On the hydroelastic responses of a very large floating structure in waves

New numerical methods are presented for hydroelastic analyses of a very large floating structure (VLFS) of several kilometers length and width. Several methods are presented that accelerate computation without an appreciable loss of accuracy. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed methods are validated through comparisons with other numerical results as well as with existing experimental results. After confirming the effectiveness of the methods presented, various characteristics of the hydroelastic behavior of VLFSs are examined, using the proposed methods as numerical tools. Received for publication on Dec. 3, 1999; accepted on Dec. 15, 1999     

超大型浮体结构考虑非线性项的波浪力响应计算

为求解超大型浮体结构波浪响应问题,将其简化成弹性梁板模型。以有限元软件为基础来建立超大型浮体结构的弹性梁板模型,在势流理论的基础上,将速度势分解为入射势、绕射势和辐射势三部分,并利用格林函数法推导出一阶、二阶波浪速度势的表达式。以此为理论基础,编制了相应的计算程序来计算浮体结构所受到的二阶波浪力,最后建立了梁板模型的水弹性响应方程,对非线性波浪力作用下的浮体结构的水弹性响应进行求解分析,并分析了波向对响应振幅的影响。     

超大型浮体模块柔性连接功能仿真模型试验研究

精确评估模块柔性连接性能对连接器和超大型浮体的结构安全性具有重要意义,而模型试验是获取超大型浮体模块柔性连接性能的必要手段。文章以横向浮筒式的浅吃水超大型浮体为研究对象,根据连接器动响应计算结果,设计了柔性连接器模型;通过不同幅值和载荷组合的连接器静态拉伸和压缩试验,研究了超大型浮体连接器的刚度特性,探讨了组合载荷对连接器刚度的影响;通过不同幅值和周期的连接器纵向动态载荷试验,研究了超大型浮体连接器在动态载荷作用下的结构响应,验证了超大型浮体连接器结构的安全性和适用性。试验结果表明在静态和动态载荷作用下文中设计的柔性连接器连接可靠、结构安全,连接器载荷、位移和应力测量结果可为验证连接器结构设计和计算方法提供依据。     

超大型海上浮式结构物连接器基座强度分析

超大型海上浮式结构物(Very Large Floating Structure, VLFS)是由若干个单模块通过连接器连接而成的海上结构物,连接器是整个结构中最薄弱而又最关键的部分,因此有必要对连接器基座进行静强度分析和极限强度分析。文章采用以包含连接器基座的上箱体为研究对象,选取包含单个连接器基座和两个连接器基座的上箱体局部结构作为模型进行静强度分析,得到了两种模型连接器基座整体Von mises应力不大,但存在基座与连接器连接处、立柱与上箱体底甲板连接处两处明显的高应力区的相关结论。然后,采用非线性有限元准静态法对连接器基座进行极限强度分析,确定结构在危险工况下最先发生破坏的位置,得到基座连接器不同方向的极限承载力。结果表明,连接器基座在各个方向的极限承载力都远大于其载荷预报值,连接器基座具有较大的结构强度储备。文中的研究结果为超大浮体连接器基座的设计和安全可靠性分析提供了相关理论依据。     

Elastic response characteristics of a very large floating structure in waves moored inside a reef

 This article describes the results of hydraulic model tests of the elastic response of a very large floating structure (VLFS) moored inside a reef in an isolated island. The distributions of strains and vertical displacements due to the elastic response of the VLFS were measured. The response characteristics were strongly affected by deformed nonlinear waves inside the reef. A two-step analytical method to compute the elastic response of a VLFS is proposed, and its validity is verified using the results of the hydraulic model tests. Received: May 2, 2002 / Accepted: March 17, 2003 RID="*" ID="*" Address correspondence to: S. Shiraishi (shiraishi@pari.go.jp) Acknowledgment. This study was supported by the Program for Promotions of Fundamental Transport Technology Research from the Corporation for Advanced Transport and Technology (CATT).     

超大型浮体柔性连接器动响应研究

为了降低VLFS(超大型浮体)模块连接的巨大载荷,通常选择柔性连接器.本文以某横向浮筒式的浅吃水超大型浮体为研究对象,采用RMFC模型(刚性模块柔性连接器)分析连接器载荷和模块运动响应,并与三模块模型试验进行比较验证.通过较高和较低横向刚度的系列纵向和垂向刚度组合的连接器载荷计算,给出连接器载荷随刚度变化的关系,分析连接器载荷峰值出现的原因.针对连接器载荷峰值对应的刚度组合,计算模块运动响应,分析模块相对运动模式.研究结果表明,对于较高和较低的横向刚度,均存在一定的纵向和垂向刚度组合,导致连接器载荷出现较大的峰值;连接器载荷峰值对应浪向角85°左右的海况,模块相对运动主要表现为艏摇.     

超大型浮体柔性连接器疲劳强度模型试验

为了保证超大型浮体的作业安全,需要精确评估连接器结构疲劳强度。文章针对一种由尼龙柔性夹层和环肋加强圆管轴构成的铰接式连接器,开展了疲劳强度模型试验,测量了热点应力、疲劳寿命和裂纹扩展。考虑接触、柔性层以及开孔的影响,采用三维有限元方法计算了连接器结构应力,分别基于S-N曲线和裂纹扩展,给出了柔性连接器疲劳寿命评估方法。比较分析表明,计算得到的连接器结构应力和疲劳寿命与模型试验结果吻合,文中方法可用于柔性连接器结构疲劳强度设计     

Numerical calculation method for the hydroelastic response of a pontoon-type very large floating structure close to a breakwater

This paper presents an effective scheme for calculating the wave-induced hydroelastic response of a pontoon-type very large floating structure (VLFS) when it is near a breakwater. The basic numerical calculation method is the one previously developed by the same author for a VLFS in the open sea (no breakwater), which is expanded to include the effect of the hydrodynamic mutual interaction between the breakwater and the floating structure. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method are validated through comparisons with other numerical results and with existing experimental results. After that confirmation, various numerical calculations were conducted, paying special attention to the resonance phenomena which will occur depending on the relation between the wavelength and the clearance between the breakwater and the floating structure. The irregular frequency phenomenon which appears in the calculation of the fluid dynamic problem is discussed in the appendices, including a method for its elimination. Received: October 31, 2000 / Accepted: December 19, 2000     

Time-domain numerical and experimental analysis of hydroelastic response of a very large floating structure edged with a pair of submerged horizontal plates

This paper is concerned with the hydroelastic problem of a pontoon-type, very large floating structure (VLFS) edged with the perforated plates, non-perforated plates or their combination anti-motion device both numerically and experimentally. A direct time domain modal expansion method, taking amount of the time domain Kelvin sources in hydrodynamic forces, in which the fluid flows across the perforated anti-motion plate by applying the Darcy's law, is applied to the fluid–structure interaction problem. A quarter of numerical model is built based on the symmetry of flow field and structure in hydrodynamic forces, and special care is paid to the rapid and accurate evaluation of time domain free-surface Green functions and its spatial derivatives in finite water depth by using interpolation–tabulation method. Using the developed numerical tools and the model tests conducted in a wave basin, the response-reduction efficiency of the perforated plates is systematically assessed for various wave and anti-motion plate parameters, such as plate width, porosity and submergence depth. As a result of the parametric study, the porosity 0.11 is selected as the optimal porosity, and the relationship between the porosity and the porous parameter is developed by using the least-squares fitting scheme. After simulation and verification, the dual anti-motion plates which are the perforated-impermeable-plate combination attached to the fore-end and back-end of the VLFS, are designed for more wave energy dissipation and added damping. Considering variation of the water depths in offshore, discussion on the effectiveness of these anti-motion devices at different water depths is highlighted.     

基于浮体Morison方程的半潜式超大型浮式结构波浪力简化计算方法

研究了半潜式超大型浮式结构中移动式海上基地（MOB）在高海况随机波作用下波浪力的简化计算方法。文中基于修正后的浮体Morison方程,经理论推导得出了MOB结构波浪力的计算公式。以MOB结构“三模块模型”为例,研究其在6级海况条件下基于Bretschneider谱模拟的随机不规则波中浪向角变化在0°~90°范围内,各模块的波浪力-历时规律,将本文简化算法的计算结果统计值与势流理论的结果相互对比,并对二者进行误差分析。结果表明：运用本文简化算法得到的MOB波浪力统计结果与势流理论的结果吻合程度高,且二者之间的相对误差在工程允许的范围之内,可充分验证本文方法的正确性、合理性与可行性。本文算法相比于势流理论而言更加简单,建议在结构初步设计阶段运用该方法可高效地评估大量不同工况下MOB结构的波浪荷载,研究成果可为半潜式超大型浮式结构动力响应研究奠定基础。     

Time-domain analyses of elastic response and second-order mooring force on a very large floating structure in irregular waves

Real sea areas where very large floating structures are installed are random wave fields. Then, it is necessary to analyze the responses in the time domain due to directional waves. There exist hydroelastic deflections and slow drift motions in the responses of VLFSs in ocean waves. However, it is very time consuming to solve the equations of motion in the time domain and obtain these responses due to directional waves. It is unnecessary to solve such equations in the time domain, if mooring forces can be turned into on equivalent linear system. In this paper, we analyze the time-series responses without solving the equations of motion in the time domain. And, the corresponding model tests in uni- and two-directional irregular waves are carried out. The present method is validated by comparisons between the analytical and measured results of time histories, and moreover, the analytical method of a slowly varying wave drift force is also validated.     

Slamming load on a very large floating structure with shallow draft

The objective of this paper is to estimate the slamming load acting on a pontoon-type very large floating structure with a shallow draft. Experiments were carried out using elastic models with different rigidities in regular waves. The results revealed that the slamming load was strongly influenced by the rigidity of the model. The conditions under which slamming occurs depended on the extent of the bottom emergence and the velocity of the relative wave height at the bow of the model. These results were related to a simple procedure for estimating slamming load.     

A B-spline Galerkin scheme for calculating the hydroelastic response of a very large floating structure in waves

This paper presents an effective scheme for computing the wave-induced hydroelastic response of a very large floating structure, and a validation of its usefulness. The calculation scheme developed is based on the pressure-distribution method of expressing the disturbance caused by a structure, and on the mode-expansion method for hydroelastic deflection with the superposition of orthogonal mode functions. The scheme uses bi-cubic B-spline functions to represent unknown pressures, and the Galerkin method to satisfy the body boundary conditions. Various numerical checks confirm that the computed results are extremely accurate, require relatively little computational time, and contain few unknowns, even in the region of very short wavelengths. Measurements of the vertical deflections in both head and oblique waves of relatively long wavelength are in good agreement with the computed results. Numerical examples using shorter wavelengths reveal that the hydroelastic deflection does not necessarily become negligible as the wavelength of incident waves decreases. The effects of finite water depth and incident wave angle are also discussed.     

浅基岩大荷载透水沉箱码头结构应用及优化

用海政策调整后,传统满堂式沉箱结构+后方回(吹)填方案在获得用海许可存在困难。结合工程实例,通过理论计算和物理模型试验对比,在结构受力、构造及施工方面进行优化,提出沉箱墩+叠合板结构方案,具有岩面浅、波浪高且使用荷载大的特点。该方案在日照港岚山港区得到成功应用,码头运营状况良好,取得良好经济效益,可为类似条件下码头的设计和建设提供借鉴。     

The influence of water depth on the hydroelastic response of a very large floating platform

The hydroelastic response of a two-dimensional very large floating platform to plane incident wave is investigated for three different cases: infinite, finite and shallow water depth. An integro-differential equation is presented to describe the deflection of the platform due to incident waves. Reflection and transmission coefficients are obtained as well. We consider the case of a strip and a half-plane. Numerical results are obtained for various values of the parameters. The results for the strip and for the semi-infinite platform are compared for different values of depth.     

垂直导桩锚固单浮箱式浮式防波堤消浪性能及受力研究

浮式防波堤的锚固方式主要有锚链锚固式和导桩锚固式等,垂直导桩锚固的浮式防波堤在波浪作用下浮体主要进行升沉一个自由度的运动。通过二维波浪物理模型试验对垂直导桩锚固单浮箱式浮式防波堤的消浪性能和受力情况进行了研究。研究结果表明,同一波高下,垂直导桩锚固单浮箱式浮式防波堤的波浪透射系数均随着相对宽度B/L的减小而变大。当浮箱相对宽度相同时,波高较大时垂直导桩锚固单浮箱式浮式防波堤的波浪透射系数较小,尤其对于相对宽度较大(B/L0.2)的情况。与锚链锚固时相比,由于垂直导桩锚固时浮堤的波浪反射和波能损耗均明显增强,垂直导桩锚固时浮堤的波浪透射系数明显减小、消浪性能明显提高。波浪作用下,垂直导桩所受的水平力大小随入射波高的增大而明显增大,导桩所受的正向水平力随着相对宽度B/L的减小(即波浪周期的增长)为减小的趋势,反向水平力随相对宽度B/L的变化规律不明显。     

On the slack phenomena and snap force in tethers of submerged floating tunnels under wave conditions

Under severe sea wave conditions, the mooring tethers of submerged floating tunnel (SFT) might go slack. It may cause the structure failure during the service lifetime of SFT. The paper investigated SFT dynamics when going through tether slacking and the related snap force under wave conditions. Besides the nonlinearity of fluid drag and of structural geometry for a relative large structure displacement, the problem is characterized by the nonlinearity due to the discontinuity in axial stiffness of the tethers. To include these nonlinearities, the method of Lagrange energy is used to build the governing equations of SFT motion, and a bilinear oscillator is introduced to simulate the mooring tether operating in an alternating slack-taut state. The sensitivities of the occurrence of tether slacking to wave height and wave period are investigated. Results show that at a large wave height SFT tether will go slack and snap force occurs. SFT responses are categorized into three types of state according to the dynamic response characteristics of tether tension. Effects of two fundamental structure parameters, buoyancy-weight ratio (BWR) and inclined mooring angle (IMA), on the dynamic responses of SFT are analyzed. A slack-taut map of SFT tethers is built. It intuitively describes the occurrences of slack and snap force with different combinations of the two parameters. An analytical approach for slack prediction by deriving the slack criterion is provided to reveal the mechanism of the presented slack-taut map. By present research, the authors tried to make their effort to provide an alternative philosophy for SFT structural design on concerning preventing the occurrence of tether slacking and snap force.     

基于单位力法的内河架空直立式码头三维空间结构计算中作用效应组合分析

基于单位力法,计算得到内河架空直立式码头三维结构模型在多种工况条件下各主要受力构件的内力结果,并经MATLAB编程进行组合、搜索,最终将内河架空直立式码头三维模型中原本可能出现的90 177 536种主要作用效应组合简化到14种,大大减少了计算工作量,研究成果可为内河架空直立式码头的结构计算与分析提供参考。     

碰撞事故时超大型浮体模块连接处荷载特性研究

精确评估模块连接处荷载特性对超大型浮体的水动力设计及结构安全性研究具有重要的工程意义。文章以5模块半潜式超大型浮体为研究对象,考虑碰撞荷载和风、浪、流环境荷载的联合作用并采用AQWA软件对超大型浮体模块连接点处的受力特性开展了数值计算。船舶碰撞荷载简化为矩形脉冲,采用定常风、定常流以及JONSWAP波谱,探讨了船舶碰撞角度、撞击位置、环境荷载等因素对模块连接点受力特性的影响。该文的研究成果可为事故荷载作用时超大型浮体连接器结构设计和强度计算提供一定依据。