深海载人潜水器耐压球壳极限强度研究

对现有的潜水器耐压壳的研究主要都围绕薄壳结构,而深海载人潜水器耐压球壳,已属于厚壳的范围.国际上还没有均匀外压下厚球壳的解析解,只有美国海军泰勒水池耐压球壳设计公式及俄罗斯相应的公式可以参考.因此本文基于有限元的分析方法,对大深度载人潜水器耐压球壳极限强度进行了研究.通过对有限元参数的比较,提出了一个合理的有限元分析模型,计算结果与实验数据相符,而泰勒水池公式及俄罗斯公式的误差较大.然后计算了一系列半径厚度比下的耐压球壳的极限强度,并研究了初挠度的影响.本文认为对于深海载人潜水器耐压球壳可以直接根据有限元计算确定其极限强度,泰勒水池公式和俄罗斯公式偏于保守;耐压球壳经过精加工,初挠度对于其极限强度的影响不大.为了实用起见,本文还给出了完善耐压球壳极限强度与经典值的比值曲线,以及初挠度效应曲线.     

深海载人潜水器耐压球壳设计特性分析

回顾了国内外深海载人潜水器载人球壳的设计现状,对国际上6 000米级载人球壳的特征进行了分析比较,并采用塑性分析方法对不同内径的钛合金载人球壳给出了设计厚度和重量特性,分别探讨了安全系数、球壳内径、体积密度、球壳重量等设计因素.     

大深度载人潜水器载人耐压球壳的疲劳载荷谱分析

大深度载人潜水器的载人耐压球壳是载人潜水器上的最关键部件,它不仅为载人潜水器驾驶员和科学家提供了深海作业的生存空间,而且也为众多的非耐压仪器设备提供了工作环境.载人潜水器每执行一次下潜任务,耐压球壳都要承受一次海水压力作用,随着使用次数的增加.有可能会发生载人耐压球壳的低周疲劳破坏.为了确保载人潜水器载人球壳的安全性,在设计阶段必须进行载人耐压球壳的低周疲劳寿命分析.作为载人球壳低周疲劳寿命分析的基础,必须首先确定载人耐压球壳的疲劳载荷谱.本文通过对美国Alvin深海载人潜水器的使用统计资料的深入分析,提出了可以用GUMBEL分布来描述大深度载人耐压球壳疲劳载荷谱.根据设计任务书中规定的总的下潜次数要求,最后给出了我国目前正在研制的7000米载人潜水器耐压球壳的疲劳载荷谱.     

大深度潜器载人球壳开孔强度的理论计算及试验验证

文章根据外压球壳开孔区域的轴对称性和等面积补强所体现的主要强度特征对大深度载人厚球壳锥台形开口加强形式进行几何变换,同时求解系数十分复杂的三阶非齐次方程,完善和扩展球壳开口围壁、厚板嵌入组合加强的理论计算方法。通过两个4 500 m潜器球壳几种开口加强形式的应力集中系数理论计算、有限元计算和试验验证,证明了该方法的可靠性和适用性,可为制订大深度潜器载人球壳强度规范提供依据。     

载人潜器耐压球出入舱口加强形式对比研究

耐压球是载人潜器的主要承压结构形式之一,是保证潜器内部设备及人员安全的重要装备.耐压球壳上设有人员出入舱开口,对结构的强度影响较大,因此在进行耐压球壳设计时,通常会对于耐压球人员出入的开口进行加强设计,以降低开孔对于耐压球局部强度及刚度产生的影响.目前,我国对于出入舱口加强形式的设计并没有明确的规范要求.同时,尽管在设计时对于加强形式的确定需按照耐压壳的应用范围、加工条件的不同而区别选择,但目前尚无明确的依据或技术梳理.本文以一载人装备逃逸舱耐压球结构为基础,通过对于圆柱围壁加强、嵌入式围壁加强、壳板加强以及组合加强等开口加强形式的非线性强度极限分析,探讨不同开口加强形式的结构特点,为耐压球出入舱口形式的选择与设计提供技术依据.     

大深度潜水器开孔耐压壳的极限强度研究

钛合金制深海载人潜水器耐压壳上面设有人孔、观察窗等多个开孔,而这些开孔又会削弱耐压壳的极限强度,又因为耐压壳工作的环境是几千米的深海中,所以了解其主要承压结构耐压壳的极限强度有重要的意义,也是设计者所必须关注的问题。本文利用ABAQUS有限元软件对开孔耐压球壳的极限强度进行了非线性有限元分析,计算了开孔的大小及加强围壁参数的变化对壳体极限强度的影响。计算结果表明,随着孔径的增大和围壁厚度的减小其极限强度成下降趋势。     

深海载人潜水器外部结构设计研究

全面总结了某深海载人潜水器外部结构中的载体框架、浮力材料、轻外壳、稳定翼的设计工作,对各种外部结构在载人潜水器中发挥的作用、材料的选取、设计思想、设计载荷和安全系数的确定、强度分析与校核等方面进行了详细的论述,以便为今后建造类似的载人潜水器提供参考.     

载人潜器驾驶舱人机工效评估方法研究

为了提高载人潜器驾驶舱人机工效设计的质量,有效考虑特殊环境下人的心理、生理因素的变化对人操作可靠性的影响,本文基于人机工程学构建了驾驶舱人机工效评估模型,提出作业绩效指数概念,并明确其确定方式,利用CREAM预测法预测人的不可靠性导致的人因失效概率,最终得到了驾驶舱人机工效评估值。开发了数字化评估软件,并通过某载人潜水器驾驶舱人机工效评估验证了该方法的有效性。     

基于参数化有限元的深潜器主框架优化设计

深潜器主框架是一个大型空间刚架结构,如何对这类复杂的工程结构进行优化,使其既满足自身的强度和刚度要求,同时又满足总体设计对主框架重量和布置的要求,这些仅仅根据经验是不够的,如何充分利用现有的大型通用有限元软件的优化设计功能显得尤为重要.本文利用现有通用大型有限元软件MSC Patran/Nastran,基于参数化设计的思想,对深潜器主框架进行了两个方面的优化设计:首先在初步设计方案的基础上,应用有限元静力分析功能,对方案进行渐进结构拓扑优化;其次,对选定的方案,分别采用可行方向法、序列线性规划法和序列二次规划法这3种优化算法对主框架进行优化,并比较各优化方法的适用性,说明了对于复杂结构存在的目标函数多峰值现象.结果表明,通过参数驱动有限元优化能够显著减轻主框架的整体重量,使材料达到最大的利用效率,具有实用意义.     

"和谐"号载人深潜器的研制

为了满足中国大洋矿产资源研究开发协会(COMRA)在国际公海区域进行深海资源勘探的要求,国家科技部在"十五"期间立项研制出了大深度载人深潜器--"和谐"号.该载人深潜器的研制在国内是一个技术跨越非常大的项目,研制过程中需要解决许多关键技术问题以及克服国际合作过程中存在的各种问题.目前,"和谐"号潜水器已完成总装,正在进行水池试验.水池试验结束后就可以进行海上试验.本文主要介绍"和谐"号载人深潜器的研制过程,重点介绍设计思想和设计过程中解决的主要关键技术问题.     

深潜器载人球壳规范设计公式的比较

文章首先简要地介绍了几个船级社现有的关于深潜器载人球壳的规范设计公式,这些公式背后的理论基础要么是经典的屈服破坏或屈曲破坏.然后,应用这些规范公式对国际上现有的几个载人潜水器耐压球壳的设计厚度进行了计算,在计算中统一了输入的设计参数并将这些计算结果进行了比较.比较表明,不同船级社设计公式给出的球壳厚度存在很大差别,绝大多数设计规范计算出的厚度都超过潜水器的实际壳厚.因此,作者认为非常有必要对各船级社的规范设计公式进行更新,最好能像民船共同规范一样给出统一的球壳设计公式.最后,文中对如何建立统一公式的研究过程提出了建议.     

Fatigue life estimation of explosive cladded transition joints with the use of the spectral method for the case of a random sea state

The problem with fatigue lifetime estimation of explosive cladded transition joints under random loading conditions has been described. The paper presents the fatigue test results performed for the random state of tension-compression under a generated spectrum according to the Pierson-Moskowitz model. The obtained spectrum has a non-Gaussian characteristic. The tested material consists out of a transition joint clad with four layers of aluminium alloy A5083, A1050, Titanium Grade 1 and steel Grade D. The material has been tested for the existence of residual stresses after the welding process with the hole drilling method. The welding process has been also simulated with ANSYS and the residual stresses have been generated for the Goldak volumetric distribution. The obtained values of residual stresses comprise to the values of real tests performed for the hole drilling method. The information about the residual stress values have been taken into account in the process of fatigue lifetime estimation in the form of non-zero mean stresses compensation inside the clad. The fatigue life has been calculated with the use of the frequency domain method. The Goodman mean stress compensation model has been used in the process of residual stress compensation. The non-gaussianity has been compensated with the use of the Bracessi formula. The obtained fatigue life assessment results have been compared with stand test results. The calculated results are within the scatter area of 3, but individual scatter values have been calculated for calculated series.     

A simplified method for evaluating singular stress field and fatigue strength of U-shaped notch

In order to simplify the assessment method of notch stress and fatigue strength for cruciform welded structures in ocean engineering, a simple stress assessment formula based on singular strength values $a{s}_i$ and $b{s}_i$ was presented according to linear elastic fracture mechanics and notch stress strength theory. In view of the stress singularity caused by the V-notch, the stress of the corresponding U-notch was recommended and used for fatigue evaluation. Therefore, on the basis of V-notch stress formula, a simplified U-notch stress field evaluation formula was obtained by theoretical analysis and numerical calculation. After a series of verification, it is found that the stress distribution and fatigue strength evaluation formula for cruciform welded joints based on singular strength values proposed in this paper can simply and accurately predict the notch stress at welded joints. The result of fatigue strength evaluated by the simplified formula has a smaller scatter band.     

基于EMD的矢量水声器方位估计算法

对经验模态分解算法(EMD算法)进行深入研究,对其基本原理、基本性质以及存在的问题进行分析。为改善EMD算法在方位估计的精度,减少高频噪声、间断干扰的影响,本文采用Hilbert-Huang变换方法来消除模态混叠现象。实验结果表明,本文提出的基于EMD的矢量水声器方位估计算法,能够有效提高方位估计的精度。     

A simplified non-linear numerical method for the assessment of welding induced deformations

Welding numerical simulation has always been a formidable challenge because of the involved complex phenomena to be modelled. The task is increasingly challenging when multi-runs welding or welding of ships is needed to be modelled. In these cases, the computational effort is so high that solving the problem via computational welding mechanics is impossible so far. Alternatively, different simplified numerical strategies were developed to overcome this issue such as those based on the inherent strain. Unfortunately, such numerical models are rarely able to capture the effects induced by a variation of the welding sequence or clamping conditions since they are solved in the elastic filed; most of them are therefore not useful to the design optimization of a welded assembly. In this scenario, a new approach is proposed to quantify the welding induced deformations that uses virtual elements to model the weld bead in the elastic-plastic filed and auxiliary elements to apply equivalent loads determined by experiments on a single welded joint. A specific inverse analysis algorithm has been developed to use the method. The model was applied to a real welded assembly in which both the welding sequence and clamping condition were varied. In addition, for the numerical validation, a novel registration algorithm has been developed to move from solid geometries to middle plane representations. Numerical results were found in good agreement with those obtained by experiments even when the welding sequence and clamping conditions are changed.     

17000载重吨油船结构疲劳分析的快速估算方法(英文)

Fatigue cracks and fatigue damage have been important issues for ships and offshore structures for a long time.However,in the last decade,with the introduction of higher tensile steel in hull structures and increasingly large ship dimensions,the greater attention should be paid to fatigue problems.Most research focuses on how to more easily access the fatigue strength of ships.Also,the major classification societies have already released their fatigue assessment notes.However,due to the complexity of factors influencing fatigue performances,such as wave load and pressure from cargo,the combination of different stress components,stress on concentration of local structure details,means stress,and the corrosive environments,there are different specifications with varying classification societies,leading to the different results from different fatigue assessment methods.This paper established the Det Norske Veritas(DNV) classification notes "fatigue assessment of ship structures" that explains the process of fatigue assessment and simplified methods.Finally,a fatigue analysis was performed by use data of a real ship and the reliability of the result was assessed.     

风浪中螺旋桨水动力变化的实用计算方法

风浪中螺旋桨水动力变化规律是研究舰船在风浪中速航性能的重要方面。本文参照有关文献,提出了一种计算风浪中螺旋桨推力、转矩损失的实用定量计算方法,既可用于较精确地估算舰船在风浪中的增阻和失速,还可供提高舰船在风浪中速航性的研究和螺旋桨设计参考。     

A simplified analytical method for estimating the crushing resistance of an inclined ship side

This paper provides a new contribution to the simplified analytical treatment of collisions between two ships. It is directly connected to the well-known super-elements method, which is a simplified procedure allowing for a quick estimation of the damages caused to both the striking and struck vessels during such events. In this article, a new analytical formulation is presented for estimating the impact resistance provided by inclined ship side panels. Two different scenarios are treated. We first deal with the case of an impact between the oblique plate and the stem of the striking ship, and then we consider the situation where the inclined panel is impacted by the bulb. For these two scenarios, an analytical formulation relating the force and the penetration is provided and these developments are validated by comparing them to the results of finite elements simulations. Finally, the new inclined plate super-element is integrated in a simplified model of a frigate collided by another ship, and the resistance given by the super-elements method is then compared to the one obtained by a numerical simulation of this collision.     

基于平均低潮位推算理论最低潮面的简便方法

海洋工程的设计及施工过程中,理论最低潮面的确定是一个难题。基于理论最低潮面与平均低潮位的对应关系,综合调和分析及统计分析,以及《海道测量规范》中提出的方法,对我国东部沿海地区理论最低潮面与年平均低潮位及月平均低潮位进行相关分析。结果表明,研究区域理论最低潮面与不同时段内平均低潮位具有较高的相关性。但是受制于气压、气温以及风暴过程等因素影响,各时段内理论最低潮面与平均低潮位的相关性不尽相同。针对此关系,利用如东、老虎滩2个验潮站的资料进行验证,验证表明,文章提出的平均低潮位与理论最低潮面的关系应用到实际中是可行的,并且简单方便。