that is evident today does not imply the absence of federal impact. Rather, it reflects federal involvement through multiple agencies and regulatory processes and is a conscious effort, consistent with other areas of transport infrastructure development, to retain local decision-making for infrastructure investments. It is concluded by raising the issue whether current federal involvement in ports (that is, existing federal port policy), through dredging, landside transportation improvements or subsidized capital, among other things, needs to be reappraised before a new round of capital intensive investment begins.     

Towards a common ports policy? EU-proposals and the ports industry's perceptions

This paper discusses the European Union's (EU) proposals to improve the efficiency and infrastructure of European ports, and investigates the extent to which these proposals are welcomed by the ports industry. On the one hand, the analysis of the recent EU policy developments makes apparent that the EU is increasingly impinging upon the port industry's life. On the other hand, the findings of the semi-structured interviews with the industry's representatives suggest that although port authorities and port operators remain in principle against a coherent common EU ports policy, the industry believes that certain EU initiatives can enhance the competitiveness of the maritime transport system.     

欧洲沿海港口集装箱运输发展状况

欧洲大陆海岸线长达3．79万km,沿海港口星罗棋布,2005年欧洲沿海港口完成集装箱吞吐量7300多万TEU,与同年我国大陆沿海港口集装箱吞吐量7002万TEU规模相当。本文根据相关统计数据分析欧洲沿海港口集装箱运输发展状况。     

欧洲港口简介(3)比利时

在西欧国家中,比利时的海岸线比较短,但却在世界100强集装箱大港中占有2个席位,即安特卫普港和泽布吕赫港。     

欧洲港口区域化发展策略及特征

为论证港口区域化是港口发展的下一个阶段,运用市场动态学原理,以欧洲港口为例,提出港口区域化发展策略及特征,认为在港口区域化阶段,港口实际上就是一个拥有陆向腹地和海向腹地、配有完善的多式联运通道的“大配送中心”;海港与内陆港口、内陆货运中心通过战略联盟、股权或非股权方式交叉参与、合资或合并及市场联合营销或联合促销等形式实现规模优势;在港口区域化策略驱动下,原先的港口城市突破地域界限,向物流功能高度集中的港口网络转变,连续腹地和非连续腹地并存,并形成“物流极”现象。     

The implications of increased competition among ports for port policy and management

The increased competition faced by ports is more focused than previously on the performance of logistics systems of which the individual terminals in ports are critical hubs. The changes in competitive conditions raise issues about appropriate public port policies and strategies of port managements. This paper argucs that the port industry should (and is) moving in the direction of more harmonized policies based on economic principles. Port policies based on cost recovery from users of port facilities and services need to be adopted as the international standard. The competitive environment favours considerable local autonomy. Port management, in addition to possible direct responsibility for terminal management, needs to focus on activities with economies of scale or scope. Such activities, which span the requirements of terminals and may even warrant inter-port cooperation, enhance the services available for many port users.     

Tanzanian coastal and inland ports and shipping: crises and policy options

This paper explores the current state of coastal and inland shipping in Tanzania. It provides an overview of the state of ports and shipping in Tanzania, and the reasons underlying the present crisis of competitiveness in terms of both global pressures and national and regional dynamics. Problems of competitiveness are at least partially due to under-investment, management failures, skills shortfalls and difficulties in interfacing with the railway network. Less easy to resolve structural problems include the great imbalance between imports and exports, heightened regional competition and ongoing political instability in the Great Lakes region.     

Market structures and competitive strategies: the carrier-stevedore arm-wrestling in northern European ports

Over the last few years, liner and stevedoring markets have been facing new challenges. The progressive concentration on the demand side (carriers) and the emergence of global alliances in the mid-1990s have triggered a similar process of consolidation on the supply side (stevedores). In turn, more recently, the strategic choices of pure terminal operators have led to the progressive involvement of carriers in port operations, both from a financial and a managerial point of view. This paper aims at analysing the current contest in northern Europe between customers and suppliers of port services. Substantial concentration in the stevedoring market and the emergence of dedicated facilities in that area, make this arm-wrestling stronger and stronger.

At present, the liner market is following a number of strategic directions including the pursuit of economies of scale (larger vessels) and the supply of services using faster vessels (deployment of 'fewer' assets) in order to offer either new services or additional loops (scope). By exploring the strategic behaviours of the top carriers ('bigger' or 'more effective'), the paper attempts to outline the future evolution of the two industries in a 2015 vision, highlighting in particular scenarios for north European ports. Global alliances are weakening and a new era of M&As is probably approaching: how will the bargaining power change between port users and port customers? Which competitive paradigm will dominate?     

World shipbuilding and the European Economic Community

In this paper the author traces the evolution of state subsidization of national shipping enterprises, and analyses the processes whereby such enterprises are dependent (to an increasing extent as time passes) on international factors.     

A review of the European Union shipping policy

It is the aim of the European Union to develop a transport policy that supports its economic and sustainable growth and where the concept of sustainable mobility is a driver in the development of such policy. To achieve this goal, the European Union (EU) is promoting the shift of goods to unused existing capacity in rail and sea modes. As such, it is the objective of this paper to carry out a review of the European shipping policy at a time when the EU Member-States are suffering from high levels of congestion, noise and pollution that not only affect the environment but also the quality of life of all citizens. This paper considers the development of EU shipping policy in three stages.     

A review of the European Union shipping policy

It is the aim of the European Union to develop a transport policy that supports its economic and sustainable growth and where the concept of sustainable mobility is a driver in the development of such policy. To achieve this goal, the European Union (EU) is promoting the shift of goods to unused existing capacity in rail and sea modes. As such, it is the objective of this paper to carry out a review of the European shipping policy at a time when the EU Member-States are suffering from high levels of congestion, noise and pollution that not only affect the environment but also the quality of life of all citizens. This paper considers the development of EU shipping policy in three stages.     

打造环境友好型港口

分析港口成为城市主要污染源之一的原因，为保证港口与自然环境和谐相处必须注意处理好港口选址、港口运行与集疏运系统选择和管理等3个问题，提出构建自然环境友好型港口举措：明确港口行政管理部门保护环境的职能；在有关法律中进一步强调环境保护；修改和完善有关的环境标准；完善港口环保制度体系；强化集装箱卡车管理等。     

欧盟产业政策与竞争法的关系探析

产业政策与竞争政策关系问题日益受到国际社会关注.欧盟产业政策和竞争政策共同存在于<欧盟条约>中,两者既相冲突又相协调,但协调是主要的.并且欧盟在竞争法的实施中总会适当考虑产业政策因素.欧盟的实践为我国处理好产业政策与竞争政策关系提供了成功的借鉴模式.     

欧盟娱乐游艇指南的借鉴及应用

主要介绍欧盟现行有关休闲娱乐游艇的设计、建造、管理方面的安全条款,供使用、设计、建造、管理该类船舶的用户或单位参考。     

NAFTA and Canadian ports

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) signed by Canada, the U.S.A. and Mexico and which came into effect on 1 January 1994, is a significant move towards further integration of the North American economies. This paper examines the likely impact of NAFTA on Canadian ports. Three channels of impact are identified. First, there are direct impacts on trade flows between Canada and its North American trading partners. In this regard we find that ports do not typically handle the types of products that are likely to be affected by NAFTA, and so the direct impacts may be minimal. Second, and more significantly, port catchment areas are likely to undergo substantial changes as they respond to a more competitive environment within the free trade area. Third, the transportation sector has itself been included in NAFTA, and Canadian ports will face increased competition from land based transportation modes. We conclude that ports in Canada must learn to work more consciously as agents of regional economic development.     

墨西哥集装箱港口

1集装箱港口位置 墨西哥主要集装箱港口有太平洋沿岸的Ensenada（恩塞纳达港）,LazaroCardenas（拉萨罗-卡德纳斯港）和Manzanillo（曼萨尼约港）及墨西哥湾（大西洋沿岸）的Veracruz（韦拉克鲁斯港）和Tampico（坦皮科港）,具体位置见图1。     

中国港口类型研究

改革开放30年来,特别是近10年来,我国港口业得到突飞猛进的发展,各地区港口发展逐步形成了各自的优势和特色。根据各港口的特征进行简单分析,把我国的港口分为9个类型,即效益型、国际型、民营型、创新型、进取型、政府型、爆破式增长型、潜力型和保守型,以便于各港口明确其类型,根据各自的类型制定相应的发展规划,从而带动各地区区域经济的发展。