苏通大桥辅桥箱梁节段水化热效应的仿真分析

结合实际工程,分析了大体积混凝土水化热是使其表面产生裂缝的主要原因之一。采用三维瞬态温度场理论,利用有限元程序ANSYS对苏通大桥连续刚构墩顶现浇块的水化热效应进行了数值模拟,分析了箱梁水化热温度场和应力场的分布规律。结果表明,水化热引起的温度应力使底板内外表面受拉,混凝土内部受压,这样的温度应力是自平衡的。水化热效应引起的早期温度应力是不容忽视的,提出了控制水化热温度及温度应力的合理建议,有一定的工程参考价值。     

Reliability of Nanofluid Concentration on the Heat Transfer Augmentation in Engine Radiator

Nanofluids, the fluid suspensions of nanomaterial, became a promising fluid that is invoked when heat transfer increase is required. Using of nanofluids as a coolant in the engine radiators is a crucial topic for the thermal engines manufactrers due to the expected enhancement in the cooling process. In this study, Two nanofluids (Al₂O₃/water and CuO/water) flowing in a flat tube of radiator are investigated numerically to evaluate thermal and flow performance. The resizing process for the radiator is performed by using nanofluid instead of water flow. A significant reduction in the radiator volume is achieved due to marked improvement in the heat transfer performance while, the required pumping power after this reduction in the volume is increased over that needed for base fluid. The normalized heat transfer (heat transfer to the pumping power) is found to be a function of both Reynolds number and nanofluid concentration ratio while the ratio of the normalized heat transfer is found to be dependent only on the nanofluid concentration ratio. These dependencies are formulated as general correlations.     

Dynamic model of supercritical Organic Rankine Cycle waste heat recovery system for internal combustion engine

The supercritical Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) for the Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) from Internal Combustion (IC) engines has been a growing research area in recent years, driven by the aim to enhance the thermal efficiency of the ORC and engine. Simulation of a supercritical ORC-WHR system before a real-time application is important as high pressure in the system may lead to concerns about safety and availability of components. In the ORC-WHR system, the evaporator is the main contributor to thermal inertia of the system and is considered to be the critical component since the heat transfer of this device influences the efficiency of the system. Since the thermo-physical properties of the fluid at supercritical pressures are dependent on temperature, it is necessary to consider the variations in properties of the working fluid. The wellknown Finite Volume (FV) discretization method is generally used to take those property changes into account. However, a FV model of the evaporator in steady state condition cannot be used to predict the thermal inertia of the cycle when it is subjected to transient heat sources. In this paper, a dynamic FV model of the evaporator has been developed and integrated with other components in the ORC-WHR system. The stability and transient responses along with the performance of the ORC-WHR system for the transient heat source are investigated and are also included in this paper.     

黏性土地基中摩擦型能量桩现场热响应试验

温度作用下摩擦型能量桩不仅会引起桩体热应力,而且会引起桩体位移.针对黏性土地基中摩擦型能量桩开展现场热响应试验研究,实测进/出口水温、桩体温度以及桩体热应变与热应力等变化规律;分析能量桩换热功率、桩体轴向约束应力、侧摩阻力、轴向相对位移以及中性点位置等热力响应特性.研究结果表明:试验条件下,3.0 kW恒定输入功率时,...     

橡胶沥青洒布车传热学分析及计算

根据热量平衡原理,阐述了橡胶沥青洒布车保温层厚度的设计计算过程,并按照洒布车施工时对介质加热升温的实际需要,探讨了两类沥青洒布车加热系统的特点,研究了外置导热油炉式加热系统的设计方法,指出通过沥青泵循环或增加机械搅拌装置来强化管外对流换热是提高换热速度的有效措施。     

汽车余热利用蓄能材料及其释热特性试验研究

比较了石蜡和八水氢氧化钡两种材料在蓄热过程中的温变特性和吸热能力,并研究了低温环境下八水氢氧化钡蓄热器在放热过程中的低温释热性能。结果表明,与石蜡相比,八水氢氧化钡蓄热材料更高的导热性能和熔解潜热使它具有更快和更大的瞬时吸热能力,并在初期的大温差下显现出更好的蓄热特性;八水氢氧化钡用于低温环境释热过程的温升作用显著,且在更低的低温环境下具有相对较高的放热总量。     

半刚性基层拱胀现象的力学分析

采用材料力学中的压杆失稳理论和弹性力学中的薄板压曲理论对半刚性基层由温度变化引起的拱胀问题进行分析。计算出了半刚性基层不发生拱胀破坏的临界应力,将临界应力与其温度应力相比较,可以判断施工完成时半刚性基层是否会发生拱胀。对影响温度应力大小的技术指标进行了分析,给出这些指标在施工中的建议值。研究结果表明:两种方法分析计算的结果是一致的,但用压杆失稳理论进行分析偏安全。为避免半刚性基层产生拱胀破坏,在实际施工中,应该尽量避免半刚性基层在冬季施工以减小整个施工过程中温差;施工单位不宜追求高强度而增加水泥剂量而导致基层材料的回弹模量值过高;应该尽量采用膨胀系数较小的骨架密实型基层混合料。     

摩擦生热的仿真分析

利用摩擦热产生塑形变形进行深孔无屑加工,不仅节省材料,而且可以获得高性能的工件。摩擦热深孔成形的热力分析是该工艺技术的一个关键问题。利用LS-DYNA动力有限元分析软件建立圆柱钻头和球形钻头的滑动摩擦副热结构耦合模型,分别计算了模型的温度场以及热应力场。摩擦过程中,最高温度在接触面外侧,温度从外侧向中心逐渐降低,球形钻头由于受力集中,更符合后期钣金深孔冲压成形要求。通过摩擦生热达到一定温度,为进一步研究摩擦热加工深孔工艺奠定了基础。     

桥梁结构日照温差二次力及温度应力计算方法研究

根据等效线性化原则,借助一般有限元程序分析预应力混凝土桥梁的非线性日照温差二次力及温度应力;针对两种非线性温度梯度模式及具有不同顶、底板厚度的一般箱梁桥,推导了等效线性化后的特征参数计算公式。对洺河桥预应力混凝土四跨箱形连续梁的非线性日照温差温度应力计算表明:中国现行公路桥规中规定的日照温度梯度模式是偏于不安全的,由日照温差产生的连续梁跨中附近截面下缘拉应力较大,它与预加力等产生的次应力组合会使截面抗裂性降低,设计时应充分重视。     

基于响应面模型的智能台架供风系统开发

为解决瞬态工况下,汽车主动进气格栅（AGS）开度及风扇转速实时调整,换热器进风量时刻改变,热管理测试台架风机无法实时为换热器提供精准瞬态供风这一问题,应用计算流体力学（CFD）仿真技术,分析了换热器进风量与车速、AGS开度及风扇转速之间的关系,并构建了数学模型,模型预测误差小于6.6%。将该模型置于CANOE设备中,与VN1640设备及风机系统连接,可实时采集车速、AGS开度及风扇转速CAN信号,计算换热器进风量,从而控制风机输出相应风量,实现了台架风机为换热器提供精准、实时供风这一目标。     

3-D numerical and experimental analysis for airflow within a passenger compartment

People use cars so frequently that they always consider the air-conditioning, and thermal comfort of the driver and passenger when buying a new car. Therefore accurate simulation of the thermal performance of automobile air conditioners to improve human comfort has become increasingly important. In order to improve the thermal comfort of passengers, 3-D flow motion and thermal behavior within vehicles must be analyzed. In this paper, a numerical simulation was used to investigate thermal behavior in a vehicle. Because air temperature at an air vent is related to the cooling capacity of the air conditioner, the cooling capacity was calculated using ɛ-NTU (effective number of transfer unit) theoretical equations. Using the air temperature relationship between inlet and outlet vents as boundary conditions, a 3-D unsteady κ-ɛ turbulent model was used to give a transient analysis simulation of the temperature field and flow conditions in a vehicle’s passenger cabin. Cooling cycle analysis and conjugate heat transfer analysis at the inside surface of the cabin’s ceiling, floor and sides were also considered. The predicted temperature distributions in the vehicles passenger cabin were in good agreement with those obtained experimentally.     

硅烷交联高密度聚乙烯热收缩材料性能的研究

利用硅烷交联的工艺方法制备了高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)热收缩材料,研究了引发剂过氧化二异丙苯(DCP)和过氧化二特丁烷(DTBP)含量的变化对复合热收缩材料拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、维卡软化点、凝胶含量和热收缩率的影响。结果表明:通过试验确认了当引发剂加入0.12份时,制备出来的复合热收缩材料综合性能最好。相比之下,DTBP作为引发剂对复合体系性能影响效果更显著。     

Numerical analysis of the effect of inhomogeneous pre-mixture on the pressure rise rate in an HCCI engine using multi-zone chemical kinetics

The HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) engine is an internal combustion engine under development, which is capable of providing both high diesel-like efficiency and very low NO_x and particulate emissions. However, several technical issues must be resolved before the HCCI engine is ready for widespread application. One issue is that its operating range is limited by an excessive pressure rise rate which is caused by the excessive heat release from its selfaccelerated combustion reaction and the resulting engine knock in high-load conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of thermal and fuel stratification for reducing the pressure rise rate in HCCI engines. The NO_x and CO concentrations in the exhaust gas were also evaluated to confirm combustion completeness and NO_x emissions. The computational work was conducted using a multi-zone code with detailed chemical kinetics, including the effects of thermal and fuel stratification on the onset of ignition and the rate of combustion. The engine was fueled with dimethyl ether (DME) which has a unique two-stage heat release, and methane which has a one-stage heat release.     

Transient modeling and validation of lithium ion battery pack with air cooled thermal management system for electric vehicles

A transient numerical model of a lithium ion battery (LiB) pack with air cooled thermal management system is developed and validated for electric vehicle applications. In the battery model, the open circuit voltage and the internal resistance map based on experiments are used. The Butler-Volmer equation is directly considered for activation voltage loss estimation. The heat generation of cells and the heat transfer from cells are also calculated to estimate temperature distribution. Validations are conducted by comparison between experimental results at the cell level and the pack level. After validations, the effects of module arrangement in a battery pack are studied with different ambient temperature conditions. The configuration that more LiB cells are placed near the air flow inlet is more effective to reduce the temperature deviation between modules.     

热流耦合长瞬态计算方法研究及其在汽车热保护中的应用

以某轿车为研究对象,以油箱及排气管吊耳温度问题为例,建立了包含车身、排气管、油箱及其隔热罩等数据的3D数值计算模型,利用热流耦合长瞬态计算方法对一典型坡道工况进行计算,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。该计算方法能有效实现整车长瞬态热保护模拟计算,缩短开发周期,降低开发成本。     

桥面融雪除冰能量桩热泵系统换热效率现场试验

基于能量桩的桥面工程主动式融雪除冰技术作为一种新型桥面融雪除冰技术，具有环保、节能等技术优势。依托江阴市征存路观风桥市政桥梁工程，开展能量桩供热桥面板的换热效率与热-力响应特性现场试验。在桩基础和桥面板中分别预埋聚乙烯管作为换热管，通过水泵驱动换热管中的流体循环，提取浅层地温能供热桥面板；沿桩身深度方向和在桥面板中布设了温度-应变传感器，用于监测试验过程中相应位置的温度和应变。试验分析冬季工况下，一根20 m的能量桩供热20 m²的桥面板时，流体、桥面板、桩的温度变化以及桥面板和能量桩的热致应力分布。研究结果表明：根据现场试验条件，环境温度为-4℃时，20 m能量桩供热20 m²桥面板可保证桥面板表面温度始终高于0℃，即平均每延米能量桩热泵系统可保障1 m²桥面板不冻结；温度的改变使得能量桩和桥面板中产生热致应力，桩身最大轴向热致应力出现在桩深10 m （50%桩长）处，约为-1.05 MPa，为混凝土抗拉强度（2.0 MPa）的52.2%，桩身最大轴向热致应力的温度响应约为0.205 MPa·℃^-1；桥面板中最大热致应力为0.77 MPa，为混凝土抗压强度（26.8 MPa）的2.9%，热致应力的温度响应为0.086 MPa·℃^-1；能量桩上部受到最大正摩阻力为21.1 kPa，下部受到最大负摩阻力为13.3 kPa；试验结束时桩顶热致位移为-0.239 mm，约0.03%桩径。     

Effect of Charge Density on Spray Characteristics,Combustion Process,and Emissions of Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines

In-cylinder charge density at top dead center is an important parameter of diesel engines and is influenced by intake pressure, intake temperature, and compression ratio. The effects of charge density on fuel spray, combustion process, and emissions were investigated by using a constant volume bomb and a heavy-duty diesel engine. Spray development resistance increased with the increase of the charge density in the constant volume bomb. It was found that short spray penetration was accompanied by a large spray cone angle in the former stage with high charge density. However, the equivalence ratio was lowered and the degree of homogeneity of the mixture was increased in the later stage owing to the rapid interaction of fuel and gas at a high mixing rate. Combining the first law of thermodynamics and the second law of thermodynamics for analysis, as the charge density increased, the gross indicated thermal efficiency (ITEg) was improved. However, pumping loss had to be considered with higher charge density. Under this condition, the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) trend was increased initially and decreased subsequently. Under high-load operation (1200 r/min BMEP, 2.0 MPa), the minimum charge density value of 44.8 kg/m³ was found to be reasonable. This charge density was suitable for combustion and brought about minimum exhaust energy and trade-off emissions. Moreover, by analyzing two operation conditions in terms of the maximum BTE with the Miller and the conventional cycles, compression temperature and combustion temperature were reduced in the Miller cycle with the charge density 44.8 kg/m³. A high C_p/C_v could improve the cylinder exergy/power conversion process by its positive effect of increasing the specific heat ratio. Owing to the interaction between a high C_p/C_v and exergy loss to heat transfer, the condition with the minimal charge density could produce more piston work.     

陶瓷载体催化转化器在摩托车排放控制中的应用

陶瓷载体催化器的性价比较高,应用于摩托车时需提高载体的抗热冲击性能和机械强度、降低热膨胀系数、保证封装工艺的一致性等,采用新型陶瓷材料、垫层材料和封装工艺就能很好地达到要求。     

Thermal design of automobile exhaust based thermoelectric generators: Objectives and challenges

The potential for thermoelectric power generation (via waste heat recovery onboard automobiles) to displace alternators and/or provide additional charging to a vehicle battery pack has increased with recent advances in thermoelectric material processing. In gasoline fueled vehicles (GFVs), about 40% of fuel energy is wasted in exhaust heat, while a smaller amount of energy (30%) is ejected through the engine coolant. Therefore, exhaust-based thermoelectric generators (ETEG) have been a focus for GFV applications since the late 1980s. The conversion efficiency of modern thermoelectric materials has increased more than three-fold in the last two decades; however, disputes as to the thermal design of ETEG systems has kept their overall efficiency at limited and insufficient values. There are many challenges in the thermal design of ETEG systems, such as increasing the efficiency of the heat exchangers (hot box and cold plate), maintaining a sufficient temperature difference across the thermoelectric modules during different operating conditions, and reducing thermal losses through the system as a whole. This paper focuses on a review of the main aspects of thermal design of ETEG systems through various investigations performed over the past twenty years. This paper is organized as follows: first, the construction of a typical ETEG is described. The heat balance and efficiency of ETEG are then discussed. Then, the third section of this paper emphasizes the main objectives and challenges for designing efficient ETEG systems. Finally, a review of ETEG research activities over the last twenty years is presented to focus on methods used by the research community to address such challenges.     

CFG能源桩用于混凝土路面除冰降温的试验研究

利用试验场足尺水泥粉煤灰碎石（CFG）能源桩,对模型混凝土路面冬季防冻除冰与夏季降温防护技术进行了试验研究,意在探索一种节能、环保、高效和经济的道路路面工程安全与耐久新技术。桩及模型混凝土板内均安装聚乙烯塑料管作为换热管,能源桩、混凝土板内安装有温度应变传感器测量换热过程中相应位置的温度、应变变化,混凝土板进出口水温、混凝土板表面温度分别由温度计、红外测温仪量测。试验主要分析冬季条件下,单根、双根能源桩供热一块混凝土板,以及在夏季条件下,单根能源桩降温一块混凝土板时,管路流体、混凝土板、桩的温度变化以及由温度引起的混凝土板、桩的应力应变变化。试验结果表明：冬季工况下,单根、双根能源桩可以使一块混凝土板表面温度保持在0℃以上,除冰效果显著;夏季工况下,单根能源桩对混凝土板降温,试验组与对照组混凝土板表面温差最大约为9.4℃,降温效果明显。能源桩和模型混凝土板在换热过程中,因温度改变会导致桩身和混凝土板中产生附加温度应力。桩身附加温度应力对桩结构完整性和安全性不会造成影响,而混凝土路面板的附加温度应力则总是与被加热或降温前的应力叠加使其总应力幅值降低,有利于混凝土路面板的安全性和耐久性。试验过程仅使用水泵为换热管中的流体提供动力进行循坏,不消耗其他任何形式能量,运营维护成本较低。