气口喷射惰性添加剂的正庚烷HCCI燃烧过程的研究

在单缸发动机上对气口喷射多种惰性添加剂(甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇和MTBE)对正庚烷HCC I燃烧的影响进行了比较,结果表明,甲醇对着火抑制效果最显著,但是综合分析热效率和排放等因素,乙醇最佳。接着对乙醇着火控制机理进行了详细的试验研究和化学动力学分析。对排放影响因素分析表明,CO排放更多取决于燃烧温度,而HC主要取决于乙醇的比例。     

Cooling effect of methanol on an n-heptane HCCI engine using a dual fuel system

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines have the potential to raise the efficiency of reciprocating engines during partial load operation. However, the performance of the HCCI engine at high loads is restricted by severe knocking, which can be observed by the excessive pressure rise rate. This is due to the rapid combustion process occurring inside the cylinder, which does not follow the flame propagation that is seen in conventional engines. In this study, a low compression ratio of 9.5:1 for a gasoline engine was converted to operate in HCCI mode with the goal being to expand the stable operating region at high loads. Initially, pure n-heptane was used as the fuel at equivalence ratios of 0.30 to 0.58 with elevated intake charge temperatures of 180 and 90 °C, respectively. The n-heptane HCCI engine could reach a maximum performance at an indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) of 0.38 MPa, which was larger than the performance found in the literature. To reach an even higher performance, a dual-fuel system was exploited. Methanol, as an anti-detonant additive, was introduced into the intake stream with various amounts of n-heptane at fixed equivalence ratios in the range of 0.42 to 0.52. It was found that the methanol addition cooled the mixture down prior to combustion and resulted in an increased coefficient of variation (COV). In order to maintain stable combustion and keep the pressure rise rate below the limit, the intake charge temperature should be increased. Introduction of 90% and 95% (vol/vol) hydrous methanol showed a similar trend but a lower thermal conversion efficiency and IMEP value. Therefore, a dual fuel HCCI engine could maintain a high thermal conversion efficiency across a wide load and enhance a 5% larger load compared to a pure n-heptane-fuelled HCCI engine. The hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions were lower than 800 ppm and 0.10%, respectively. They were less at higher loads. The nitrogen oxides (NO _x ) emissions were below 12 ppm and were found to increase sharply at higher loads to a maximum of 23 ppm.     

一种基于HCCI模式的参比油简化机制及其验证

引入数值模拟精度的定义,采用两组分参比油模拟了HCCI发动机点火过程,对Youngchul Ra和Rolf D. Reitz提出的正庚烷与异辛烷氧化过程进行敏感性分析及优化处理,对H.J.Curran的详细反应机理进行数值验证,在验证范围(初始温度530~600 K,当量比0.3~0.8,压缩比12.5~28)的大部分区域内,优化后简化模型的数值模拟结果满足一级精度。利用HCCI发动机的三维CFD耦合化学动力学模型,模拟缸内燃烧流动过程,得到缸内压力及中间产物和燃烧相位的关系,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。     

二甲醚/甲醇混合燃料燃烧数值模拟研究

均质充量压缩着火燃烧(HCCI)技术的提出为内燃机的发展开辟了一种更为节能高效、绿色环保的新模式,着火性能差异较大的两种燃料掺混是实现均质混合压燃着火控制的有效方法。文章利用CHEMKIN化学反应动力学模拟软件对二甲醚(DME)/甲醇混合燃料均质混合压燃燃烧过程进行了数值模拟研究,重点分析了燃料掺混比、过量空气系数、发动机转速以及进气温度对HCCI发动机燃烧特性的影响规律。     

二甲醚均质压燃燃烧的详细化学动力学模拟研究

采用由美国Lawrence Livermore国家实验室提出的二甲醚(DME)详细化学动力学反应机理及其开发的HCT化学动力学程序，对均质充量压缩着火(HCCI)发动机燃用DME的着火和燃烧过程进行了分析。为考虑壁面传热的影响，在HCT程序中增加了壁面传热子模型。采用该方法研究了燃空当量比、进气充量加热、发动机转速和EGR等因素对HCCI着火和燃烧的影响。结果表明，DME的HCCI燃烧过程有明显的低温反应放热和高温反应放热两阶段；增大燃空当量比、提高进气充量温度使着火提前；提高发动机转速和采用冷却EGR使着火滞后。     

EGR对二甲醚HCCI着火过程的数值模拟研究

从化学反应动力学的角度,应用单区燃烧模型和已建立的二甲醚（DME）化学反应机理,对DME均质充量压燃（HCCI）的着火过程进行了数值模拟,分析了不同EGR率对其着火过程的影响,并从热效应及化学效应两方面分析了内部热EGR对燃料着火过程的影响。研究结果表明：内部热EGR对DME的HCCI着火过程有着显著影响。     

HCCI发动机燃用MTBE/正庚烷混合燃料的燃烧和排放特性的研究

对正庚烷及其与不同比例甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)的混合燃料在高速4缸柴油机上进行单缸HCC I燃烧排放试验。试验结果表明,随着MTBE比例的增加,混合燃料的HCC I燃烧低温反应弱化并延迟,进而导致整个HCC I高温阶段燃烧被抑制,燃烧相位延迟,因而MTBE添加具有拓展正庚烷HCC I燃烧负荷的潜力。     

二甲醚均质压燃燃烧特性试验研究

介绍了在一台单缸柴油机上进行的二甲醚(DME)均质压燃燃烧过程的试验研究,DME的燃烧保持了低温反应与高温反应两个阶段的特征,着火时刻较早。试验结果表明,混合气燃空当量比的变化对低温反应开始时刻影响不大,但对高温反应开始时刻有较大影响,随着燃空当量比的增大,高温反应开始时刻逐步提前,当燃空当量比为0.21时,出现轻微爆震现象。随着发动机转速的增加,低温反应开始时刻提前,高温反应阶段的放热率略有增大。进气温度和冷却水温度升高,低温反应和高温反应时刻都有较大的提前。在进气温度(T)大于300 K后,缸内最大压力出现在上止点前,进气温度是控制着火时刻的重要参数。     

柴油机预混合燃烧技术

介绍了近年来在柴油机上进行了一系列实现均质预混合燃烧技术的研究 ,包括预混稀薄狄塞尔燃烧系统 ,UNIBUS燃烧系统 ,均质充气压缩着火 (HCCI)燃烧系统 ,准均质预混合气充气压缩点燃 (QHCCI)燃烧系统 ,提出这些研究对于根本解决扩散燃烧的缺陷所具有的重要意义。     

Experimental study of performance and emission characteristics of DEE-assisted minimally processed ethanol fuelled HCCI engine

The homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is an alternative combustion concept for reciprocating engines. This study investigates an HCCI engine fuelled with Diethyl ether (DEE) ignition assisted wet ethanol (ethanol with 20% water content). The direct use of wet ethanol could reduce the associated energy required for distillation and dehydration of ethanol. The HCCI engine offers significant benefits in terms of its high efficiency and ultra low emissions. The experiment is conducted with various DEE flow rates and at different air-fuel ratios, for which stable HCCI combustion is achieved. Incylinder pressure, heat release analysis and exhaust emissions were observed. In this study, the effect of DEE on combustion parameters, thermal efficiency and emissions is analysed and discussed in detail. The experimental results indicate that the DEE flow rates have a significant effect on the maximum in-cylinder pressure and its position, thermal efficiency, maximum rate of pressure rise and the heat release rate. Results show that for all stable operating points, brake thermal efficiency is higher than reference mode at lower loads and almost same at higher loads. The emission parameters such as NO, HC and CO are lower than the dual fuel mode which is considered as a reference model for this experiment.     

基于BP神经网络预测正庚烷-乙醇混合燃料自燃温度

正庚烷-乙醇混合燃料的自燃温度对研究反应控制压燃(RCCI)具有重要的参考意义。采用BP神经网络预测正庚烷-乙醇混合燃料自燃温度,该神经网络模型以正庚烷掺混比、当量比和进气压力为输入,自燃温度为输出,单层隐含层有16个节点时迭代过程均方误差和训练状态梯度均最小。研究结果表明:对神经网络模型训练、验证、测试的线性系数和全局线性系数R分别为0.997 78,0.997 9,0.994 92和0.997 33,预测精度较高;验证了该神经网络模型对正庚烷掺混比、当量比和进气压力变化的泛化能力,预测值与试验值的误差均在允许范围内,因此本模型得到的预测值与试验值具有良好的一致性。     

Numerical analysis of the effect of inhomogeneous pre-mixture on the pressure rise rate in an HCCI engine using multi-zone chemical kinetics

The HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) engine is an internal combustion engine under development, which is capable of providing both high diesel-like efficiency and very low NO_x and particulate emissions. However, several technical issues must be resolved before the HCCI engine is ready for widespread application. One issue is that its operating range is limited by an excessive pressure rise rate which is caused by the excessive heat release from its selfaccelerated combustion reaction and the resulting engine knock in high-load conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of thermal and fuel stratification for reducing the pressure rise rate in HCCI engines. The NO_x and CO concentrations in the exhaust gas were also evaluated to confirm combustion completeness and NO_x emissions. The computational work was conducted using a multi-zone code with detailed chemical kinetics, including the effects of thermal and fuel stratification on the onset of ignition and the rate of combustion. The engine was fueled with dimethyl ether (DME) which has a unique two-stage heat release, and methane which has a one-stage heat release.     

火花助燃HCCI燃烧最小点火能量的研究

建立了包括进气温度、进气压力、混合气浓度、EGR率等影响因素的火花点燃过程最小点火能量的计算模型,研究了均质压燃的控制参数(进气温度、压缩比、EGR率)对最小点火能量的影响规律。研究结果表明,使混合气实现压缩自燃的手段,同样也降低了最小点火能量;在火花助燃HCCI过程中,存在产生火花点燃过程的条件;提高点火能量可以降低对进气加热温度的要求。     

CO2和H2对HCCI二甲醚发动机燃烧影响的数值模拟

模拟了燃用DME的HCC I发动机的燃烧过程,研究了进气添加剂CO2和H2对其着火时刻和指示功的影响。结果表明:CO2能延迟着火时刻,降低缸内压力和温度,从而扩大HCC I燃烧运行范围;H2也可推迟着火,并能有效提高发动机的指示功。为了既控制着火始点,又提高发动机指示功,提出进气中同时添加适量CO2和H2,并就此进行了计算。     

乙醇SI/HCCI燃烧模式平稳转换控制策略研究

如何将均质压燃(HCCI)应用到实际发动机上是当前HCCI研究的热点之一,采用HCCI/SI复合燃烧模式是潜力巨大的出路之一。当发动机采用这种复合燃烧模式时,HCCI只能在一定范围内运行的特点决定了发动机在HCCI和SI两种燃烧模式边界工况发生负荷变化时,需要进行两种燃烧模式的相互转换。实现两种燃烧模式的平稳转换需要对转换过程中影响转换平顺性的因素进行分析,综合控制。通过分析试验所得数据,本研究基于主节气门运动规律、点火提前角和供油规律3个主要影响因素提出了主动、协同的控制策略,实现了两种燃烧模式的平稳转换。     

气缸壁涂加催化剂对均质压燃发动机燃烧特性的影响

通过修改CHEMKIN软件包中的SENKIN模块,对气缸壁涂有催化剂的HCCI燃烧过程进行了数值计算。对比分析了缸内催化燃烧对HCCI发动机的着火时刻及NOx排放的影响;讨论了当气缸壁涂有催化剂时进气温度、进气压力、压缩比、过量空气系数及催化剂种类等多种工况参数对HCCI燃烧特性的影响。     

混合气分层对HCCI汽油机极限负荷和燃烧特性的影响

对比研究HCCI汽油机在不同空燃比下采用混合气分层策略时的极限负荷、NOx排放量和燃油经济性,考察了在此策略下过量空气系数λ和EGR率对HCCI发动机燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,混合气分层压缩燃烧模式能有效降低HCCI燃烧的压力升高率,具有拓展负荷范围的潜力,但同时也使NOx排放增加;适当的过量空气系数能在一定程度上改善HCCI发动机的燃烧特性,采用9%的EGR率时发动机油耗率最低,具有明显节油效果。     

乙醇燃料HCCI燃烧特性的变参数研究

利用美国Lawrence L ivermore国家实验室公布的乙醇燃烧的复杂化学动力学机理和热力学数据,建立了乙醇HCC I燃烧模型。对模型中复杂化学反应动力学刚性问题采用了能够自动调节步长的Gear向后差分法。分析了进气温度、进气压力、压缩比、当量比等因素对燃烧特性的影响。计算结果对燃用乙醇的HCC I燃烧过程的模拟和分析提供了依据。     

HCCI combustion characteristics during operation on DME and methane fuels

The Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine has attracted much interest because it can simultaneously achieve high efficiency and low emissions. However, the ignition timing is difficult to control because this engine has no physical ignition mechanism. In addition, combustion proceeds very rapidly because the premixed mixture ignites simultaneously at multiple locations in the cylinder, making it difficult to increase the operating load. In this study, an HCCI engine was operated using blended test fuels comprised of dimethyl ether (DME) and methane, each of which have different ignition characteristics. The effects of mixing ratios and absolute quantities of the two types of fuel on the ignition timing and rapidity of combustion were investigated. Cool flame reaction behavior, which significantly influences the ignition, was also analyzed in detail on the basis of in-cylinder spectroscopic measurements. The experimental results revealed that within the range of the experimental conditions used in this study, the quantity of DME supplied substantially influenced the ignition timing, whereas there was little observed effect from the quantity of methane supplied. Spectroscopic measurements of the behavior of a substance corresponding to HCHO also indicated that the quantity of DME supplied significantly influenced the cool flame behavior. However, the rapidity of combustion could not be controlled even by varying the mixing ratios of DME and methane. It was made clear that changes in the ignition timing substantially influence the rapidity of combustion.     

正庚烷掺烧甲醇时炭烟和PAHs生成的数值模拟

利用Chemkin—Pro软件中的均质压燃模型,采用正庚烷详细化学动力学机理和炭烟生成氧化机理,模拟了甲醇对正庚烷燃烧时炭烟生成的影响。模拟结果表明:随着甲醇含量的增加,炭烟生成量减少,炭烟颗粒直径变小;掺入少量甲醇时,炭烟颗粒平均直径明显变小;当含甲醇量达到15%时,平均颗粒直径稍有变小;正庚烷中加入甲醇后,燃料中含氧量增加,有更多的炭烟气态前驱物和PAH被氧化,从而抑制了炭烟的生成。