乘用车前悬长度总布置研究

阐述了上海通用(SGM)横置前驱乘用车前悬布置7大原则:布置与高速碰撞溃缩距离;吸能块和小腿装置与低速碰撞和行人保护;热敏感零件间隙与发动机舱热管理;转向机位置与底盘操控动态性能;动力总成位置与传动系统振动噪声;前悬长度与整车造型比例;前悬长度与整车轻量化。     

Weight reduction technology by laser irradiation for body panels

In order to reduce the weight of automobile body panels, we developed a new technology using laser. Reinforcements are attached to structural parts to ensure safety in collisions. We tried to take off the reinforcement from the front side member, and examined the laser quench method. Using the partial strength from structural hardening with laser quench, energy absorption of laser quench assembly (this assembly has no reinforcement) was almost the same as of a standard assembly with reinforcement. Thus it became possible to combine weight reduction with safety in collision.     

CFRP多胞结构吸能机制及多工况耐撞性设计

将轻质高强的碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)应用到多胞结构设计中,有望进一步提升CFRP薄壁结构的耐撞性能及吸能效率。为了研究CFRP多胞结构在多角度加载工况作用下的能量吸收机制及耐撞性能,采用机织平纹CFRP预浸料制备CFRP单胞管以及2个不同规格的CFRP多胞管,并通过调整壁厚使所有结构的质量保持相等;随后,对上述3个试样开展准静态轴向压溃试验,通过试验揭示CFRP多胞管的耐撞性能。此外,建立CFRP多胞管的有限元模型,采用数值仿真的方法揭示多胞管的能量吸收机制,并基于试验验证的有限元模型进一步分析9种不同规格的CFRP多胞结构在多种加载角度下的压溃性能。最后,采用多指标评价方法(COPRAS)对不同构型的多胞管在多种压溃角度下的耐撞性能进行综合评价。试验结果表明:单胞管发生了不稳定的局部屈曲,多胞管发生了稳定的渐进失效,并且在等质量的条件下,多胞管的总吸能比单胞管的总吸能高约68%。仿真结果表明:层内损伤是CFRP多胞管以及单胞管的主要吸能机制,其能量耗散值约占总能量的50%;且随着加载角度的增加,各结构的总吸能逐渐下降,但各吸能机制所耗散能量的占比变化不大,增加胞数以及内壁胞壁的厚度均能小幅度提升多胞管的能量吸收特性。综合耐撞性评价结果表明:试样MT3-4[胞数为9,内部胞壁厚度b为1.178 0 mm(5层),外部胞壁厚度c为0.235 6 mm(1层)]在多种压溃角度下具有更好的综合耐撞性能。     

全承载客车正面碰撞吸能器设计与验证

为开发大型全承载客车碰撞吸能器,通过整车正面碰撞有限元仿真分析,确定了吸能器合理的吸能量和压溃力,以压溃力为目标进行吸能器结构参数设计。采用铝合金和DP600钢试制了吸能器样件,通过静态压溃试验对比不同吸能器的压溃力和变形模式,并通过台车碰撞和整车碰撞试验验证吸能器性能。结果表明,铝合金吸能器的压溃变形模式稳定,材料没有撕裂现象,在正面碰撞、偏置碰撞、斜角碰撞等多种碰撞工况下都能产生良好变形,满足整车碰撞安全性的要求。     

Investigation of a passenger car's dynamic response due to a flywheel-based kinetic energy recovery system

With the advent of flywheel-based kinetic energy recovery systems in automotive applications new safety issues arise as a consequence of the flywheel's high rotational speed. While the special structural safety requirements of the components are well discussed in the literature, there is still little research on the influence of gyroscopic effects on vehicle dynamics. The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of a typical high-speed flywheel on the driving dynamics of an average passenger car. To this end the equations of motion of a gyroscope are derived, which relate the vehicle's roll, pitch and yaw rate with the transverse torque acting on the flywheel. These equations are implemented in a commercial vehicle dynamics simulation program in order to determine the reaction torques acting on the vehicle within a representative range of driving situations. Numerical simulations indicate that the gyroscopic effect can be considered insignificant in standard driving situations.     

旧路面冷再生技术在改建工程中的应用

通过路面破碎机对旧沥青路面进行破碎,使集料达到水泥稳定土颗粒级配要求,经过击实试验,取得不同水泥剂量的最大干容重和最佳含水量,进行无侧限抗压强度试验,确定施工配合比。经过破碎、加水、整平、布水泥和二次破碎及加水、稳压、整平、碾压等施工工艺,达到设计要求。     

Modelling and analysis of the crush zone of a typical Australian passenger train

In this paper, a three-dimensional nonlinear rigid body model has been developed for the investigation of the crashworthiness of a passenger train using the multibody dynamics approach. This model refers to a typical design of passenger cars and train constructs commonly used in Australia. The high-energy and low-energy crush zones of the cars and the train constructs are assumed and the data are explicitly provided in the paper. The crash scenario is limited to the train colliding on to a fixed barrier symmetrically. The simulations of a single car show that this initial design is only applicable for the crash speed of 35 km/h or lower. For higher speeds (e.g. 140 km/h), the crush lengths or crush forces or both the crush zone elements will have to be enlarged. It is generally better to increase the crush length than the crush force in order to retain the low levels of the longitudinal deceleration of the passenger cars.     

新型点阵夹层防撞梁与负泊松比吸能盒复合总成开发与吸能性能

为高效解决车身结构抗撞性和轻量化同步实现的难题，以乘用车前防撞梁与吸能盒为例，将点阵夹层结构与负泊松比结构用于其设计，并考察新型复合总成的吸能性能。以传统高强钢方案作为对标基准，获取待开发总成的性能设计依据。基于高强钢总成40%重合率碰撞试验，完成有限元模型的精度验证，进而获得全宽碰撞的结构响应特征及吸能参考数值，用于指导新型总成的开发。通过数值模拟算例，分析新型复合总成对冲击输入能量的适应性及吸能量对负泊松比吸能盒壁厚的敏感性，从而提出增加吸能盒封板与防撞梁支撑的改进方案。改进后的点阵夹层防撞梁具有更佳的承载刚度与载荷传递能力，总成变形模式愈加合理；改进前、改进方案1与改进方案2的总成吸能量分别占输入总能量的11.5%、68.2%与92.76%，高于高强钢方案的64.09%；改进方案2较高强钢方案减重32.9%。复合前防撞总成的台车试验与仿真结果对比显示：输入能量、碰撞初速度、总成吸能量、平均压溃量、平均碰撞力与回弹速度等指标的偏差绝对值均小于5%。结果表明：采用点阵夹层结构与负泊松比结构后，新型复合总成的吸能性能与轻量化水平均优于高强钢方案，2类结构适合于车辆承载与吸能结构，复合总成的设计方法与开发流程适用于相关新型结构的开发。     

五楞冲击压路机冲击破碎旧水泥路面板的力学效果分析

该文针对冲击碾压破碎技术在旧水泥混凝土路面修复中的应用,采用三维有限元方法研究了五楞冲击压路机冲击破碎施工时旧路面结构及土基的受力、变形特征。分析了冲击压实荷载位于路面板不同位置对板体破裂、基层受力及土基受压效果的影响,探讨了冲击压实荷载在板下路基中的传递规律及作用深度等问题。研究成果可为冲击压实改建旧混凝土路面施工技术提供理论参考和指导。     

石灰岩与玄武岩粗集料抗压耐磨性能对比试验研究

为了探讨石灰岩粗集料在沥青路面表层中的适用性及耐久性,通过采用压碎试验仪、冲击试验仪和洛杉矶磨耗试验机在分别改变压力增加速率及压实功、改变冲击功和改变钢球数量质量及转动置数条件下依次对比研究了石灰岩与玄武岩粗集料的压碎值、冲击值和磨耗值,并分析了各性能衰减规律。结果表明：石灰岩粗集料的抗压性能、抗冲击性能和耐磨耗性能均较玄武岩稍差,且衰减较快;抗压碎能力与荷载压力、抗冲击能力与冲击次数以及磨耗损失与转动置数之间均呈二次曲线相关关系;冲击值、磨耗值与压碎值之间均有较好线性关系。     

隧道进口危岩体滚落特征分析及防护措施

通过软件计算，对某隧道进口危岩体滚落运动速度、运动轨迹等进行分析，提出针对性防护措施。结果表明:隧道进口段滚石滚落至B点的速度约为45 m/s，滚落至C点的速度约为25 m/s。假设每块滚石的重量达到100 kg时，滚石滚落的总动能最大值达到120 kJ，在BC段上滚动的总动能最大值为80 kJ。处治方案主要在危岩体下设置拦石（水）沟、堆积缓坡设置被动防护网、两隧道洞门上垫层和端墙加厚、两隧道洞门前设置柔性棚洞共4部分防护工程对危岩体进行防护，保证隧道施工及运营安全。     

国外水泥混凝土路面碎石化技术简介

水泥混凝土路面在其使用年限末期，不能再承担服务功能时，需要对其进行处理以建构新的路面结构。国内在旧水泥混凝土路面处理方面方法不够完善，这与我国机械设备制造工艺相对落后有关。国外(主要指美国)在处理旧水泥混凝土板块的过程中积累了丰富经验，形成了在旧水泥混凝土路面破损状况相对严重时的原位利用水泥混凝土路面的碎石化工艺。这一工艺能将水泥混凝土路面破碎成小粒径嵌挤颗粒，从而为新的沥青混凝土加铺层提供理想的基层。主要介绍国外水泥混凝土路面碎石化工艺状况及其设计方法。水泥混凝土路面碎石化的成套技术已经由山东省交通厅公路局倡导引进并开始进行试验段铺筑。     

考虑能量耗散的2级边坡参数反演分析

反分析是获得岩土工程强度参数的重要方法。基于2级边坡塑性力学极限分析,在Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则下,建立2级边坡容许速度机动场,分别推导2级边坡的重力功率及边坡内部能量耗散功率的表达式,并结合强度折减法,求得其安全系数。以某边坡工程为例,根据不同粘聚力c及内摩擦角φ下的安全系数变化情况,得到安全系数为1时的c-φ曲线,并据此进行参数反演。计算结果表明,此方法可靠有效。     

断层影响下隧道围岩稳定性的数值分析

断层等软弱结构面是隧道工程中最常见的一类规模较大的地质不连续面。诸多工程实践和研究表明,隧道围岩的变形与破坏大多受到断层等软弱结构面的控制。结合大华岭隧道施工过程,根据隧址区断层实际走向、断层面产状与隧道轴线不同夹角,利用基于有限元方法的岩土与隧道分析系统(MIDAS/GTS)对断层影响下的隧道围岩稳定性进行数值模拟分析,以DX(V)位移等值线数据分析为例,分析了特定施工段支护前后沉降对比及位移量,讨论了围岩和支护体系的结构状态及工程效果。该方法可为同类隧道设计、施工和研究提供有益借鉴。     

Structural Optimization for Roof Crush Test Using an Enforced Displacement Method

A roof crush test has been utilized to reduce passengers’ injuries from a vehicle rollover. The Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) 216 and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) perform actual vehicle tests and evaluate the vehicle’s ratings. Nonlinear dynamic response structural optimization can be employed not only for achievement of a high rating but also minimization of the weight. However, the technique needs a huge computation time and cost because many nonlinear dynamic response analyses are required in the time domain. A novel method is proposed for nonlinear dynamic response structural optimization regarding the roof crush test. The process of the proposed method repeats the analysis domain and the design domain until the convergence criteria are satisfied. In the analysis domain, the roof crush test is simulated using a high fidelity model of nonlinear dynamic finite element analysis. In the design domain, a low fidelity model of linear static response structural optimization is utilized with enforced displacements that come from the analysis domain. Correction factors are employed to compensate the differences between a nonlinear dynamic analysis response and a linear static analysis response with enforced displacement. A full-scale vehicle problem is optimized with a constraint on the rigid wall force from the analysis in the design domain.     

Future applications of Ni-Ti alloys in automotive safety systems

The shape memory alloys present unusual thermo-mechanical properties. The most important of them are pseudo-elasticity and memory effect. The paper investigates this behaviour for the Ni-Ti wires under static (v < 50 mm/s) and dynamic conditions (v > 50 mm/s) at different temperatures. Ni-Ti actuator and pseudoelastic wires with diameter between 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm are being tested. For dynamic investigation a new testing plant able to satisfy the testing conditions is created. This new testing plant is still under development and the reported results originate from the first tests on this new machine. The new device is designed to reach speeds higher than 50 mm/s. These speeds can be achieved using a drop weight which will hit a bottom plate and by this the kinetic energy is transferred to the sample. Because the weight is dropped, the stroke for the sample is measured in two points. The force of this impact will be in-line measured and, if the sample will be electrically activated during this test, it is also possible to log the electrical voltage. To widen the application range of the shape memory alloys it is necessary to study their behaviour in the dynamic region. With the new testing facility, it is expected to test the damping properties of SMA wires. In that case, these results can generate the basis for finding new applications for shape memory alloys especially in the automotive safety industry.     

GFRP筋纤维增韧高强轻骨料混凝土受弯构件挠度分析

为研究GFRP筋纤维增韧高强轻骨料混凝土梁变形规律,完成10根高强轻骨料混凝土梁受弯性能试验,重点分析了纤维掺量、纵筋种类、GFRP筋配筋率和GFRP筋直径对试件不同受力阶段变形的影响;明确了GFRP筋混凝土受弯构件正常使用阶段应变及应力分布;基于刚度解析法,结合文献中GFRP筋普通混凝土受弯构件挠度实测数据,给出GFRP筋应变不均匀系数计算公式,综合考虑轻骨料、钢纤维及GFRP筋配筋率的影响对其进行修正;基于该公式对各试件使用荷载下的挠度进行计算,并与美国规范（ACI 440.1R-15）、中国规范（GB 50608-2010）和加拿大规范（CSA S806-12,ISIS-M03-07）的计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明：随配筋率的增大,试件破坏模式依次表现为GFRP筋拉断破坏、平衡破坏和混凝土压碎破坏;混凝土压碎破坏试件弯矩-挠度曲线分为开裂前阶段、裂缝开展阶段和受压破坏阶段,而平衡破坏和GFRP筋拉断破坏试件仅具有前2个阶段。轻骨料混凝土掺入钢纤维能够抑制构件开裂后刚度退化,降低混凝土压碎破坏脆性;提高GFRP筋配筋率可减小试件变形,GFRP筋直径对其无显著影响。采用中国规范（GB 50608-2010）计算试件正常使用极限状态下的挠度,结果稍显不安全;美国规范（ACI 440.1R-15）计算结果略偏保守;加拿大规范（ISIS-M03-07）与（CSA S806-12）计算值均具有一定的安全储备;建议公式计算结果较为准确且离散性较低,能够用于该类构件挠度的计算。     

动力固结的显式非线性数值分析

动力固结是一种有效的地基加固方法,应用显式瞬态非线性有限元分析了动力固结时夯锤对地基土的冲击碰撞过程,分析中考虑了碰撞中出现的材料非线性、几何非线性、接触非线性、运动非线性以及它们之间相互耦合的特性,得到了不同落距和不同锤重条件下夯锤的动能迁移、撞击力时间历程、夯锤下应力分布及土的能量吸收、变形和密度的时间历程,并得到了它们之间的相互关系,分析结果表明:位移时程与应力时程并不同步,位移滞后于应力;夯坑深度与夯锤动能的自然对数成正比;夯锤的初始动能与最大撞击力并不一一对应;有限元分析反映了动力固结过程的基本规律,再现了夯锤与土体碰撞的整个过程。     

Application of Sensitivity Methods to Analysis and Synthesis of Vehicle Dynamic Systems

SUMMARY

The development and application of sensitivity methods for determining the effects of parameter changes on the response of vehicle dynamic systems is presented. The procedures shown can be used to enhance the analysis and synthesis processes of virtually any road or rail vehicle system regardless of its complexity. The parametric sensitivity of vehicle models in time domain, steady state models and vehicle models in frequency domain can be investigated using different types of sensitivity functions, both dimensional and dimensionless including first order standard, percentage, logarithmic, second order standard, and logarithmic and percentage sensitivity measures. These sensitivity functions and measures are determined as functions of partial derivatives of system variables taken with respect to system parameters. In the case of sensitivity functions in the frequency domain the variable values are computed as either the magnitude or phase angle of a complex element of the transfer function matrix. The methods presented enable to determine the influence of all system primary (constant) and secondary (non-constant) parameters on system primary and secondary variables. The primary variables are state variables or elements of the transfer function matrix and the secondary variables may be any functions of primary variables and system parameters. Typical secondary system parameters which can be examined include initial conditions, time variant coefficients, natural frequencies, loads, and typical secondary variables are forces, weight transfers, stability factors and energy components. The analysis of sensitivity results obtained for three vehicle handling models in both linear and nonlinear regimes of vehicle performance and utilizing various types of sensitivity functions is also presented.     

汽车雨水管理的数值仿真与评价

汽车在雨天行驶时,落到侧窗表面的雨水会影响驾驶员的侧向视野和后视野,从而危及行车安全,故侧窗雨水管理对于整车安全非常重要。但迄今为止对于侧窗雨水管理问题尚未有一个统一而有效的评价方法。为此,本文中应用液膜模型和拉格朗日粒子模型对某款SUV进行了雨水仿真,基于人机工程学和粒子束轨迹技术提出了侧窗雨水管理的评价方法,并对仿真结果进行了相应的分析。