双车道公路盾构隧道管片合理分块型式研究

文章以双车道公路盾构隧道为例,设计了三种不同分块型式的管片结构,并采用梁-弹簧模型模拟装配式管片结构,借助于有限元法分析了在不同拼装方式下管片结构的力学特性;通过对内力和变形的分析比较,并综合考虑设计、施工及其造价等因素,认为在最不利荷载作用下的管片结构宜采用10块分块型式;管片结构的正负弯矩值相差很大,故宜将内外两侧的钢筋分开进行配筋设计。     

拼装方式对盾构隧道衬砌结构变形和内力的影响分析

文章结合广州地铁区间盾构隧道管片衬砌结构设计,采用梁-弹簧模型计算法对不同拼装方式下的盾构隧道衬砌环变形和弯矩、轴力、剪力等内力分布以及衬砌环变形量和内力随隧道埋深的变化规律进行了探讨和分析.通过对盾构隧道装配式衬砌结构变形和内力分布规律及影响因素的系统研究,深入探讨了拼装方式对盾构隧道管片衬砌结构设计的影响.     

大断面跨海盾构隧道结构设计与参数分析

为获得精细、合理化的大断面盾构隧道结构设计方法,文章依托某大断面跨海隧道工程,对其结构选型和结构参数进行了分析。从管片拼装方式与分块、管片连接方式、管片材料等方面,分析了管片结构的选型方法;从计算模型的选取、计算工况与荷载的确定、参数的选取、计算结果等方面,分析讨论了管片横断面和隧道纵向结构的数值模拟计算方法及其适用性。结果表明:采用梁-弹簧模型、均质圆环模型计算管片横断面时所得的内力分布并不相同,在实际设计中应以前者计算结果为主,后者进行复核;在地基变化剧烈处,盾构隧道易出现较大的纵向弯矩和管片环间剪力,可通过采用设置变形缝、硬岩破碎等方式予以处理。     

输水管道盾构隧道衬砌结构内力计算比较分析

盾构隧道衬砌内力计算的方法有多种，但各有优缺点。针对潮河输水管道盾构法隧道衬砌结构，分别采用荷载结构法中考虑土体侧向弹性抗力的匀质圆环修正惯用法和连续介质有限元法进行内力计算。通过比较衬砌管片结构内力和变形分布规律，得到了对设计有参考价值的结论。     

粘土地层大断面异形盾构隧道结构力学特征数值试验研究

文章基于修正惯用法和壳-弹簧模型两种计算方法,研究了原型试验条件下错缝拼装的异形盾构管片随覆土厚度增加的力学行为特征。研究结果表明,异形管片结构整体变形呈"横鸭蛋"形;环向接头存在使结构内力呈非对称分布,纵向接头的剪切作用和幅宽边缘对其加强作用使幅宽边缘内力普遍大于幅宽中央;基于平面应变状态的修正惯用法夸大了错缝拼装对管片纵向的加强作用,计算结果要大于考虑三维空间问题的壳-弹簧模型,说明修正惯用法作为异形管片的设计方法是偏于安全的;建议异形盾构管片横向刚度有效率范围为0.72~0.87,正弯矩区弯矩传递系数范围为0.245~0.256,负弯矩区弯矩传递系数范围为0.166~0.197。     

膨胀土地层中盾构隧道管片结构受力分析与对策研究

针对成都地铁2号线部分区间穿越由粘性土、卵石、泥岩组成的膨胀性地层的工程实践,采用数值模拟的方法计算和分析了在膨胀土位于管片结构周围不同位置时,在不同的膨胀接触压力下,管片结构的变形和内力情况.计算结果分析表明:当膨胀土位于隧道下方或上方时,膨胀土的膨胀将会增大管片结构的变形和内力,对于这类区段,隧道设计上应增加配筋量或采用通缝拼装方式;施工上要避免引起周围地下水位发生变化,应增强管片防水性及保证注浆质量.     

9块等分管片设计及其工程应用研究

文章就城市双车道公路盾构隧道设计了一种9块等分管片,采用有限元法进行了管片结构内力和变形分析.分析结果表明,9等分管片的受力合理,管片结构的内力和变形都满足设计要求.管片一环9块等分有利于优化配置运输能力和管片拼装机械手的拼装能力,同时减少管片的接头数量,增加隧道衬砌的防水能力,值得在我国城市双车道公路盾构隧道中推广应用.     

卸载工况下盾构隧道结构承载性能数值模拟分析

周边卸载导致的隧道横向大变形对地铁的正常运营与安全使用产生严重影响,对于隧道结构从周边卸载开始直至破坏的全过程,需要发展一种高效并能保证精度的数值模拟方法。文章首先进行不同接头刚度下衬砌环的内力及变形数值分析,表明管片接头刚度值对衬砌环轴力分布及大小影响很小,可以先使用相对简单的等刚度圆环法计算得到管片接缝处的轴力值,再将此预分析轴力值作为确定接头抗弯弹簧弯曲刚度曲线的轴力值,用三维直梁实体单元进行精细分析得到不同轴力下的管片接头抗弯刚度模型。最后将接头抗弯刚度模型参数赋给二维梁-弹簧模型中的弹簧参数,运用二维梁-弹簧法计算得到衬砌结构各级荷载下的内力和变形。该方法得到的数值模拟结果与试验结果一致,全过程数值分析表明:在侧向压力卸载过程中,接头截面处弯矩不断增大、轴力不断减小,各接头处抗弯刚度快速下降,最终结构达到破坏状态。     

盾构隧道结构健康评价的变形指标研究

选取隧道横向收敛变形和纵向不均匀沉降作为隧道结构健康评价的单项评价指标,提出了采用梁-弹簧模型计算管片纵缝接头处的内力,在此基础上采用精细化解析模型进一步分析纵缝接头力学特性,以纵缝接头张开量、螺栓屈服和管片裂缝值为控制依据,计算得到横向收敛指标;采用三维壳-弹簧模型,以环缝最大张开量为控制依据,计算得到不均匀沉降的曲率控制指标。将该研究应用于南京轨交10号线越江隧道工程,得到该隧道结构健康评价的变形控制指标。     

盾构隧道新型衬砌结构受力性能与设计参数

盾构隧道衬砌结构由管片和接头组成,接头的形式直接影响盾构隧道的整体力学性能。上海地铁18号线盾构隧道衬砌结构环间采用了插入式快速接头,块间采用了新型的滑入式快速接头,这种新型衬砌结构受力性能尚不明晰。文章针对通、错缝拼装的新型衬砌结构,分别进行设计工况下的整环足尺试验。通过试验结果分析,得到了不同拼装方式下新型衬砌结构的受力性能;讨论了结构的计算模型,计算了不同工况下结构修正惯用法设计参数,为新型衬砌结构的拼装方式比选、设计计算提供了参考和依据。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

Governing autonomous vehicles: emerging responses for safety,liability, privacy,cybersecurity, and industry risks

ABSTRACT

The benefits of autonomous vehicles (AVs) are widely acknowledged, but there are concerns about the extent of these benefits and AV risks and unintended consequences. In this article, we first examine AVs and different categories of the technological risks associated with them. We then explore strategies that can be adopted to address these risks, and explore emerging responses by governments for addressing AV risks. Our analyses reveal that, thus far, governments have in most instances avoided stringent measures in order to promote AV developments and the majority of responses are non-binding and focus on creating councils or working groups to better explore AV implications. The US has been active in introducing legislations to address issues related to privacy and cybersecurity. The UK and Germany, in particular, have enacted laws to address liability issues; other countries mostly acknowledge these issues, but have yet to implement specific strategies. To address privacy and cybersecurity risks strategies ranging from introduction or amendment of non-AV specific legislation to creating working groups have been adopted. Much less attention has been paid to issues such as environmental and employment risks, although a few governments have begun programmes to retrain workers who might be negatively affected.     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。