Recent aspects of the EU maritime transport policy. A comment on the paper by Theo Kiriazidiz and George Tzanidakis

This paper provides a commentary on the paper by Kiriazidis and Tzanidakis which examined a very significant area of policy relating to the European Union and the Maritime sector. Whilst providing a stimulus for discussion, their paper leaves out far more from the policy framework, than it includes and as such contributes little to the broader debate.     

EU maritime transport

The purpose of this paper is to summarize the European maritime transport policy within the context of maritime politics at large. At the outset the legal framework conditions and supportive instruments for the shipping and port industries are presented. Against the background of recent accidents at sea, such as the sinking of ERIKA and PRESTIGE, the EU legislation on maritime safety is of particular interest as it is both complex and rapid in reaction to environmental needs and political pressure. Finally, the sensible relationship between the EU as a regional organization and the IMO as “the competent international organization” is discussed with a view to reconcile possible rivalry and to suggest a complementary cooperation between the two organizations.     

欧盟新海事政策绿皮书解读

2006年6月7日,欧盟委员会(EC)正式通过并公布了题为“面向一个未来的欧盟海事政策:欧洲海洋愿景”绿皮书,既通常所说的“Borg文件”。至此,为期一年有余、由欧盟渔业及海事事务司司长JoeBorg发起的一次大规模的旨在为欧盟所有海事活动制订一个整合的海事政策的咨询活动终于有了     

欧盟新海事政策蓝皮书

2007年10月10日，在完成了为期一年的针对欧盟海事政策绿皮书的咨询活动后，欧盟执行委员会（EC）根据咨询结果发布了题为“一个综合的欧盟海事政策”的通讯及行动计划（又称蓝皮书），宣布了一系列将在未来若干年开展的工作和执行的计划。     

欧盟海上安全立法全景扫描

虽然国际海事组织（IMO）及国际劳工组织（ILO）都已经制定了非常完善的旨在促进海上安全和环境保护的国际公约框架．但世界各国对公约的执行力度参差不齐．再加上许多公约很多时候只适用于国际航行船舶．这些都促使欧盟开始制定地区性海上安全法令和措施．这些法令和措施的目的是通过对国际公约切实统一的执行来取缔低标准航运。     

欧盟海事立法研究

文章介绍了欧盟海事立法的产生、程序、框架和主要内容,分析了欧盟海事立法对国际海事立法的影响,提出了我国应当采取的对策。     

The determinants of maritime policy

The paper is to explore the relation between national economic development and the formulation of maritime policy. It collects and examines data from 30 maritime nations, and shows that maritime policy is determined by economic circumstance rather than the result of rational decision of policy makers. A general solution is produced for an optimum maritime policy under a given economic condition. The general solution can serve as a benchmark for future maritime policy making and research in general.     

Evaluation of maritime safety policy instruments

This paper analyzes the effectiveness of the current maritime safety policy system as a whole. It offers an overview of different kinds of policy instruments that are used to enhance maritime safety and the criteria for effective policy instruments. It provides a criticism and goes through the weak points of the current maritime safety policy system, and finally, the system is analyzed in the light of the criteria for effective policy. The paper is based on literary sources, mainly on articles published in academic journals. The conclusion of the article is that the development of individual policies will not greatly improve the current level of maritime safety, and more fundamental changes are needed in the governance of maritime safety.     

欧盟海运问题及战略

为了在全球性温室气体谈判过程中恢复信心,欧盟委员会（即原欧共体委员会）将工作重点放到争取不同的伙伴的支持,以及为墨西哥坎昆第十六届缔约方大会探索具体的措施上。在上半年的一个决议中,欧洲议会呼吁“新的气候外交”由外交事务的高级代表和气候行动专员领导参加,旨在建立一个更加连贯的欧盟外在气候保护战略。     

Systematic training for maritime transport managers

Providing effective training for managers in the maritime and ports sector in developing countries has proven to be a daunting task. Initial attempts by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in the 1970s led to the development of senior port manager residence courses in Sweden. However, Given the vast numbers of managers needing training a more eficient method was required. Using the systematic training techniques pioneered by the International Telecommunications Union, UNCTAD, in the 1980s initiated two parallel programme: Trainmer (Training development in Maritime Transport); and IPP (Improving Port Performance). Both of these programmes demonstrated considerable success in terms of the numbers of maritime and port managers receiving training opportunities. Increased cooperation amoungst international agencies providing training programmes should result in improved transport management training in the 1990s, lrading to increased efficiences in port and related transport systems.     

人为因素与船舶运输安全

船舶运输安全,是一个只有开始没有终结的永恒话题.纵现海事海损个案,可谓触目惊心、五花八门,乃至于匪夷所思、离奇离谱.海事发生后,几乎所有的人都在考问:为什么会这样?这起海损本不该发生的!依笔者航海多年的实践.就船舶运输安全的风险源的控制提出"人为因素、船舶因素、环境因素、管理因素与船舶运输安全"四点立论,并以人为因素为首要论点分解论述,以期抛砖引玉,与专家、同行们切磋交流.     

《协定》为中欧海运保驾护航

一个是拥有27个成员国,只一个德国出口额就在世界排名第一的欧洲联盟。一个是2007年有望从全球贸易第三位上升到第二位,2010年贸易规模可能超过美国成为全球最大贸易国的中国,《中欧海运协定》的签署生效无疑成为这个春天海事界最引人瞩目的事件。     

人力因素与船舶运输安全

船舶运输安全,是一个只有开始没有终结的永恒话题。纵观海事海损个案,可谓触目惊心、五花八门,乃至于匪夷所思、离奇离谱。海事发生后,几乎所有的人都在考问：为什么会这样？这起海损本不该发生的!依笔者航海多年的实践,就船舶运输安全的风险源的控制提出“人为因素、船舶因素、环境因素、管理因素与船舶运输安全”四点立论,并以人为因素为首要论点分解论述,以期抛砖引玉,与专家、同行们切磋交流。     

Mediterranean maritime transport: fields and strategies

Emerging megalopolises and a new industrial polarization, a growing upper tertiary sector and offshore oil and gas industry are relevant elements of the present Mediterranean framework.Within the bulk market, crude oil transport has been affected by structural changes; LNG and LPG transport are growing and deep-sea steam-coal terminal are going to be built. Cellular maritime transport has been affected by the propensity to link the deep-sea routes to a thick web of intraMediterranean feeder routes. Refrigerated and ventilated cargoes, as well as heavy and large cargoes, possess remarkable perspectives. Because of the progress of the European waterways the relationships between sea and land transport in the Mediterranean are changing.     

Comparative advantage and maritime transport in the Baltic States

Conventional wisdom has it that, because of locational and other advantages, transit trade and transport, especially maritime transport, could be expected to play a major role in the development process of the Baltic States which was expected to follow their renewed independence in 1991. This paper secks to evaluate this proposition. The first section of the paper provides a brief account of the present state of the shipping and port sectors in the three Baltic republics and offers some speculation about likely future developments. The following section considers whether there is any historical basis for the presumption in favour of transit trade. The paper concludes with a somewhat speculative discussion of whether the Baltic States might be expected to possess any long run comparative advantage in maritime transport. It is suggested that in this respect a distinction should be made between ports and shipping and that in a more prosperous future, shipping, in particular, might be expected to decline in importance.     

Co-operation among CMEA member countries in maritime transport

This paper highlights some of the major activities in developing an appropriate framework and modalities of co-operation among CMEA member countries in maritime transport. These include the working out of various basic documents determining objectives, directions and methods of co-operation. Particular attention is devoted to the Comprehensive Programme for the Further Extension and Improvement of Co-operation and the Development of Socialist Economic Integration of the CMEA Member Countries and to the first inter-governmental Agreement on Co-operation in Merchant Shipping. Relevant activities of the CMEA are described, in particular, in the fields of joint planning and chartering, as well as its mechanisms for developing and promoting co-operation.     

港口经营人在海上货物运输中的法律地位

港口经营人的概念港口经营人又称港站经营人、运输港站经营人。在我国,长期以来称为港务局,港口体制改革后,多称为港务公司,在日本和新加坡仍称为港务局,在台湾省称为栈埠作业单位。1991年的《联合国国际贸易运输港站经营人赔偿责任公约》(以下简称《港站经营人赔偿责任公约》)