逆断层黏滑错动对跨断层隧道影响机制的模型试验研究

为指导隧道穿越活动断层时的抗错断设计,避免逆断层黏滑错动造成跨断层隧道结构的严重破坏,以棋盘石隧道为工程背 景,通过 1 ∶ 50 相似模型试验,研究逆断层黏滑错动所引起的山岭隧道破坏模式,分析隧道和地层变形过程及破坏特征,得到以下 结论: 1)逆断层错动在断层迹线附近地层形成剪切带,剪切带沿着断层线略微凸向试验装置上盘的弧线方向发展。2)断层错动对 试验装置上盘内隧道变形破坏的影响大于下盘,最大土压力和最大纵向应变主要分布在上盘隧道中; 土压力和纵向应变变化规律 相似,均随错动位移的增加而不断增加。3)隧道最终破坏为逆断层下的剪切破坏,局部伴随张拉破坏,剪切破坏主要表现为变形缝 两侧隧道衬砌脱落和纵向裂缝;断层错动对隧道影响区域主要集中在断层破碎带及附近2D(D 为隧道洞径)区域,尤其是试验装置 上盘部分,在跨断层隧道的设计阶段需引起足够重视。     

活动断层粘滑错动条件下地铁隧道结构的受力特性分析

为探明拟建的乌鲁木齐轨道交通1号线在主城区通过九家湾断层粘滑错动条件下地铁隧道结构的受力特性,基于断层形成机制与连续介质分析方法,建立表征围岩与支护结构共同变形关系的地层结构模型,研究不同构造条件下隧道衬砌结构横向内力分布、纵向受迫影响效应,分析整体式隧道衬砌结构的内力、变形及塑性区分布规律。     

正断层错动下山岭隧道衬砌结构力学响应分析

以某穿越断层隧道为背景，开展断层错动下高韧性水泥基复合材料(ECC)衬砌与传统钢筋混凝土(RC)衬砌的数值模拟分析，研究了断层错动量、断层倾角、断层宽度及错动形式等参数对隧道衬砌力学响应的影响规律。研究结果表明：正断层错动下，ECC和RC衬砌变形损伤规律相似，衬砌沿隧道轴向呈“S”形分布，损伤主要集中在断层破碎带及活动盘(下盘)范围内。随着错动位移的增加，衬砌损伤程度及范围迅速增大，最终以拱顶及拱肩等典型部位拉裂破坏为特征；随着正断层倾角的增大，衬砌损伤区域逐渐向断层错动面集中，衬砌所能适应的极限错动位移有所增加；随着正断层宽度的增加，衬砌极限错动位移和损伤分布范围呈现出先快速增大后趋于稳定的趋势；衬砌破坏模式和变形适用性随断层错动形式不同而异，正断层错动下表现为张拉破坏，而逆断层错动下以压溃破坏为主；与逆断层错动相比，正断层错动下衬砌所能承受的极限错动位移更小；相同断层参数下，ECC衬砌的变形适应性、抗错性能及损伤容限明显优于RC衬砌，在极端受力情况下抗错断性能更突出。     

断裂错动引起上覆土体的破裂效应研究

为了进一步完善断裂引起地表破裂效应的理论,在模型试验的基础上,首先研究了厚度相同的同一均质土体在密度不同的情况下,土体对基岩逆断裂错动的吸收效应,导出了不同密度土体,吸收量随土体厚度、基岩错动量的变化关系式;进而研究地表的破裂效应,确定了断裂引起地表错动量的估算模型;最后经工程实例验证,表明此模型有一定的实际应用价值和理论研究意义。     

活断层错动位移下变形缝间距对隧道内力的影响

以活动断裂带为工程背景,探究变形缝间距对跨断层隧道内力的影响。运用ABAQUS有限元分析软件,建立穿越活动断裂带的隧道模型,分析断层错动下不同节段长度隧道围岩压力分布情况、二次衬砌最大轴向应力变化情况以及隧道塑性应变发展规律。结果表明:隧道节段长度越短,二次衬砌最大轴向应力越小,最大塑性应变越大;断层错动的影响主要集中在断层带内左侧区域的隧道,拱腰和拱脚部位受力和塑性变形明显。     

一种模拟发震断层动力特性的隧道地震试验方法

为模拟隧道在发震断层中的近场动力响应和破坏机制,提出一种模拟长大隧道穿越活动断层动力响应的新型模型试验装置,并设计一种通过改变试验平台底部组合弹簧参数来改变模型箱振动特性的试验方法。该试验装置不仅能解决传统试验方法中受迫振动的问题,而且能模拟断层错动引起地层位移由发震断层位置向远端逐渐减小的过程,进而模拟穿越活动断层时长大隧道断层段到非断层段沿纵向的振动特性变化。该方法通过改变组合弹簧中单个弹簧单元的刚度系数和弹簧单元的个数等,可改变试验箱中断层在断层错动发生时的振动频率和错动位移,进而得到振动频率-组合弹簧刚度和错动位移-组合弹簧刚度的回归公式,可通过前期试验得到的回归公式来设置相应的组合弹簧形式,对后续试验中多种不同振动频率和错动位移的试验工况进行模拟。     

高烈度地震区隧道结构抗减震技术要点——都汶公路隧道震后检测有感

受5.12大地震影响,位于高烈度地震影响范围内的隧道结构受到了严重破坏,致使施工和运营完全中断。结合都汶高速公路三座隧道的震后检测结果,分析研究在活断层附近和高烈度地震区修建隧道工程的抗减震关键技术,为以后在活断层附近和高烈度地震区修建隧道工程的抗震设计提供参考和借鉴。     

洋碰隧道出口右线突水突泥段的处理

洋碰隧道是京珠高速公路粤境北段最长的隧道 ,隧道区域断裂构造十分发育 ,有大小断层近 2 0条。介绍了洋碰隧道出口右线F12、F16断层交汇段突水突泥的基本情况及具体的处理措施。     

正断层下隧道结构受力特征及设防长度研究

以乌鲁木齐市跨活动断层轨道交通1号线地铁隧道为研究对象，根据活动断裂带近场区几何学特征与运动学特征并结合区域地震构造条件，采用理论分析和数值模拟综合方法，针对活动正断层粘滑错动下隧道衬砌结构在不同因素条件时的纵向力学响应，系统计算分析了整体式隧道衬砌结构纵向应变、主应力、裂缝和围岩-初期支护附加接触力等分布规律。结果表明:结构埋深从10 m增至20 m，隧道结构设防范围无明显变化；断层倾角从60°增至80°，隧道结构设防范围逐渐减小。     

长大隧道穿越断层带拟动力分析模型研究

以秦岭隧道工程为背景,运用拟动力数值模拟,研究了穿越断层的隧道在发生地震时的稳定性与地震响应。通过对拟动力数值计算,分析穿越断层破碎带时,隧道纵向的响应特征。得出以下主要结论:基于超前地质预报信息,获得数值模拟计算参数,建立了用于模拟发震断层的拟动力计算模型;①由断层错动引起衬砌的内力变化主要集中在活动断层附近,距离断层破碎带越远,衬砌所受断层影响越小,内力也越小;②所建模型基于静力计算,较动力计算更为便捷。     

Model-based fault detection and isolation in automotive yaw moment control system

This paper presents a model-based fault detection and isolation technique for automotive yaw moment control system. For this purpose, a novel fault detection and isolation algorithm for a class of actuator-plant systems is proposed. Compared with the existing fault detection and isolation techniques that can only isolate a target fault or require multiple observers to isolate multiple faults, a unique strength of the proposed algorithm is its ability to isolate faults at the component level solely based on the residuals generated by a single observer. The validity of the proposed algorithm, applied to automotive yaw moment control system, is investigated via a simulation study based on a realistic vehicle dynamics model. The results suggest that the proposed algorithm can isolate the component subject to fault while effectively handling two perennial nuisances: sensitivity to disturbances and false alarms due to uncertainties.     

三维地质建模技术在公路地质调绘中的应用

以公路野外地质调绘资料为依据，分析了地质调绘地质数据特征，将地质调绘数据划分成空间属性、实体属性和表观属性三种类型；对前两种数据进行格式化进而建立虚拟钻孔和断层面，进行三维地质模型构建。以西宁高速工程可行性研究阶段地质调绘为例，深部地层以地质群组为单元划分地层界面，线位附近浅表地层以地调点和地质界线为依据，构建三维地质模型并对模型精度、建模效率和应用效果进行分析。由于地质调绘数据稀疏，在具体工点和局部细节上地质模型的几何精度存在一定误差；所建三维地质模型将地形地貌与地层岩性融合展示，精度能够满足公路地质选线的要求。     

An Extended Adaptive Kalman Filter for Real-time State Estimation of Vehicle Handling Dynamics

This paper considers a method for estimating vehicle handling dynamic states in real-time, using a reduced sensor set; the information is essential for vehicle handling stability control and is also valuable in chassis design evaluation. An extended (nonlinear) Kalman filter is designed to estimate the rapidly varying handling state vector. This employs a low order (4 DOF) handling model which is augmented to include adaptive states (cornering stiffnesses) to compensate for tyre force nonlinearities. The adaptation is driven by steer-induced variations in the longitudinal vehicle acceleration. The observer is compared with an equivalent linear, model-invariant Kalman filter. Both filters are designed and tested against data from a high order source model which simulates six degrees of freedom for the vehicle body, and employs a combined-slip Pacejka tyre model. A performance comparison is presented, which shows promising results for the extended filter, given a sensor set comprising three accelerometers only. The study also presents an insight into the effect of correlated error sources in this application, and it concludes with a discussion of the new observer's practical viability.     

工程船舶动力机械系列化监测系统的设计

工程船舶动力机械繁多,工况复杂且各类工程船舶的动力机械组成、工作方式、作业频率和故障形式各不相同,单独针对某一类型的工程船舶去研究其相应的监测系统是不划算,也是不合理的。在充分了解各类工程船舶可监测性的基础上,提出采用优化组合模块化的监测方法构建针对不同类型工程船舶的系列化监测系统。研究表明,应用此方案构建监测系统可以达到对工程船舶动力机械进行状态监测和故障诊断的目的,同时又能简化系统,节约成本。     

Modelling Combined Ride and Handling Manœuvres for a Vehicle with Slow-Active Suspension

SUMMARY

The computer modelling of vehicle ride and handling has been widely reported, but often only one or other of these functions is considered. This is especially true in the design of active suspension controllers, where the effects that improvements in the performance of one aspect have on the other are often not presented. This paper initially describes a combined ride and handling model for a large executive saloon fitted with a slow-active suspension. Separately derived ride and roll control strategies are combined and the effects on both ride and handling considered for straight running and various handling man?uvres on rough roads. The results are compared to the original passively suspended vehicle and the effect of running each strategy separately.     

Effect of vehicle model on the estimation of lateral vehicle dynamics

A methodology is presented for estimating vehicle handling dynamics, which are important to control system design and safety measures. The methodology, which is based on an extended Kalman filter (EKF), makes it possible to estimate lateral vehicle states and tire forces on the basis of the results obtained from sinusoidal steering stroke tests that are widely used in the evaluation of vehicle and tire handling performances. This paper investigates the effect of vehicle-road system models on the estimation of lateral vehicle dynamics in the EKF. Various vehicle-road system models are considered in this study: vehicle models (2-DOF, 3-DOF, 4-DOF), tire models (linear, non-linear) and relaxation lengths. Handling tests are performed with a vehicle equipped with sensors that are widely used by vehicle and tire manufacturers for handling maneuvers. The test data are then used in the estimation of the EKF and identification of lateral tire model coefficients. The accuracy of the identified values is validated by comparing the RMS error between experimentally measured states and regenerated states simulated using the identified coefficients. The results show that the relaxation length of the tire model has a notable impact on the estimation of lateral vehicle dynamics.     

面向车载功能安全的低开销超标量双核锁步处理器架构设计

在车载功能安全领域,双核锁步架构是一种被广泛应用于解决处理器故障的冗余架构。为支持细粒度故障处理的超标量处理器提出一种新颖的双核锁步架构,通过以分支跳转指令的形式执行程序回滚,该架构能在故障发生的同一时钟周期内检测和纠正故障,且不需要额外的专用硬件模块来满足细粒度回滚的需求。还提出一种虚拟写回机制,该机制将特定数据传送到只读寄存器以防止故障衍生,使处理器无需在程序执行期间持续保存现场,从而显著节省了面积开销。试验结果表明,该架构对注入处理器的故障实现了较彻底的故障覆盖,对处理器原型的性能影响很小,与先前双核锁步相关的工作相比,时间和面积开销更小。     

Development of a generalised equivalent estimation approach for multi-axle vehicle handling dynamics

This paper devotes analytical effort in developing the 2M equivalent approach to analyse both the effect of vehicle body roll and n-axle handling on vehicle dynamics. The 1M equivalent vehicle 2DOF equation including an equivalent roll effect was derived from the conventional two-axle 3DOF vehicle model. And the 1M equivalent dynamics concepts were calculated to evaluate the steady-state steering, frequency characteristics, and root locus of the two-axle vehicle with only the effect of body roll. This 1M equivalent approach is extended to a three-axle 3DOF model to derive similar 1M equivalent mathematical identities including an equivalent roll effect. The 1M equivalent wheelbases and stability factor with the effect of the third axle or body roll, and 2M equivalent wheelbase and stability factor including both the effect of body roll and the third-axle handling were derived to evaluate the steady-state steering, frequency characteristics, and root locus of the three-axle vehicle. By using the recursive method, the generalised 1M equivalent wheelbase and stability factor with the effect of n-axle handling and 2M equivalent generalised wheelbase and stability factor including both the effect of body roll and n-axle handling were derived to evaluate the steady-state steering, frequency characteristics, and root locus of the n-axle vehicle. The 2M equivalent approach and developed generalised mathematical handling concepts were validated to be useful and could serve as an important tool for estimating both the effect of vehicle body roll and n-axle handling on multi-axle vehicle dynamics.     

运用模糊理论评判水泥混凝土路面的破损状况

针对旧水泥混凝土路面病害的多样性和病害程度的模糊性,利用层次分析法建立了旧水泥混凝土路面破损状况的评价指标体系,然后运用模糊综合评价原理建立了旧水泥混凝土路面破损状况的模糊综合评价模型,并结合工程实例说明了其实用性。     

大相岭隧道涌水预测数值模拟分析

隧道作为地下建筑物,修建过程中不可避免地穿越不同水文地质体。涌水是隧道施工中常见的地质灾害,同时也是其它很多地质灾害的主要诱因之一,如突水、突泥、翻浆冒泥等等,对隧道工程的涌水量预测具有重要的实际意义。以雅安至泸沽高速公路大相岭泥巴山隧道为研究对象,以地质及水文地质分析原理为基础,建立数值模拟模型,对隧道涌水特征和涌水量进行预测。分析结果:隧道整体涌水量为41 366 m3/d,在主要断层处最大涌水量可达3 100 m3/d,在断层段施工,要提前采取措施严加防范,保证安全。