船底结构的焊接系数研究

采用钢结构焊接强度计算方法,给出船底结构角焊缝应力的计算模型和船舶结构角焊缝焊接系数的计算公式。以一艘31 000 dwt散货船船底结构为例,计算不同工况荷载作用下船底、内底纵骨、船底纵桁以及肋板的焊缝剪应力,并与舱段有限元的剪应力计算结果作比较,验证了当前规范角焊缝焊接系数。     

船体结构角焊缝的应力分析与试验

采用焊缝强度计算理论、有限元数值分析及组合钢构件压弯试验,研究船体结构角焊缝的受力性能。对比理论分析、数值计算、模型试验的结果表明,角焊缝剪应力的理论计算方法正确,试验实测焊缝剪应力的大小及分布与理论焊缝剪应力较一致,焊缝剪应力的测定方法可靠,为焊接系数的验证研究工作打下了基础。     

船底主要支撑构件焊缝研究

参照钢结构中角焊缝设计方法,得出主要支撑构件角焊缝强度校核准则。通过有限元法与计算模型法求出一艘单壳散货船船底主要支撑构件焊缝的应力。计算结果表明,CSR-BC规范中此处焊接系数的设置满足强度要求,且两种算法计算出的焊缝应力数值相近;对验证现行CSR-BC规范焊脚高度的安全性以及优化焊接系数规格表具有一定参考价值。     

不同焊接顺序下加筋板变形及残余应力的三维有限元研究

针对焊接过程的二维有限元计算与实际情况存在一定差别的问题,使用三维热弹-塑性有限元法对不同焊接顺序下加筋板焊接过程进行了仿真,获得了加筋板焊接引起的温度场、位移场和应力场。结果表明：在4点约束条件下,加筋板横截面的变形为中垂变形,纵筋的变形为中拱变形,方案1横截面变形更小,方案2纵筋变形更小。焊接引起的加筋板残余应力主要表现为横向应力,其在近焊缝区为拉应力,达到材料屈服强度,远离焊缝区表现为压应力,达到0.2倍材料屈服强度。加强筋横向应力峰值出现在起弧端和收弧端,约为0.85倍材料屈服强度,纵向应力峰值出现在焊接起弧端,约为0.3倍材料屈服强度。在加筋板横截面位置,焊接顺序主要影响加强筋处的残余应力;在加强筋位置,焊接顺序主要影响纵向应力。每组焊缝同时同向焊接,且每根纵筋从左向右依次焊接的焊接方案产生更小的残余应力。     

定位焊顺序对单面埋弧焊接头残余应力和变形的影响（英文）

Submerged arc welding(SAW) is advantageous for joining high thickness materials in large structure due to high material deposition rate. The non-uniform heating and cooling generates the thermal stresses and subsequently the residual stresses and distortion. The longitudinal and transverse residual stresses and angular distortion are generally measured in large panel structure of submerged arc welded fillet joints. Hence, the objective of this present work is to quantify the amount of residual stress and distortion in and around the weld joint due to positioning of stiffeners tack. The tacking sequence influences the level of residual stress and proper controlling of tacking sequences is required to minimize the stress. In present study, an elasto-plastic material behavior is considered to develop the thermo mechanical model which predicts the residual stress and angular distortion with varying tacking sequences. The simulated result reveals that the tacking sequence heavily influences the residual stress and deformation pattern of the single sided fillet joint. The finite element based numerical model is calibrated by comparing the experimental data from published literature. Henceforth, the angular distortions are measured from an in-house developed experimental set-up. A fair agreement between the predicted and experimental results indicates the robustness of the developed numerical model. However, the most significant conclusion from present study states that tack weld position should be placed opposite to the fillet weld side to minimize the residual stress.     

Influence of tacking sequence on residual stress and distortion of single sided fillet submerged arc welded joint

Submerged arc welding (SAW) is advantageous for joining high thickness materials in large structure due to high material deposition rate. The non-uniform heating and cooling generates the thermal stresses and subsequently the residual stresses and distortion. The longitudinal and transverse residual stresses and angular distortion are generally measured in large panel structure of submerged arc welded fillet joints. Hence, the objective of this present work is to quantify the amount of residual stress and distortion in and around the weld joint due to positioning of stiffeners tack. The tacking sequence influences the level of residual stress and proper controlling of tacking sequences is required to minimize the stress. In present study, an elasto-plastic material behavior is considered to develop the thermo mechanical model which predicts the residual stress and angular distortion with varying tacking sequences. The simulated result reveals that the tacking sequence heavily influences the residual stress and deformation pattern of the single sided fillet joint. The finite element based numerical model is calibrated by comparing the experimental data from published literature. Henceforth, the angular distortions are measured from an in-house developed experimental set-up. A fair agreement between the predicted and experimental results indicates the robustness of the developed numerical model. However, the most significant conclusion from present study states that tack weld position should be placed opposite to the fillet weld side to minimize the residual stress.     

CSR和CSR-H的焊接系数研究

归纳和定性分析CSR和CSR-H的焊接系数,确定焊接系数的影响因素。提出焊接系数利用因子的有限元分析方法,确定焊缝强度的应力标准。进行了13艘CSR船舶船体结构焊缝应力的提取和焊接系数利用因子的计算,获得CSR船体结构各类角焊缝利用因子的统计结果。通过短柱和板条梁的焊缝强度试验,验证焊缝强度标准及焊缝应力公式的正确性和适用性。     

A design method of tensile triangles and low transformation temperature weld metal for reduction of stress concentration and residual stress of welded joints

Stress concentration and residual stress have a significant influence on fatigue life of welded joints. In order to reduce the stress concentration of welded joints, a mathematical design method of tensile triangles (MTT) based on bionics was applied to weld shape design. Accordingly, the stress concentration of various weld beads in the corner boxing welded joint and the fillet welded T-joint was dissected using our in-house FEM software JWRIAN. It was found that there existed a large stress concentration in the conventional welded joints, whereas those welded joints with elongated weld bead were accompanied by a lower stress concentration, especially for elongated weld bead with MTT design. Furthermore, among the weld shapes of the corner boxing fillet welded joint, the rectangle shape of weld bead had the minimum stress concentration factor (1.05). For the fillet welded T-joint with MTT design, the stress concentration of weld toe decreased dramatically with the increase of the index of designed shape, but there was a minor difference of stress concentration at weld root between the weld beads with MTT design. In addition, application of low transformation temperature (LTT) weld metal utilizing martensitic transformation to the fillet welded T-joints can produce compressive residual stress at weld toe.     

Stress analysis of a transversely loaded aluminum weldment

The analysis of welded structural details is an important component in determining life cycle estimates. As part of a project to develop guidelines for reducing cracks in aluminum ship structures, the authors performed experiments showing that the stress levels developed strongly depend on the welded connection details. To properly quantify the effects of connection details, a stress analysis of the detail is required. This investigation summarizes the analysis of a common structural detail, one that results in a transversely loaded weldment.This paper is motivated by two sets of experimental test results. The first is the stress concentration observed at the intersection of the longitudinal and transverse members in a 1.5-m×3-m aluminum bottom panel tested under uniform pressure loading. The second is the reduction in fatigue life due to weld geometry variations between manually welded and machine-welded aluminum specimens. In order to clarify these two observations, the authors completed a detailed finite element analysis of a welded aluminum T-stiffener. The results show a significant stress concentration in the weld toe area. This stress concentration is shown to be strongly dependent on the weld toe geometry.     

Size effect on residual stress in low transformation temperature welded joints

It has been reported that low transformation temperature (LTT) weld metals are beneficial to generation of compressive residual stress around weld zone. In this study, the relationship among residual stress, size effect of LTT welded joints with different plate width and thickness as well as martensite start (Ms) temperatures was investigated by experimental and finite-element analysis. It was found that heat dissipation and thermal expansion coefficient of LTT weld metal had a significant impact on residual stress. Welded joint with a small plate width led to greater compressive residual stresses in the LTT weld, which was due to the lower heat dissipation and smaller thermal expansion coefficient of the LTT weld metal in due course of cooling process. Additionally, the finite-element analysis revealed that increasing plate width mainly affected the longitudinal residual stress, while increasing the plate thickness influenced all the residual stress components in the LTT weld. Furthermore, the LTT weld with a lower Ms temperature of 191 °C resulted in greater compressive residual stresses, and was less sensitive to the LTT joint size, as against the Ms temperature of 398 °C.     

Experimental and numerical modelling of ductile crack propagation in large-scale shell structures

This paper presents a combined experimental–numerical procedure for development and calibration of macroscopic crack propagation criteria in large-scale shell structures. A novel experimental set-up is described in which a mode-I crack can be driven 400 mm through a 20(+) mm thick plate under fully plastic and controlled conditions. The test specimen can be deformed either in combined in-plane bending and extension or in pure extension. Experimental results are described for 5 and 10 mm thick aluminium and steel plates. By performing an inverse finite-element analysis of the experimental results where the simulated crack growth is forced to correspond to the experimental observations, empirical criteria for ductile crack propagation emerge very clearly. Using the experiments with edge crack specimens (ECS) in combined in-plane bending and extension, crack propagation criteria are developed for steel and aluminium plates, mainly as curves showing the critical element deformation versus the shell element size. These derived crack propagation criteria are then validated against a separate set of experiments considering centre crack specimens (CCS) which have a different crack-tip constraint. The applicability of the often-used equivalent strain criterion is discussed versus a more rationally based criterion which takes into account the stress tri-axiality. A large-scale grounding experiment is also simulated showing very good agreement with measurements. The performance of the proposed model is in general good and it is believed that the presented results and experimental–numerical calibration procedure can be of use in practical finite-element simulations of collision and grounding events with the use of shell elements. As discussed, the paper provides a clean framework for further development of macroscopic crack propagation criteria in large-scale plate structures.     

Behavior of circular concrete columns reinforced with hollow composite sections and GFRP bars

Hollow concrete columns (HCCs) constitute a structurally efficient construction system for marine and offshore structures, including bridge piers and piles. Conventionally, HCCs reinforced with steel bars are vulnerable to corrosion and can lose functionality as a result, especially in harsh environments. Moreover, HCCs are subjected to brittle failure behavior by concrete crushing due to the absence of the concrete core. Therefore, this study investigated the use of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars as a solution for corrosion and the use of hollow composite-reinforced sections (HCRSs) to confine the inner concrete wall in HCCs. Furthermore, this study conducted an in-depth assessment of the effect of the reinforcement configuration and reinforcement ratio on the axial performance of HCCs. Eight HCCs with the same lateral-reinforcement configuration were prepared and tested under monotonic loading until failure. The column design included a column without any longitudinal reinforcement, one reinforced longitudinally with an HCRS, one reinforced longitudinally with GFRP bars, three reinforced with HCRSs and different amounts of GFRP bars (4, 6, and 8 bars), and three reinforced with HCRSs and different diameters of GFRP bars (13, 16, 19 mm). The test results show that longitudinal reinforcement—whether GFRP bars or HCRSs—significantly enhanced the strength and displacement capacities of the HCCs. Increasing the amount of GFRP bars was more effective than increasing the bar diameter in increasing the confined strength and the displacement capacity. The axial-load capacity of the GFRP/HCRS-reinforced HCCs could be accurately estimated by calculating the load contribution of the longitudinal reinforcement, considering the axial strain at the concrete peak strength. A new confinement model considering the combined effect of the longitudinal and transverse reinforcement in the lateral confinement process was also developed.     

Residual stress measurement in an extra thick multi-pass weld using initial stress integrated inherent strain method

Residual stresses existing in a multi-pass butt joint with a thickness of 70 mm, using a flux-cored arc welding process, were measured by an inherent strain method (ISM). Since such a thick plate before welding contains a large amount of initial residual stresses (−300 to +100 MPa), the initial stresses were integrated with conventional ISM in order to determine the total residual stresses in a welded joint. Two methods named as initial stress integrated ISM and initial inherent strain integrated ISM were suggested for the consideration of the initial stress distributions through the thickness of base plates. The results show that there is a significant difference between the integrated ISM with initial stresses or initial inherent strain and the conventional ISM without initial stresses. The residual stresses measured by any of the initial stress integrated ISM and initial inherent strain integrated ISM agreed well with the neutron diffraction measurement. Thus, the proposed initial stress integrated ISM is a proper destructive measurement method in the case of thick weld joints.     

基于LR规范的豪华邮轮全船有限元分析流程及应用

对豪华邮轮进行全船结构强度分析是其结构设计的必要条件。文章基于LR规范,介绍豪华邮轮有限元分析流程,包括边界条件、设计载荷、计算工况和强度准则等,以某艘14万总吨级的豪华邮轮为实例,采用有限元手段对其全船结构强度进行计算,并分析应力分布特点和主要纵向连续结构的有效度,结果表明:该邮轮结构的总纵正应力和剪应力主要分别由甲板结构及连续纵舱壁结构参与传递。该结论可为豪华邮轮结构设计提供一些参考。     

热处理对800 MPa级钛合金对接焊平板残余应力影响的数值模拟

钛合金具有高强耐蚀、易焊等优质性能,广泛用于潜艇、深潜器等潜水器的受力构件及耐压耐蚀壳体。在焊接过程中,会不可避免的产生焊接残余应力,较大的焊接残余应力会影响焊接结构的安全性能,而焊后热处理能够有效减少焊接残余应力。本文首先采用数值模拟的方法对TC4对接焊平板热处理前后的残余应力进行计算,通过与试验结果进行对比研究,验证有限元数值模拟的合理性;然后采用该数值模拟方法研究Ti80对接焊平板多层多道焊的整个焊接过程以及焊后热处理方法。结果表明,焊后Ti80对接焊平板表面具有较大横向和纵向残余拉应力,通过热处理工艺后,残余拉应力得到明显降低。因此,通过焊后热处理方法可以在很大程度上降低对焊接结构力学性能可能产生的不利影响的残余拉应力。     

Structural behavior and design of high-strength steel welded tubular connections under extreme loading

The present work is motivated by the increasing need for cost-efficient solutions in offshore structural systems for wind energy production and for improvement of their structural performance. The structural behavior and design of high-strength steel welded tubular connections (yield strength higher than 700 MPa) subjected to monotonic and strong cyclic loading is investigated. In the first part of the paper, an experimental investigation is presented on high-strength steel tubular X-joints subjected to monotonic and cyclic loading far beyond the elastic limit of the material, leading to weld fracture. Two grades of weld metal material are employed in the welding process of the specimens. The experimental results indicate that the weld material grade has a significant influence on the deformation capacity of the welded connection under monotonic loading conditions, and its low-cycle fatigue life. The experimental procedure is simulated using advanced finite element models, elucidating several features of joint behavior and complementing the experimental results. Overall, a good agreement is found between numerical simulations and experimental results, in terms of both global response and local strains at the vicinity of the welds. Furthermore, the structural performance of the welded tubular joints under consideration is assessed using available design methodologies in terms of both ultimate strength and low-cycle fatigue resistance, in an attempt to validate an efficient design methodology for low-cycle fatigue. The results from this research effort are aimed at developing the necessary background for the possible use of high-strength steel in tubular steel lattice structures, particularly in offshore platforms for renewable energy production. They can also be used as a basis for the possible amendment of relevant design specifications and recommendations for including special provisions for high-strength steel structural systems.     

Effect of weld geometric profile on fatigue life of cruciform welds made by laser/GMAW processes

The effect of weld geometric profile on fatigue life of laser-welded HSLA-65 steel is evaluated. Presented are results of cruciform-shaped fatigue specimens with varying weld profiles loaded cyclically in axial tension–compression. Specimens with a nearly circular-weld profile were created at 133 cm/min, as part of this effort, with a hybrid laser gas-metal-arc welding GMAW (L/GMAW) process. The ability of the laser-welding process to produce desirable weld profiles resulted in fatigue life superior to that of conventional welds. Comparison of finite-element analyses, used to estimate stress-concentration factors, to the hot spot and mesh insensitive approaches for convergent cases with smooth weld transitions is presented in relation to the experimental results. When a geometry-based stress concentration factor is used, the fatigue tests show much less variability and can be lumped into one master curve.     

半潜式钻井平台承载力极限状态设计

以半潜式钻井平台为研究对象,研究承载力极限状态设计方法的应用。文中首先介绍了承载力极限状态、分析方法、强度衡准;然后基于非线性软件ABAQUS,以加筋板架为研究对象,对其极限强度有限元数值仿真的分析方法、初始变形影响、结果分析技术等进行研究,总结形成数值仿真分析技术。在此基础上,分析半潜平台结构模型、载荷模型、边界约束等,研究目标平台在横向分离、纵剪、纵扭三种变形模式下的极限承载力及变形模式;分析等效模型、加筋模型对计算结果、计算效率的影响,提出半潜式平台极限强度工程化数值分析技术。最后,基于部分安全系数准则提出完整半潜式平台结构极限强度衡准,并对目标平台进行评估;总结形成半潜式钻井平台基于承载力极限状态的结构设计技术。     

U型激光焊接夹层板极限强度试验研究

激光焊接夹层板因具有优越的力学性能以及众多结构优点在舰船防护结构设计中具有广阔的应用前景。本文以U型激光焊接夹层板为研究对象,设计其激光制造工艺流程,加工得到U型激光焊接夹层板试件;开展夹层板极限强度性能试验,通过试验得到了夹层板横向、纵向弯曲时的极限承载力及相应的变形模式;采用ABAQUS软件模拟试验工况,开展数值仿真研究,通过与试验结果进行比较,验证、完善有限元数值仿真分析技术,研究成果可为夹层板船体结构力学性能分析提供技术支撑。     

Residual stress distributions in ship hull specimens

This paper provides an in-depth study of residual stress distributions found in stiffened steel plate structures, such as those typically used in ship hulls. The effect of stiffener spacing on the distribution of residual stress components was studied. The welding heat input was also varied between high and moderate to study the effect of heat input level on residual stress distributions. Four specimens, resembling typical stiffened steel plate structures used in ship hulls were built and tested. Steel plates of 9.5 mm thickness were stiffened by welding L127 × 76 × 9.5 steel angles. The test was completed using the neutron diffraction method. The three normal components of residual stress were obtained in this study. It was found that a lower heat input results in higher tensile residual stress and that there exists a critical stiffener spacing somewhere beyond 250 mm that creates a maximum tensile residual stress value near the welded connection.