Numerical and experimental motion simulations of nonsymmetric ship collisions

A calculation model to simulate nonsymmetric ship collisions, implying an arbitrary impact location and collision angle, is described in the paper. The model that is introduced is based on the time integration of twelve equations of motion, six for each ship. The motions of the ships are linked together by a mutual contact force. The contact force is evaluated as an integral over the surface tractions at the contact interface. The calculation model provides full time histories of the ship motions and the acting forces. Physical understanding of the underlying phenomena was obtained by a series of model-scale experiments in which a striking ship collided with an initially motionless struck ship. In this paper, numerical simulations of four nonsymmetric collisions are presented and the calculations are validated with the results of the experiments.     

On Impact mechanics in ship collisions

The purpose of this paper is to present analytical, closed-form expressions for the energy released for crushing and the impact impulse during ship collisions. Ship–ship collisions, ship collisions with rigid walls and ship collisions with flexible offshore structures are considered. The derived mathematical models include friction at the contact point so that situation where the collision results in a sliding motion is included. Results obtained by application of the present procedure are compared with results obtained by time simulations and good agreement has been achieved. In addition, a number of illustrative examples are presented. The procedure presented in the paper is well suited for inclusion in a probabilistic calculation model for damage of ship structures due to collisions.     

基于驾驶实践的无人船智能避碰决策方法

[目的]为实现沿海无人驾驶船舶自主航行,充分考虑无人驾驶船舶智能避碰决策的合理性和实时性后,提出并建立一种基于驾驶实践的无人船智能避碰决策方法.[方法]首先,以本体论为基础,设计无人驾驶船舶航行态势本体概念模型,并结合《国际海上避碰规则》及良好的船艺将船舶航行态势量化划分为12种会遇场景;然后,从驾驶实践的角度改进影响...     

被撞船刚体运动响应的滞后特性

船舶碰撞过程中,被撞船的刚体运动较之碰撞区的局部损伤变形存在一定程度的滞后。本文以理论分析和数值仿真两种方法对该滞后现象进行了研究。提出了运动滞后分析的基本假定和计算公式。研究结果表明,被撞船的运动滞后与撞击速度有重要关系,在高速撞击时,船舶碰撞的内、外部机理计算可相对独立地进行而不会引起明显的分析误差。     

Analysis of ship–ship collision damage accounting for bow and side deformation interaction

This paper presents a procedure to analyse ship collisions using a simplified analytical method by taking into account the interaction between the deformation on the striking and the struck ships. Numerical simulations using the finite element software LS-DYNA are conducted to produce virtual experimental data for several ship collision scenarios. The numerical results are used to validate the method. The contributions to the total resistance from all structural components of the collided ships are analysed in the numerical simulation and the simplified method. Three types of collisions were identified based on the relative resistance of one ship to the other. They are denoted Collision Types 1 and 2, in which a relatively rigid ship collides with a deformable ship, and Collision Type 3, in which two deformable ships are involved. For Collision Types 1 and 2, estimates of the energy absorbed by the damaged ships differ by less than 8% compared to the numerical results. For Collision Type 3, the results differ by approximately 13%. The simplified method is applicable for right angle ship collision scenario, and it can be used as an alternative tool because it quickly generates acceptable results.     

An analytical method for predicting the ship side structure response in raked bow collisions

As an increasing number of ships continue to sail in heavy traffic lanes, the possibility of collision between ships has become progressively higher. Therefore, it is of great importance to rapidly and accurately analyse the response and consequences of a ship's side structure subjected to large impact loads, such as collisions from supply vessels or merchant vessels. As the raked bow is a common design that has a high possibility of impacting a ship side structure, this study proposes an analytical method based on plastic mechanism equations for the rapid prediction of the response of a ship's side structure subjected to raked bow collisions. The new method includes deformation mechanisms of the side shell plating and the stiffeners attached. The deformation mechanisms of deck plating, longitudinal girders and transverse frames are also analysed. The resistance and energy dissipation of the side structure are obtained from individual components and then integrated to assess the complete crashworthiness of the side structure of the struck ship. The analytical prediction method is verified by numerical simulation. Three typical collision scenarios are defined in the numerical simulation using the code LS_DYNA, and the results obtained by the proposed analytical method and those of the numerical simulation are compared. The results correspond well, suggesting that the proposed analytical method can improve ship crashworthiness during the design phase.     

基于解析法的船-平台碰撞耗散能快速估算方法

海洋平台在作业过程中存在遭受船舶碰撞的潜在危险,一旦事故发生将可能导致结构产生严重损伤从而影响平台的作业安全,因此在平台结构设计阶段考虑其抗撞性能具有重要意义.本文以供应船撞击半潜平台为研究对象,基于碰撞外部动力学分析理论,在浮式平台规范法耗散能计算基础上,运用解析法推导出考虑平台艏摇运动响应的船舶非对心撞击平台耗散能求解方程,同时借鉴船-船碰撞耗散能估算方法,得到一般碰撞场景即考虑船-平台在碰撞过程中相对运动的耗散能解析式,并自编计算耗散能程序,实现船-平台碰撞碰撞耗散能的快速估算.最后通过非线性有限元分析(NLFEA)方法,计算出供应船与平台在碰撞过程产生的应变能并与解析法的算例结果进行对比,结果表明:规范法耗散能估算方法较为保守,不适用于一般碰撞场景下的耗散能估算;本文所提出的耗散能解析法可用于准确可靠地估算相类似船-平台碰撞场景下撞击船的耗散能.     

船舶碰撞仿真分析中的单元尺寸与失效应变关系研究

随着船舶向大型化发展势头迅猛,船舶碰撞所带来的灾难性后果也显著增大.为评估船舶结构的耐撞能力,国内外研究人员分别从试验和数值模拟2个方面开展研究工作.针对船舶碰撞场景的仿真模拟中,经常采用常应变失效准则来定义单元是否失效.然而失效应变取值强烈依赖于单元尺寸大小,因此,开展失效应变与单元网格尺寸关系研究对船舶结构的耐撞性能准确评估意义重大.本文通过对光板及加筋板的耐撞性能的试验研究,并应用非线性有限元软件LS-DYNA对试验结果进行仿真模拟,探讨了光板及加筋板的单元尺寸和失效应变之间的关系.结果表明:光板和加筋板的单元尺寸与失效应变关系曲线明显不同,因此采用常应变失效准则时应区别对待,不能混用.研究结论对船舶结构碰撞有限元仿真具有一定的指导意义.     

船舶操纵运动仿真中船舶碰岸检测研究

建立船舶操纵运动数学模型,计算确定相邻的岸线线段和船舶轮廓线线段之间的凹凸关系,提出船舶操纵运动仿真中船舶碰岸检测算法,并对检测到的碰岸情况进行时间步长调整。编制了计算程序,对于船舶轮廓线端点位于岸线内侧和岸线端点位于船舶内部两种船舶碰岸情况进行了碰岸检测仿真试验,试验结果良好,很好地避免了在船舶操纵运动仿真中出现船舶冲上码头或者岸滩的现象。     

基于流固耦合法的巡逻船首部结构耐撞性能研究

目前船舶碰撞研究普遍采用忽略水对船体影响的附连水质量法,本文将水介质对船舶的影响考虑进去,建立船—水—船相互作用的流固耦合算法。并以600吨级巡逻船为研究对象,建立撞击船与被撞船整船模型以及适当大小的水域,解决了撞击船—流场—被撞船之间的耦合问题。在数值仿真计算过程中,将内部动力学及外部动力学同步分析,获得了不同工况下被撞船的运动状态以及损伤变形、碰撞速度和碰撞力等动态结构响应。所获结果可为巡逻船在不可避免地发生碰撞时提供操船建议,对于提高巡逻船的战斗力具有重要的意义。     

On the global ship hull bending energy in ship collisions

During ship collisions part of the kinetic energy of the involved vessels immediately prior to contact is absorbed as energy dissipated by crushing of the hull structures, by friction and by elastic energy. The purpose of this report is to present an estimate of the elastic energy that can be stored in elastic hull vibrations during a ship collision.When a ship side is strengthened in order to improve the crashworthiness it has been argued in the scientific literature that a non-trivial part of the energy released for structural deformation during the collision can be absorbed as elastic energy in global ship hull vibrations, such that with strong ship sides less energy has to be spent in crushing of the striking ship bow and/or the struck ship side.In normal ship–ship collision analyses both the striking and struck ship are usually considered as rigid bodies where structural crushing is confined to the impact location and where local and global bending vibration modes are neglected. That is, the structural deformation problem is considered quasi-static. In this paper a simple uniform free–free beam model is presented for estimating the energy transported into the global bending vibrations of the struck ship hull during ship–ship collisions. The striking ship is still considered as a rigid body. The local interaction between the two ships is modeled by a linear load–deflection relation.The analysis results for a simplified model of a struck coaster and of a large tanker show that the elastic energy absorbed by the struck ship normally is small and varies from 1 to 6% of the energy released for crushing. The energy stored as elastic global hull girder vibrations depends on the ship mass, the local stiffness of the side structure, and of the position of contact. The results also show that in case of highly strengthened ship sides the maximum global bending strains during collisions can lead to hull failure.     

Finite element damage analysis of an underwater glider–ship collision

Underwater gliders, which are profiling autonomous underwater vehicles designed to make oceanographic measurements, are increasingly used in the coastal ocean. As they regularly surface for data transmission, gliders increasingly pose a risk for fast ships. In order to estimate the extent of damage due to collision, 3D finite element simulations of collisions between a glider and a high-speed craft with a glass-fiber reinforced plastic hull are performed. Different collision scenarios such as impact locations, angles of attack and speeds are examined. The results are compared to an analytical solution based on simplifying assumptions. Although both methods reveal consistent results, it is shown that finite element simulations are required to account for the 3D shape of the ship. The results indicate that at ship velocities exceeding 7.5 m/s (14.6 kt) the glider penetrates the ship’s hull causing severe damage to its structure.     

Full six degrees of freedom coupled dynamic simulation of ship collision and grounding accidents

By taking advantage of the user-defined load subroutine (loadud) and the user common subroutine (usercomm) in LS-DYNA, the authors proposed a new coupled approach for simultaneously calculating structural damage and the planar 3DOF ship motions in ship collisions. The coupled procedure aimed at predicting the detailed structural damage together with reasonable global ship motions. This paper extends the method to consider the full 6DOF ship motions; thus, ship collision as well as grounding accidents can be properly handled. This method is particularly useful for design purposes because the detailed ship hull profile is not needed.A traditional ship maneuvering model is used for the in-plane surge, sway and yaw degrees of freedom with a series of nondimensional coefficients determined from experiments. It is assumed that the out-of-plane degrees of freedom are not coupled with the in-plane ship motions, and there is no coupling among roll, pitch and heave motions. The implementation is verified through free decay tests, and the obtained natural periods show good agreement with theoretical results.Several collision and grounding cases are simulated in which a supply vessel crashes into rigid plates with different orientations. The effects of the roll motion, the heave and pitch motions and the full 6DOF motions are studied. The results are compared with those from a 6DOF decoupled method. Ship motions through the proposed method compare reasonably well with SIMO results. It is found that several consecutive impacts may occur in the simulation of one collision case due to the periodic motions. This is not taken into account in the decoupled method, which makes this method unconservative.     

舰船自动智能避碰数学模型及其仿真研究

为了提高舰船航行的安全和效率,达到最佳操船效果,需要建立舰船自动智能避碰数字模型.当前模型在分析舰船避碰风险度的基础上,通过人工智能、进化计算和软计算等方法实现舰船自动智能避碰,存在避碰识别准确率较低的问题.本文提出一种新的舰船自动智能避碰数学模型,首先对舰船会遇态势进行判断;然后建立预测舰船碰撞风险判断模型,预测本舰船实施自动智能避碰方案后的复航时机是否已到,以及本舰船立即复航是否能够让清目标舰船或其他所有目标舰船;最后依据舰船碰撞风险判断结果,以当前舰船潜在碰撞风险为例,建立舰船自动智能避碰数学模型.仿真结果证明,所提模型能够实现舰船自动智能避碰.     

Nonlinear numerical analysis and progressive damage assessment of a cable-stayed bridge pier subjected to ship collision

Despite many studies on barge collisions with girder bridges in the literature, this paper investigates the progressive damage behaviors and nonlinear failure modes of a cable-stayed bridge pier subjected to ship collisions using finite element (FE) simulations in LS-DYNA. The damages in the pier initiate with appearing of local shear failures in the slender columns during the ship collision stage and reach the severe cross-sectional fractures associated with the formation of plastic hinges which causes the combined shear-flexural failures during the free vibration phase of the pier response. In addition, an analytical simplified model with two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) is proposed to formulate the strain rate effects of the concrete materials as the dynamic increase factors in the global responses of the impacted pier. It is found that the analytical model is able to efficiently estimate the impact responses of the structure compared to those from the FE high-resolution simulations. Moreover, three different damage indices are proposed based on the pier deflection, the internal energy absorbed by the pier, and the axial load capacity of the pier columns to classify the damage levels of the pier. Finally, an efficient damage index method is determinant by comparing the calculated results with the damage behaviors of the pier observed from the FE simulations.     

A simplified analytical method for estimating the crushing resistance of an inclined ship side

This paper provides a new contribution to the simplified analytical treatment of collisions between two ships. It is directly connected to the well-known super-elements method, which is a simplified procedure allowing for a quick estimation of the damages caused to both the striking and struck vessels during such events. In this article, a new analytical formulation is presented for estimating the impact resistance provided by inclined ship side panels. Two different scenarios are treated. We first deal with the case of an impact between the oblique plate and the stem of the striking ship, and then we consider the situation where the inclined panel is impacted by the bulb. For these two scenarios, an analytical formulation relating the force and the penetration is provided and these developments are validated by comparing them to the results of finite elements simulations. Finally, the new inclined plate super-element is integrated in a simplified model of a frigate collided by another ship, and the resistance given by the super-elements method is then compared to the one obtained by a numerical simulation of this collision.     

碰撞/搁浅事故中船体强桁材结构损伤机理解析预报方法研究

随着航运业的快速发展,海上航行的船舶越来越多.尽管人们做了许多努力避免海上意外事故的发生,但海难事故依然不可避免.为了降低上述事故造成的损失,需要在设计阶段快速并准确地预报船舶的结构耐撞性.本文以强桁材结构为研究对象,通过开展准静态冲压试验及相应的数值仿真,分析强桁材结构在面内冲压载荷作用下的变形机理,并基于试验与仿真所得到的结构变形特点,提出强桁材面内受压时的变形模式.以此为基础,运用塑性力学理论,推导出结构变形能、瞬时结构变形抗力及平均结构变形抗力的解析预报公式,并将计算结果与试验结果进行比较验证.研究得到的结构面内受压变形能和抗力解析计算公式,可以快速评估事故载荷下结构的响应情况,包括结构变形阻力及能量耗散,具有使用方便,计算速度快,计算结果相对可靠的优点,对船体耐撞结构设计及抗撞性能评估具有一定的指导意义.     

桥梁上部结构防船撞研究

船舶撞击桥梁上部结构是船撞桥事故模式之一,其撞击特性与撞击桥墩特性相比有所不同。现着重研究了船舶撞击桥梁上部结构的风险分析、撞击力、防撞保护等技术问题,并提出设置警示设施、AIS系统建设、拦截、红外线监测、警戒等防护措施,供通航安全部门参考。     

船舶与桥墩碰撞的数值模拟

利用有限元软件,模拟4种不同载重吨位的船舶以不同的速度与某桥墩发生碰撞的过程,演示有限元法仿真计算船桥碰撞问题的一般过程,着重分析船舶和桥墩的损伤程度.在此基础上,归纳出撞深速度、撞击时间-速度和桥墩的应力分布.     

船舶碰撞运动的滞后特性

船舶碰撞过程中,被撞船的刚体运动较之碰撞区的局部损伤变形而言,存在一定程度的滞后效应。本文从理论分析和数值仿真两个方面对该滞后现象进行了研究。研究结果表明：被撞船的运动滞后与撞击速度有重要关系;在高速撞击时,船舶碰撞的内、外部机理计算可相对独立地进行,而不会引起明显的分析误差。