新型含氧混合燃料对柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

进行了丙二醇单丙醚(PGPE)/乙二醇二甲醚(EGDE)混合物用作柴油机含氧燃料的研究,对比了柴油机燃用柴油、PGPE/EGDE体积分数分别为15%和25%的混合燃料时的燃烧和排放特性。试验表明PGPE/EGDE混合燃料的燃烧特性与0号柴油相比,滞燃期、燃烧持续期和热效率等差异较小,最高燃烧压力小幅下降;显著降低柴油机中高负荷时的碳烟和CO排放,降幅分别可达73.9%和37.5%,NOx排放无显著变化,但HC排放增加。     

F-T柴油与正丁醇混合燃料的燃烧和排放特性研究

F-T柴油具有十六烷值高、几乎不含硫和芳香烃的特点,正丁醇是能量密度较高的可再生的生物质燃料。在增压中冷4缸柴油机上对比研究了0号柴油、F-T柴油和F-T柴油-正丁醇混合燃料的燃烧、排放特性。结果表明:与柴油相比,掺混丁醇后缸内压力峰值、压力升高率降低;燃用F-T柴油-正丁醇混合燃料可同时降低炭烟和NO_x排放,随着正丁醇掺混比例的提高炭烟排放显著降低,F-T柴油掺混20%正丁醇的炭烟排放降幅高达67.8%,NO_x排放降幅达20.9%。     

Morphological Change and Number-Size Distributions of Particulate Matter (PM) from a Diesel Generator Operated with Wood Pyrolysis Oil-Butanol Blended Fuel

This report details our experimental study investigating particulate matter (PM) emissions from a diesel generator fueled with wood pyrolysis oil (WPO)–butanol blended fuel for electricity generation. Particle number-size distributions and PM mass concentrations from diesel, n-butanol, and WPO-butanol blended fuels were investigated via aerosol measurements using a fast mobility particle sizer and an aerosol monitor with three generator outputs (0, 3.3, and 6.6 kWe). For the n-butanol and WPO-blended fuels, the total number concentrations of exhaust particles were higher than that of conventional diesel combustion; however, the PM mass was observed to be nearly zero for all the engine operating conditions due to the higher number concentration in the nuclei mode. The morphology of the exhaust particles was investigated by analyzing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs. The morphology of the particles was drastically changed according to the test fuels and engine loads. Two types of particles were observed, including soot and coke shaped particles. These results were directly related to the immaturity of incipient soot particles due to the different physical properties and chemical compositions of the fuels.     

柴油机掺烧生物柴油NO_x和Soot排放控制研究

对柴油机燃用生物柴油-0号柴油混合燃料的NO_x和Soot排放特性进行了仿真研究。在柴油机参数不作任何改变的情况下燃用体积分数分别为10%,20%,30%,40%和50%的生物柴油混合燃料,与原机的NO_x和Soot排放特性进行对比。研究表明:随着混合燃料中生物柴油体积分数的增加,柴油机Soot排放降低,NO_x排放增大。EGR的引入使柴油机NO_x排放降低,同时也使Soot排放增加。在1 800r/min中低负荷工况下,大比例生物柴油-0号柴油混合燃料应用于柴油机时,可通过调节EGR率使得柴油机NO_x和Soot排放都控制到与原机相当。     

Investigation of soot formation in Diesel-GTL fuel blends under quiescent conditions

In this study, a visual investigation of sprays and flames is performed, and soot formation in Diesel-GTL fuel blends is studied in a specially designed quiescent constant-volume chamber under various ambient gas temperatures and O₂ concentrations. Similar to the case of soot formation during diesel fuel combustion, the sooting zone during the mixing-controlled combustion of Diesel-GTL blends is located in the leading portion of the jet boundaries. Auto-ignition delay and soot concentration decrease with an increase of GTL content in the fuel blend. Soot also decreases with lower O₂ concentration, higher injection pressure, and lower ambient gas temperature. The lack of soot formation at lower O₂ concentrations and lower temperatures suggests that Diesel-GTL fuel blends can be successfully utilized in low-temperature diesel combustion technologies that are currently being developed. Furthermore, this mixing controlled combustion method with Diesel-GTL blends can be used to modulate various engine operation parameters, and therefore to simultaneously reduce the formation of soot and NOx within a wide range of diesel engine loads.     

Instantaneous 2-D visualization of spray combustion and flame luminosity of GTL and GTL-biodiesel fuel blend under quiescent ambient conditions

An experimental study has been performed on spray combustion and two-dimensional soot concentration in diesel (ULSD), GTL and GTL-biodiesel fuel jets under high-pressure, high-temperature quiescent conditions. Instantaneous images of the fuel jets were obtained with a high-speed camera. It was confirmed that by blending GTL with 20% rapeseed biodiesel, certain fuel properties such as kinematic viscosity, density, surface tension, volatility, lower heating value and others may be designed and improved to be more like those of conventional diesel fuel but with considerable decrease in the amount of sulfur, PAH, cold filter plugging point, etc. The results showed that the spray tip penetration increased and the spray cone angle decreased when 20% biodiesel fuel was added to GTL fuel. Autoignition of the GTL-biodiesel blend occurred slightly earlier than that of diesel fuel. Experiments under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions showed that higher injection pressure induced a lower soot formation rate. The integrated flame luminosity, which serves as an indicator of soot concentration in the fuel jet, was slightly higher for the GTL-biodiesel blend than for pure GTL fuel due to the slightly higher sulfur content of pure biodiesel fuel.     

二甲醚／柴油混合燃料在压燃式发动机上的应用

为探索二甲醚/柴油混合燃料作为柴油机替代燃料的应用性能,对D20二甲醚/柴油混合燃料的喷雾特性进行了试验研究;同时,开展了直喷式柴油机燃用二甲醚/柴油混合燃料动力性能、经济性能及排放性能研究。结果表明:在同样的环境背压下,D20混合燃料的油束与柴油相比较,贯穿度有所缩短,喷雾锥角有所增大;柴油机燃用二甲醚/柴油混合燃料时,通过适当调整循环油量,发动机的动力性可以超过原柴油机,最低当量比油耗下降4.5%,烟度指标下降70%以上,NOx排放降低30%~50%;二甲醚/柴油混合燃料是一种能实现高比功率、低排放的石油替代燃料。     

高原低氧环境下含氧燃料对柴油机工作过程的影响

以高原共轨柴油机为研究机型,根据台架试验和发动机结构参数,运用A V L Fire构建其燃用B100（纯生物柴油）和B70N30（体积70％生物柴油＋30％正丁醇）的三维CFD模型,并进行验证。利用该模型对比研究了不同海拔氧浓度对发动机燃用不同含氧燃料工作过程的影响规律,并在此基础研究了B70N30耦合EGR对发动机的影响机理。计算结果表明：相比D100（纯柴油）,B100和B70N30的缸内局部当量比降低,活性自由基（OH ,O）浓度及其缸内分布区域增大,从而导致NO排放升高,但同时使CO生成量峰值减小,Soot和CO缸内分布区域以及排放终值都随大气氧浓度的降低而显著减少;相比B100,B70N30因汽化潜热增大,其NO排放降低,但原子氧的增加导致Soot和CO同时降低;对于B70N30,随EGR率增大,NO大幅度降低,CO显著升高,而Soot因滞燃期延长变化较小。     

柴油车排放的碳颗粒物微结构和化学分析

利用XPS,XRD,TG和DSC技术,对收集到的几种柴油车排气管内沉积的碳颗粒固体物进行了微结构与化学分析。研究结果表明,在化学构成上,柴油车排放的碳颗粒物是由多种元素构成的复杂体系;在物理结构上,柴油车排放的碳颗粒物具有复杂多相的物理结构,不具有明显的晶型结构,属于具有严重结构缺陷的乱层石墨结构碳,是一种不稳定的结构。在氮气和空气气氛下的热分析表明,完全能够采用化学催化手段大幅减少柴油车排放颗粒物的数量。     

Combustion characteristics of hydrotreated vegetable oil – diesel blend under EGR and supercharged conditions

This paper investigates the effects of Hydrotreated vegetable oil-diesel blend to combustion characteristics under various ambient oxygen concentrations and ambient pressure. Combustion characteristics were investigated using heat release rate analysis, two color method, soot concentration measurement and NOx concentration measurement. The experiments were carried out on a rapid compression expansion machine to simulate the ambient condition of a CI engine at TDC. Synthetic gas with oxygen concentrations of 21 %, 15 % and 10 % were used to simulate EGR conditions. A single hole injector was used with five different fuels: commercial diesel, HVO-commercial diesel blends and HVO. The results showed that increasing HVO blending percentages decreased ignition delay, flame temperature, soot concentration and NOx concentration. Heat release at oxygen concentration of 10 % dramatically dropped due to a shortened ignition delay, which resulted in less combustion. A decreased oxygen concentration from applied EGR conditions not only increased ignition delay, heat release, flame temperature and NO_x concentration, but also increased soot concentration. A combination of EGR and supercharged conditions by increasing ambient pressure and decreasing oxygen concentrations resulted in increased heat release, decreased flame temperature, ignition delay and soot concentration, compared to EGR conditions.     

柴油机碳烟颗粒在NO气氛下的催化氧化研究

围绕柴油机碳烟颗粒在NO气氛下的催化氧化问题进行相关的实验研究。通过稀土氧化物氧化铈和氧化镧分别负载硝酸盐制备了实验用催化剂,并在催化剂和碳烟颗粒"松接触"情况下,研究了在NO背景下对碳烟颗粒催化氧化过程,实现了在NO背景下对碳烟颗粒催化氧化;实验结果还显示,采用复合性稀土氧化物更能促进碳烟颗粒催化氧化,更有利于同时解决柴油车排放过程中产生的PM和NOx,从而为了开发高性能柴油机用催化剂提供了重要的实验基础。     

碳烟氧化模型的研究及在车用柴油机中的计算应用

提出了一个基于平均反应率的碳烟氧化模型,将其应用于柴油机数值模拟中,并结合试验方法研究了后喷射对碳烟排放的影响。将Hiroyasu碳烟生成模型和文中提出的碳烟氧化模型耦合在CFD源程序中构建多维模型,利用数值解析的手段,根据不同的后喷射方案计算柴油机碳烟的生成和氧化历程,并结合试验数据分析后喷射影响碳烟氧化的各种因素。研究结果表明,采用碳烟氧化模型和试验方法能真实反映柴油机碳烟的生成和氧化历程以及后喷射对碳烟排放的影响规律。     

Soot and temperature distribution in a diesel diffusion flame: 3-D CFD simulation and measurement with laser diagnostics

In this study, a 3-D CFD simulation and laser diagnostics were developed to understand the characteristics of soot generation in a diesel diffusion flame. The recently developed RANS (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations) hybrid combustion model (Extended Coherent Flame Model — 3 Zones, ECFM-3Z model) was used. This industrial, state-ofthe-art model of the diffusion flame is commonly used in diesel combustion models as well as for propagating (premixed) flame combustion. The simulation results were validated with measurements from a constant volume combustion chamber. The experiment revealed that soot accumulated in the chamber where the temperature decreased. Where the temperature increased rapidly, only a little soot accumulated. The temperature and soot distribution were independently examined using both the two-color method and a 3-D CFD simulation for a turbulent diesel diffusion flame.     

O2和 NO2气氛下柴油机炭烟氧化过程及其化学反应动力学参数研究

用热重分析仪对 O2和 NO2气氛下柴油机炭烟的氧化过程进行了试验研究,并利用程序升温氧化（TPO）试验对其化学反应动力学参数进行了研究,建立了 O2和 NO2气氛下柴油机炭烟氧化过程的化学反应动力学模型,并用模型对 O2和 NO2对炭烟的氧化效果进行了对比分析。研究结果表明：柴油机炭烟在 O2气氛下大约从700 K 时开始氧化,氧化反应的活化能为76．8 kJ／mol ,对 O2的反应级数为0．85;而在 NO2气氛下大约从600 K时开始氧化,氧化反应的活化能为21．9 kJ／mol ,对 NO2的反应级数为0．85。在柴油机排气组分条件下,当温度低于750 K 时,NO2氧化炭烟引起的炭烟质量减少占主导;而当温度高于800 K 时,O2氧化炭烟引起的炭烟质量减少占主导。     

EGR对正丁醇-柴油混合燃料燃烧和排放的影响

依据发动机台架试验数据,利用 Fire 软件建立计算模型,并验证了模型的准确性,研究了不同比例的正丁醇‐柴油混合燃料在不同 EGR 率下的燃烧和排放特性。研究结果表明：通过向柴油中掺混正丁醇可以加快燃烧速率,改善 EGR 对燃烧过程带来的负面影响;采用较高的 EGR 率,可以抑制 NO x 的生成,但混合燃料携氧燃烧,对 NO x 的生成有促进作用,但总体来说 NO x 的最终生成略有降低;Soot 的最终生成量随着 EGR 率的增大而增加,通过添加含氧燃料可以有效地降低 Soot 的最终生成。     

Pressure drop and heat transfer of catalyzed diesel particulate filters due to changes in soot loading and flow rate

When soot particles are loaded in a diesel particulate filter, it causes increase in back pressure of the exhaust system. To minimize this pressure drop due to DPF, the filter needs to be regenerated after a certain amount of soot has been accumulated. It is crucial to estimate the correct amount of soot that has been accumulated by measuring the differential pressure. It is also important to understand changes in pressure drop due to flow rate variations of the exhaust gas, since the pressure drop would be influenced by the exhaust flow rate as well as the amount of soot. Furthermore, the heat transfer characteristics of the catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) are another major issue, as the filter is occasionally exposed to high temperature gas. This study presents the characteristics of pressure drop according to the variation of soot loading and the mass flow rate in CDPF. In addition, heat transfer characteristics in the filter was investigated when a high temperature gas flows into the CDPF. Tests were performed in several CDPF samples having varying amounts of catalyst coating. Experimental results indicate that rig-based experiments are useful in understanding the characteristics of pressure drop in the CDPF. In the cake filtration region, a pressure drop has a proportional relationship according to soot loading and mass flow rate. It was found that an increased catalyst coating may lead to enhanced convective heat transfer.     

Large-eddy simulation of air entrainment during diesel spray combustion with multi-dimensional CFD

Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) was used to perform computations of air entrainment and mixing during diesel spray combustion. The results of this simulation were compared with those of Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) simulations and an experiment. The effect of LES on non-vaporizing and vaporizing sprays was evaluated. The validity of the grid size used for the LES analysis was confirmed by determining the subgrid-scale (SGS) filter threshold on the turbulent energy spectrum plot, which separates a resolved range from a modeled one. The results showed that more air was entrained into the jet with decreasing ambient gas temperatures. The mass of the evaporated fuel increased with increasing ambient gas temperatures, as did the mixture fraction variance, showing a greater spread in the profile at an ambient gas temperature of 920 K than at 820 K. Flame lift-off length sensitivity was analyzed based on the location of the flame temperature iso-line. The results showed that for the flame temperature iso-line of 2000oC, the computed lift-off length values in RANS matched the experimental values well, whereas in LES, the computed lift-off length was slightly underpredicted. The apparent heat release rate (AHRR) computed by the LES approach showed good agreement with the experiment, and it provided an accurate prediction of the ignition delay; however, the ignition delay computed by the RANS was underpredicted. Finally, the relationships between the entrained air quantity and mixture fraction distribution as well as soot formation in the jet were observed. As more air was entrained into the jet, the amount of air-fuel premixing that occurred prior to the initial combustion zone increased, upstream of the lift-off length, and therefore, the soot formation downstream of the flame decreased.     

Experimental evaluation of SOF effects on EGR cooler fouling under various flow conditions

An experiment was conducted to characterize the effects of SOF on EGR cooler fouling. A removable singletube test rig combined with a soot generator was developed to represent an EGR cooler and diesel exhaust gas. The use of a soot generator, which controlled the size and concentration of soot particles, enabled independent variables to be completely controlled. Either n-dodecane or diesel lube oil as substitute SOFs were vaporized and injected into the test rig to evaluate their effects on the growth of PM deposits and the degradation performance of the EGR cooler. Coolant temperature, which seemed to be associated with SOF content, was chosen as an independent variable, and PM deposit mass per unit area and the effectiveness drop versus time increased as the coolant temperature decreased. The PM deposit mass per unit area and effectiveness drop had maximum values at a coolant temperature of 40°C for every n-dodecane injection rate. For substitute SOFs tested in this experiment, the deposit mass increased when either n-dodecane or diesel lube oil was injected, but the effect of lube oil was more significant. Diesel lube oil seemed to have a stronger effect on the reduction of thermal conductivity by filling pores in the deposits. When diesel lube oil was injected, the deposit mass per unit area increased 127% compared to dry soot without injection. The effectiveness drop after 10 hours increased only 12.5%.     

含氧燃料与进气氧浓度对柴油机燃烧与排放的影响

在1台4缸高压共轨柴油机上,通过向柴油中掺混0%,10%,20%正丁醇(质量分数),研究了在不同进气氧浓度条件下,掺混燃料含氧量对柴油机燃烧特性与排放的影响规律。研究结果表明:进气氧体积分数处于20%~21%之间时,燃用3种燃料的滞燃期均不随氧浓度的变化而变化;随着掺混比例的增加,燃料中含氧量增加,这导致了滞燃期的增加,且随着进气氧浓度的降低,滞燃期受燃料性质的影响作用不断增强;随着燃料中含氧量增加,炭烟(Soot)排放逐渐减小;掺混燃料的含氧量对NO_x排放的影响不明显,而对指示热效率的提升有积极作用,在进气氧体积分数小于15%时,燃料含氧量对指示热效率的促进作用减弱。     

柴油替代燃料经济性分析

对柴油及生物柴油、二甲醚(DME),F—T柴油(天然气合成)等石化柴油替代燃料的理化特性、排放进行了比较,并进行了经济性分析。结果表明,在生产规模一定的情况下,原料成本是影响柴油替代燃料经济竞争力的主要因素。与石化柴油比较,以废弃食用油或泔脚油为原料的生物柴油,以天然气和煤为原料的DME以及以天然气为原料的F—T柴油具有经济竞争力。