Système d'aide à l'étude de la sécurité routière Vers des outils hydribes,ouverts et intelligents

The objective of this paper is to present the results of a survey of the literature on computer-based systems in road safety analysis. This study was motivated by the needs of road safety analysts and the designers of computer-based tools for use in this area. The literature gave examples where the computerization of several road safety functions is either proposed, undergoing development or actually complete. Furthermore, these functions have been associated with different types of technological orientations. However, some problems still remain to be solved in order to obtain reliable systems with accurate and complete data which integrate the expert knowledge which is needed to analyze and evaluate road safety. The proposed solutions are evolving and this survey suggests that tools in this domain should be hybrid, open and intelligent.     

Utilisation de modeles linéaires généralisés pour tester l'effet sur la sécurité d'une modification d'infrastructure comparaison des glissières en métal aux barrières en béton en terre-plein central d'autoroute

Generalized linear models provide a unifying framework which permits application of most of the interential methods that can be used to evaluate the impact of a road safety, measure. When observations are available before and after the introduction of the measure (i.e., when there is an experimental sample and a control sample which covers the same period which indicates what would have hapened if the measure had not been introduced, the difference between the two samples can be characterized d'using the appropriate interaction term. The models used estimate relative risk or incidence rates and are able to take into account a reasonable number of confounding factors. These methods have been applied in order to compace the severity of impacts with metal guardrails or concreté safety barriers on motorway central reservations. Poisson regression modelling has revealed a tendency for the risk of injury to be higher on road sections where concréte devices have a recently been installed. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression with adjustment with reference to certain factor for example a change in the number of lanes or the occurrence of a second impact shows that concrete barrier significantly increase (by a factor or about 1.9) the risk of injury in the case of a first impact on the central reservation. This estimate could be used in a more general cost benefit analysis.     

Vieillissement et gravité des atteintes lésionnelles des victimes d’accident de la circulation routière

This study uses the road traffic accident casualty register for the Rhône Département to investigate how the risk of severe or fatal injury varies according to age and to describe the injuries that explain the severity. Two groups of road users are investigated, car occupants and pedestrians. A NISS score of nine or over is taken to indicate a severe injury. Data analysis reveals that, for both groups, the risk of severe or fatal injury increases with age. The nature and location of the injuries depend on the age and sex of the victims. With regard to severe injuries, elderly female pedestrians are susceptible to fractures of the femur (and the femoral neck) and all parts of the upper limbs. Elderly male pedestrians are mainly exposed to fractures of the femoral neck. The greater vulnerability of severely injured elderly drivers results in thoracic injuries, which are partly explained by seat–belt wearing. The main cause of death, for pedestrians of all ages and young drivers is severe head injuries. Car occupants over the age of fifty more frequently suffer from severe thoracic injuries. These findings should not, however, be allowed to conceal the differences observed in the general population for the two severity criteria we have analyzed (severe injury or death). Mortality (in relation to the general population) is highest for young car occupants, while lethality (the fatality rate amongst those injured) is highest among the elderly. For pedestrians, both mortality and lethality increase with age. These findings are also applicable to the risk of severe injury. They justify the continuation of passive safety research in order to develop protection systems that are appropriate for the characteristics of car occupants. Furthermore, they should help to increase everybody’s awareness of the vulnerability of pedestrians and stimulate the introduction of preventive measures, particularly for seniors.     

Certification des automatismes numériques dans les transports guidés : projets européens CASCADE et ACRuDA

This paper presents current work which deals with the certification of automatic train protection systems according to European standards and has three main sections. The first deals with the current situation as regards third party conformity certification on the basis of a reference document. The role of notified assessors and the requirements of European standards such as Cenelec 50126, 128 and 129 are discussed and the essential elements of the European high speed train interoperability directive are given. The second section summarizes the results of the Cascade project (Certification and Assessment of Safety-Critical Application Development) which is part of the Esprit III programme. This project deals with the harmonization of the various evaluation and certification approaches for safety critical software in railway applications. Its aim is to formulate a shared evaluation method to enable safety critical software to be certified by any notified assessor in a State in the European Union with the same criteria and rules, and in accordance with applicable European standards. The third section of the paper presents the Acruda project (Assessment and Certification Rules for Digital Architectures) which supplements the work on software carried out in Cascade. This project concerns the certification of hardware architectures and makes it possible to implement certification rules for the computers used to ensure the safety of train control systems.     

Une caractérisation de l'émission acoustique des véhicules au cours des déplacements

Traffic noise is usually measured at fixed points whereas in reality vehicles move and generate noise throughout their trip. This paper therefore puts forward a new method of identifying noise emissions which takes account of the trip as a whole. We have made use of the concept of standard kinematic sequences (which are the elements which form all car trips) and have introduced a new acoustic index to characterize the noise emissions of a vehicle during a sequence. We have achieved this by adapting conventional highway acoustic indices to the way sequences are defined and used. We have calculated examples of these indices from acoustic recordings of isolated vehicles on a test track and from standard sequences.     

Besoins en information et problèmes d'utilisation des transports ferroviaires par les personnes déficientes visuelles

This paper describes some of the findings of the biovam project, which deals with the difficulties encountered by the visually impaired when travelling on public transport, for example buses, the underground or trains. The biovam project brings together a team of researchers who are specialized in the accessibility of transport to disabled persons, mobility instructors for the visually impaired and two public transport operators, the ratp (the Paris Region Public Transport Authority) and the sncf (French National Railways). The biovam project performed a survey which identified the difficulties encountered by visually impaired travellers, and then conducted an inventory of the technical devices which could alleviate these problems. This paper pays particular attention to train travel, which differs from other modes in particular as regards frequency of use, journey duration and the nature of the infrastructure and the rolling stock. The presented findings have led to a number of recommendations and the organization of an experimental program which has renewed financial support from predit.     

Comportements,personnalité, conduite des véhicules automobiles

This study was carried out on a population of 127 offending drivers of both sexes. A validation study was also performed on a sample of 51 offending drivers of both sexes. On the basis of a questionnaire that dealt with road related parameters (violations accidents, vehicle power) and use of the Guilford Zimmermann Temperament. Survey (with the Parenti driving questionnaire in the validation study), a variety of analyses were conducted which demonstrated essentially that offending drivers do not posses a specific psycholonical profile, (unlike motorcycle and HGV licence holders who do). However, it emerged that men and women have a different relationship with the car which is an object of narcissistic investment for men, contributing to their image and self-esteem and becoming a means or supporting and asserting their masculine identity) and that the intensification of male identity is associated with a variety of behaviours that increase the risk of both violations and accidents. Furthermore, while violations in themselves are not predictive of risk, perhaps revealing more about the nature of surveillance activities, frequent reoffending can lead to the assumption that the individuals are potentially dangerous drivers.     

Réflexions sur l'usage des modèles dans les études de transport et les sciences sociales

The mathematical modelling of human behaviours is extremely common in both theoretical and applied transport studies. This paper begins with an attempt to demonstrate the limits which apply to the reconstruction of a human reality (in this case an origin-destination matrix) by means of a straightforward and commonly used model, the gravity model. These limits stem from the fact that economic, social and political factors and historical aspects are ignored. The reasons for the prevalence of models in transport studies are then discussed as are the consequences of this prevalence: perpetuation of a view of the operation of society which is far from being without political implications, the surrender of the political community to experts, pseudo-scientific justifications for projects for which politicians do not wish to take responsibility.     

Information routière par RDS-TMC: enjeux de l'interopérabilité

There was a range of systems and technologies for broadcasting road traffic information in different countries in the European Union and interoperability between the various systems must be achieved to enable road users to use the same on board equipment in different countries so that they can receive the same information service in their own language throughout a journey, whether local, regional, national or international. This paper mainly deals with the broadcasting of road, traffic information via RDS-TME and begins by describing some technical features of this medium. If the proceeds to examine issues of interoperability between RDS, TME based road traffic information systems.     

Analyse des pratiques d'accompagnement des enfants et de leurs conséquences

It is more and more common to escort children, and adolescents in rural areas, to school, to see friends, to leisure activities, to the doctor's etc. Some elderly persons are also systematically escorted to activities. These escorting trips are mainly by car, with the mother (or the daughter) driving. Whether children are escorted or not varies according to their age, but the practice has becoming increasingly prevalent in Europe since the 1970s. In England children are allowed to travel unescorted average two and a half years later in 1990 than was the case in 1970 and in the same period the percentage of trips which are escorted has increased by a factor of three and a half. Road safety problems and general insecurity in the area where they live lead parents to escort their children. Most trips of this type are by car. The same situation applies in the former East Germany where many households have only recently acquired a car and where traffic is perceived as dangerous. Although this type of organization of daily family life provides short term opportunities, it nevertheless has long term negative impacts on the acquisition of travel independence by children and adolescents.     

Analyse de la prise en compte de la sécurité routière dans les plans de déplacements urbains

At the time when Urban Travel Plans (utps) are being introduced it is important to see how they take safety into account, certu's analysis of a dozen recent docuements shows the position occupied by road safety in utps, reveals the stated aims of the utps, identifies local actions aimed at improving road safety and highlights current or foresedable problems in the implementation of utps. The analysis shows that the way safety is taken into account varies considerably from one city to another. The desire to introduce measures to improve safety is usually present, but there is uncertainty as to how to tackle the issue. The examples of methods and actions that are given in this paper may provide some ideas which merit further examination for utps in the future. It is already obvious that utps will be responsible for profound changes in urban travel and its safety, and the results obtained over the next five years will doubtless have important consequences for the cities of tomorrow.