管土作用下的钢悬链线立管动力响应及其疲劳分析

钢悬链线立管的疲劳分析得到越来越多的重视,尤其是其与海床土体相互作用引起的疲劳。本文根据 Aubeny提出的管土作用模型以及 Bridge提出的土体吸力模型,采用有限元方法,在考虑其与海床土体相互作用的基础上,分析了钢悬链线立管在不同载况作用下的动力响应及疲劳损伤。分析发现,钢悬链线立管上触地点和悬挂点处的疲劳损伤更为显著;洋流载荷对立管疲劳损伤的影响随着水深的增加而减弱;土体吸力的存在,会增大触地段尤其是触地点附近的疲劳损伤;立管触地点附近的疲劳损伤与土体刚度呈正相关。     

Time domain approach for coupled cross-flow and in-line VIV induced fatigue damage of steel catenary riser at touchdown zone

Existing VIV prediction approaches for steel catenary riser (SCR) typically employ truncation model without considering the interaction between the SCR and soil, and only allow for cross-flow (CF) VIV. In this study, a time domain approach accounting for the SCR-soil interaction is proposed to predict the CF and in-line (IL) VIV induced fatigue damage of a SCR at touchdown zone (TDZ). The hydrodynamic force resulting from the vortex shedding is modeled using the forced oscillation test data of a rigid cylinder and an empirical damping model, which are defined as functions of the non-dimensional dominant frequency and amplitude of the SCR response. Due to the coupling effect, the IL VIV force is magnified based on the CF VIV amplitude. By combining a linear hysteretic interaction model with a trench shape model, some particular phenomena during the vertical SCR-soil interaction are captured and qualitatively discussed, while for the horizontal direction, the seabed is simplified as nonlinear spring model. Based on these models, parametric studies are conducted to broaden the understanding of the sensitivity of VIV induced fatigue damage to the seabed characteristic. The results indicate trench depth, vertical and lateral stiffness, and clay suction are significantly affect the VIV induced maximum fatigue damage at TDZ.     

Influence of seabed trench formation on fatigue performance of steel catenary risers in touchdown zone

The subsea survey results using remote operating vehicles (ROV) show that trenches with a depth of several riser diameters can be developed underneath the steel catenary risers (SCR). Therefore, an important question in respect of the riser–seabed interaction is, how the trench formation beneath the riser affects the riser fatigue performance in the touchdown zone. A common methodology reported in literature to study the impact of trench formation on riser fatigue life is the insertion of an artificial mathematical expression of the riser profile into the seabed. This study shows that such methodology can be inconsistent and leading to contradictory results. The current paper has employed ABAQUS finite element software and coded a non-linear soil hysteretic model to automatically simulate the variable seabed stiffness and the gradual trench development through the touchdown zone. In this method, the seabed model parameters are initially adjusted to extreme values allowing trench with desired depth to be developed over a moderate number of displacement cycles of the SCR. The design wave scatter diagram is then applied, simulating a generic Spar system, after switching the model parameters to values with normal range. The paper presents the impact of trenches of different depths on the fatigue performance of SCRs in the touchdown zone.     

计及海底井口影响的隔水管涡激振动响应特性试验

在靠近海底井口位置,隔水管周围流场受井口系统的影响发生变化,流固耦合下涡激振动可能诱发隔水管在横流向(CF方向)更为剧烈的振动。为了研究受管土装置影响的隔水管涡激振动响应特性,使用自主设计的管土装置模拟海底井口,采用8 m柔性立管,进行了均匀流下单管和受管土装置影响的涡激振动对比试验。试验通过FBG光纤应变片测得应变信息,使用模态叠加法、FFT变换处理分析试验数据,对比分析2组隔水管的主导频率、应变时历与幅值谱、无因次振幅以及激励力系数等参数沿管径的分布情况。结果发现管土装置影响下,隔水管主导频率减小;CF方向涡激振动增大,振幅沿径向呈非对称特征;涡激振动振幅更大,隔水管受流场的激励与阻尼更为剧烈。     

超深水钻井隔水管动力分析理论研究与数值模拟

随着钻井作业向深水(500～1 500m)和超深水(1 500m以上)发展,在交变海洋环境载荷波浪力、海流力和浮式钻井平台运动的共同作用下,隔水管的动态响应更加显著.文中探讨了隔水管侧向振动的数学模型、动态特性分析中的结构与环境载荷建模技术及其非线性动力分析方法,研究并对比了不同分析方法在计算效率、计算精度和工程适用性等方面的差异.介绍了时域内应用ABAQUS软件进行超深水钻井隔水管非确定性动力分析的算法与详细流程,算例比较了不同边界条件对深水钻井隔水管动态特性的影响.研究表明,时域非确定性分析最为精确但需要时间最长,且只能采用线性AIRY波浪理论;理论上,海流主要引起隔水管动态响应的时不变部分,但该时不变部分不等同于海流引起的隔水管静态响应,一种简化方法只将海浪与钻井船运动作为动载荷而不考虑海流对动态响应的贡献;钻井船运动和波浪载荷是隔水管动态响应分析主要的动载荷,对于超深水隔水管来说,钻井船运动是首要的动载荷,其慢漂运动对隔水管性能有重要影响,而波浪仅对隔水管局部产生作用.     

深水SCR立管触地区域管土作用研究进展(英文)

钢悬链线立管作为一种全新的深水立管系统已经在国外多个项目中应用,总结了有关深水钢悬链线立管触地区域管土相互作用的研究进展,主要包括STRIDE和CAluSIMA工业合作计划的研究数据和其他的相关论文,能够为国内深水钢悬链线立管的研究提供参考.     

深水钢悬链线立管(SCR)安装分析研究

海管(立管)是海底生产系统和浮武装置之间的关键连接.随着海洋油气开发水深的不断增加,对海管(立管)自身以及辅助施工设备的性能都提出了更高要求,施工及正常作业的安全保证愈加重要.基于立管分析软件Orcaflex,针对项目中的SCR立管进行了安装分析,并依据规范进行应力、应变校核,可为深水安装分析及方案的确定提供一定的技术参考和理论支持.     

Experimental investigation on the dynamic responses of a free-hanging water intake riser under vessel motion

A large-scale model test of a free-hanging water intake riser (WIR) is performed in an ocean basin to investigate the riser responses under vessel motion. Top end of the WIR is forced to oscillate at given vessel motion trajectories. Fiber Brag Grating (FBG) strain sensors are used to measure the WIR dynamic responses. Experimental results firstly confirms that the free-hanging WIR would experience out-of-plane vortex-induced vibrations (VIVs) under pure vessel motion even for the case with a KC number as low as 5. Meanwhile, comparison between numerical results and experimental measurements suggests a significant drag amplification by out-of-plane vessel motion-induced VIV. What’s more, further study on WIR response frequencies and cross section trajectories reveals a strong correlation between vessel motion-induced VIV and local KC number distribution, owing to the small KC number effect. The presented work provides useful references for gaining a better understanding on VIV induced by vessel motion, and for the development of future prediction models.     

平台运动对深水钻井隔水管非线性动力响应的影响

文章建立了波浪、海流和船体运动等载荷综合作用下的深水钻井隔水管非线性时域动力响应模型,模型考虑了顶部张力和隔水管内部泥浆对隔水管动力响应的影响,计人了张力沿隔水管长度的变化,并采用有限差分法求解了四阶偏微分运动方程.计算了随机波浪和规则波浪下船体运动对深水钻井隔水管非线性动力响应的影响,研究分析了船体平均偏移以及波频响应和低频响应的周期和幅值对深水钻井隔水管动力响应的影响.结果表明,船体运动对深水钻井隔水管动力响应有较大的影响,在随机波浪和海流作用下,考虑船体运动时,隔水管上部最大弯矩增大了59%.船体的平均偏移主要影响底部最大弯矩.船体波频运动对上部最大弯矩有较大影响,随着波频响应的周期和幅值的变化,上部最大弯矩变化较快,而低频响应的则主要影响隔水管上部弯矩.     

钢悬链线立管整体干涉分析研究

深水海洋立管具有柔性,特别是极端海况条件下,相邻立管之间可能发生互相干涉而增大立管的应力,从而影响其疲劳寿命.钢悬链线立管相比顶张力立管,有效张力较小,对环境载荷作用更加敏感,更容易发生碰撞.基于动力学分析软件OrcaFlex建立有限元模型,从允许碰撞的角度出发,对串列布置于张力腿平台上的两根钢悬链线立管进行整体碰撞分析,研究立管间距、尾流模型、拖曳力系数、海流流速和柔性接头刚度对立管碰撞的影响,阐述对碰撞范围、上下游立管相对运动速度、最大碰撞速度和最大碰撞能量的影响规律,为实际工程中立管的空间布置和结构优化设计提供参考.     

Metamodel approach for reliability-based design optimization of a steel catenary riser

A reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) methodology is presented for the design of a steel catenary riser (SCR) under dynamic environmental loads. The purpose of this work is to optimize the cost of products subjected to probabilistic constraints. Searching for the optimal design of the riser in a wide range of design variables is computationally very expensive if time-consuming codes for dynamic analysis are necessary in the iteration process. In this study, the effectiveness of the proposed RBDO using a metamodel is firstly studied and validated through a beam test, then applied to the industrial dynamic optimization problem. The design variables of structures are assumed to be uncertain, and some other parameters such as loading and material properties are considered random. The performance function is approximated using metamodels to avoid time-consuming finite-element analysis during the optimization iteration. A single-loop method is used to decouple the double-loop RBDO problem. The reliability is finally confirmed through Monte Carlo simulations. According to the analysis, the presented methodology is more rational and realistic compared with deterministic optimization.     

Lateral response of monopile reinforced by cement-improved soil in clay to monotonic and cyclic loadings: Laboratory model test and theoretical investigation

A systematic study was performed in laboratory model tests to assess the response of cement-improved reinforced monopiles to lateral monotonic and cyclic loading in clay. The overall load‒deflection behavior and profile of the bending moment was fully studied in monotonic tests, in addition to the p-y curves of the reinforced and unreinforced piles. Cyclic loading tests were carried out at different cyclic magnitude values and load ratios, and the cement-improved soil reinforcement range was also varied. This study provides several insights into the ongoing development of the deflection, unloading stiffness and bending moment of cement-improved soil reinforced piles as cycling progresses, which can provide empirical design recommendations for cement-improved soil reinforced monopiles subjected to lateral cyclic loading. Based on the typical p-y curve models of pile in soft clay and stiff clay, by considering the proportion of soil resistance shared by cement-improved soil and soft clay around a pile under lateral load, the modification factors of two parameters p_u and y₅₀ are derived, and then a modified p-y curve model of cement-improved soil reinforced piles in soft clay is established.     

浅析柴油锤海上打桩效果的相关影响因素

针对海上打桩施工过程中基桩下沉不到位的问题,在有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA中以非线性、粘一弹塑性弹簧单元模拟桩一土相互作用,建立打桩下沉过程的数值模型,分析柴油锤作用下的动态土强度折减系数、入土深度、桩径、锤击能量、锤击力等因素对桩体可打人性的影响,并给出部分型号柴油锤的停锤标准,对桩基工程施工有一定的参考价值...     

Flexible riser-bend stiffener top connection analytical model with I-tube

The flexible riser top connection to the floating unit is a critical region considering extreme loading and fatigue lifetime assessment and is generally protected by a bend stiffener to limit the curvature in this region. The top connection usually interface the floating unit with two main configurations: i) end-fitting and bend stiffener directly connected to a riser balcony or ii) riser connected to the floating unit in the end of an I-tube, which reduces the end-fitting bending loading, and bend stiffener assembled to a bellmouth with a given inclination in relation to the I-tube longitudinal axis. The traditional modeling approach considers the riser/bend stiffener system attached to the floating unit, representative of the first configuration. A more realistic modeling approach, capturing the complex interactions of flexible riser/bend stiffener with I-tube interface can be employed for preliminary assessment with less conservatism. In this work, a large deflection analytical beam model is developed for the riser top connection with I-tube considering the bellmouth transition region with a straight rigid surface followed by a curved section. The riser follows a nonlinear bending behavior described by a bilinear moment vs curvature function and the bend stiffener polyurethane material exhibits nonlinear elastic symmetric response represented by a power law function. It is assumed that there is no gap between the riser and the bend stiffener and the riser is fixed in the end-fitting position. The mathematical formulation of the statically indeterminate system results in three systems of coupled differential equations combined with the corresponding multipoint boundary conditions to be numerically solved by an iterative procedure. A case study is carried out with a 7” flexible riser protected by a bend stiffener connected to an inclined I-tube bellmouth. The system is subjected to extreme loading conditions and the influence of the sleeve shape and I-tube length on the riser curvature distribution, including the end-fitting position, and contact forces between the riser/sleeve and riser/bend stiffener sections are assessed.     

深水钻井立管建模与角度安全控制

从水面钻井平台与水下立管联合作业的安全角度出发,提出一种将钻井立管的力学响应限制特性引入水面平台动力定位闭环控制中的位置保持方法,实现水面钻井平台（或船舶）基于立管角度响应的动态定位。利用有限元方法建立包括立管系统质量、系统刚度、结构阻尼和水动力载荷在内的立管运动控制模型。联合水面浮体和水下立管的低频运动特性建立水面浮体运动偏移与水下立管顶端角度及末端角度的相对运动关系模型。在此基础上,设计基于立管运行响应的动力定位控位方法,实现对立管顶端角度及末端角度的安全控制。仿真结果表明,所提出的方法可行,在外界突变的环境载荷瞬时作用于水面浮体时,能更快地跟踪新的期望最优位置,保证钻井立管运行在安全界限内。     

Equivalent linear pseudostatic and dynamic modelling of vertically vibrating monopile

To optimize offshore wind turbine (OWT) design, an engineering tool has been developed allowing for a detailed investigation of the effects of nonlinear soil stiffness and damping on foundation dynamics. We have studied the response of a vertically oscillating offshore wind monopile foundation in a realistic soil profile subjected to loads between 1 and 200 MN in the frequency range 0–10 Hz with pseudo-static and equivalent linear dynamic model. The non-linear soil behaviour is modelled with an equivalent linear method with shear modulus reduction and damping curves as input. The tool is verified and validated by comparison with elasto-dynamic model and experiments. With increasing load amplitudes foundation stiffness increases and damping decreases. For large load amplitudes the lower part of the pile foundation contributes more to foundation damping. The results indicate the nonlinear foundation stiffness and damping can be modelled rationally by combining stiffness and hysteretic damping from nonlinear static tools with apparent mass and radiation damping from elasto-dynamic analysis. The tool can be used to compute soil springs and dampers based on laboratory-based soil stiffness and damping.     

张紧器的结构参数对顶张式立管动力响应的影响研究

本文针对带液压气动式张紧器的顶张式立管,综合考虑浮式平台-张紧器-立管之间的运动关系、液压气柱的张力-冲程非线性关系、立管的真实截面布置以及采油树的作用,建立更加符合工程实际的三维有限元分析模型,并通过与实验结果对比验证了该模型的正确性。基于该有限元模型,研究了张紧器的结构参数对顶张式立管动力响应的影响。结果表明:活塞和活塞杆的直径以及高压气体的初始压强对立管的动力响应影响最大;低压气体的初始压强以及液压气柱和立管之间的夹角对立管的动力响应也有重要影响;在相同的环境条件下,高压气体和低压气体的初始体积对立管的动力响应的影响较小。     

内流对顶张力立管动力响应影响分析

文章分析了内流对顶张力立管在波浪和海流激励下的动力响应的影响.考虑内部流动流体的动能采用功能原理建立了立管的运动控制方程.然后采用伽辽金有限元法得到了非线性矩阵方程,并在时域内编制了相应的求解程序.最后对立管的动力特性和动力响应进行了详细分析,主要分析了内流等对其的影响.结果发现内流对动力响应有重大影响,其影响在分析中不可忽略.     

船舶柴油机SCR系统尿素喷射控制仿真

选择性催化还原技术(selective catalytic reduction)是一种柴油机尾气排放后处理技术。针对船舶柴油机SCR系统非线性、难以建模以及难以控制的特点,分析系统内部的化学反应,根据能量和质量守恒确定各状态量满足的微分方程,建立SCR系统数学模型,并验证其特性。为了实现SCR系统的控制目标,即保证NH3逃逸量不超过限定值的前提下,尽可能提高NOX转化率,以NH3逃逸量为约束输出,NOX出口浓度为控制输出,氨喷射量为控制变量,设计了非线性模型预测控制器,实时计算系统所需尿素喷射量。实验仿真表明了非线性模型预测控制器的有效性,稳态工况和瞬态工况下NOX转化率分别达到了93.803%和91.760%,NH3逃逸量均低于10ppm ,满足Tier III标准对船舶柴油机尾气氮氧化物排放的限制。     

顺应式垂直通路立管的动力响应优化研究

海洋立管的动力响应优化要考虑复杂的环境载荷,如波浪、流以及浮体运动,有时还需考虑立管与海床的耦合作用,这个过程需要执行大量耗时较大的有限元分析,从而使动力优化的工作进展困难。针对此问题,本文将近似模型技术运用到FPSO的顺应式垂直通路立管（CVAR）的动力响应优化问题。优化以壁厚、管径等几何参数作为变量,优化目标是使总重量最小及等效应力在许用应力水平之下。研究给出了3种近似模型方法的比较分析,使得优化结果更具有可靠性。结果表明,3种近似模型方法的优化效果和效率彼此都非常接近,并且都能在CVAR的优化效果和减小耗时方面有出色表现。