高海拔高寒地区公路工程混凝土质量控制研究

以青海大武至久治高寒高海拔地区公路扩建工程混凝土质量特征为依托,从混凝土施工质量控制和混凝土浇筑、养护质量控制等方面对高原高寒地区气候、地质条件复杂,施工周期短,气温低等情况下的混凝土施工质量控制进行了研究。研究结果表明,通过混凝土原材料加热、混凝土浇筑过程中搭设保温棚、浇筑后保温覆盖等方法来对混凝土施工的质量进行控制,其控制效果良好,确保高原地区混凝土施工质量。该质量控制体系能最大程度的减少高寒地区公路工程混凝土施工中质量问题的发生,可为类似条件下公路工程水泥混凝土质量的提升提供参考。     

工业纯钛TA1管道的焊接

通过对工业纯钛ＴＡ１管道的焊接性分析，提出了控制微裂纹等焊接缺陷的工艺措施。采用钨极氩弧焊，成功地焊接了耐酸条件下的ＴＡ１管道。     

压力管道焊接过程的质量控制

焊接过程是钢制压力管道工程施工中的关键过程，焊接过程的质量控制对保证压力管道工程的安装质量起着非常重要的作用。根据我们的管理经验，从焊工，材料与焊材，焊接工艺文件，焊接用设备，焊接过程，焊缝试件和焊缝返修七个方面介绍了钢制压力管道安装工程施工中焊接过程的质量控制要点，以确保压力管道工程质量和安全，从而把优质的工程交给用户。     

大型储罐底板焊接变形的控制

通过对焊接变形产生机理和影响因素的分析，找出大型储罐底板焊接变形的特点和解决途径，制订了焊接过程中控制形的工艺措施，施工过程取得了满意的效果。     

大口径管道下向焊接

大口径管下向焊接是管道建设中的重要环节 ,有效控制焊接操作要点及焊接过程中应注意的事项是提高焊接质量的有效途径。着重介绍了在大口径管道焊接施工实践中总结的操作要领和焊接施工的经验     

压力管道施工焊接质量控制

焊接过程是钢制压力管道工程施工中的关键过程,焊接过程的质量控制对保证压力管道工程的安装质量起着非常重要的作用。介绍了压力管道安装焊接质量控制环节,主要包括焊接设备、管道组对、焊材管理、焊接工艺评定、焊接工艺管理和焊缝返修等。介绍了钢制压力管道安装工程施工中焊接过程的质量控制要点,以确保压力管道工程质量和安全。     

热网管道在冬季焊接产生冷裂纹的原因及控制措施

随着城镇化集中供热的普及,冬季外部热网管道施工的情况越来越多,出现了一些因低温环境焊接引起的泄漏事故,因此研究低温环境下管道的焊接是非常必要的.详细分析了低温环境下热网管道焊接产生冷裂纹的各种因素,并从施工规范的执行、预热温度的控制、层间温度的控制、焊后保温等方面采取了质量控制措施,从而防止了焊接冷裂纹的产生,保证了低...     

超大直径盾构机刀盘安装工艺分析

超大直径盾构机在城市建设中的应用已越来越广泛。介绍了超大直径盾构机刀盘的不同焊接情况,以及现场刀盘安装过程。从装配工艺来说,整体焊接、井下吊装更为可靠,质量更有保证;在经济投入和现场面积允许的条件下,井下整体吊装一步到位安装效果佳,对于施工场地狭小的施工区域来说,井下分块安装定位焊接成型更为常用和合理。     

焊接结构件制造的质量控制

本文对焊接结构件制造质量控制的必要性和特殊性进行了阐述，并从理论与实践的结合上对如何保证焊接构件的几何尺寸和形状位置精度同时又保证焊缝及整个构件的强度要求所应采取的措施进行了总结。对焊接构件制造质量控制的一般方法和要求进行了说明。     

钛管焊接时接头的保护

钛管焊接过程中的污染将严重地影响接头的焊接质量，降低其机械性能。分析了钛管焊接过程中接头污染的主要形式，并有针对性地提出了防止这些污染的工艺措施。实践证明：通过采取控制焊接环境，加强焊前清理及焊接过程保护等措施，可有效地防止钛管焊接接头的污染。     

Bicycles in large cities in China

Bicycles are a main means of transport in China. This paper discusses several aspects of the current situation and future policy, including the production of bicycles, their possession and utilization in typical large cities, the reasons for their importance in communication, the advantages and problems of bicycle traffic, and two different opinions on solving the existing problems. The paper also deals with road design for bicycles and their regulation in China's cities.     

Travel choices in alcohol-related situations in Virginia

Transportation - Using survey data from 3004 respondents aged 21 and older in Northern Virginia, Richmond, and the Tidewater area, this paper identifies factors associated with respondents’...     

Parking policies in large cities in Germany

This article deals with highly motorized large West German cities of about 200,000 inhabitants and more, which usually provide reasonable public transport systems. Illegal parking with shares of about 40 to 50% of the total parking is widespread in the parking problem areas of those cities, especially in the inner-city residential and mixed-use areas. Parking spaces are demanded by residents, employees, customers and visitors, and by delivery and service traffic. The different characteristics of parking demands by different user groups are discussed. The total parking supply consists of public and private spaces. The share of private spaces is about 40 to 50% of the total parking spaces in German cities. The amount of car traffic generated by a parking space depends on parking duration and parking turnover, as well as on search traffic. So the change of a space from long-duration use of an employee to short-duration of customers — as often discussed in parking concepts — generates at least five-fold car traffic. The measurements and effects of parking control of public spaces as well as the parking regulations in zoning ordinances, restrictions on the construction of new private parking spaces and park-and-ride are discussed. Finally, a parking concept methodology — using the example of Frankfurt am Main — is discussed.     

Logistics opportunities in Asia and development in Taiwan

The economy in Asia is growing rapidly. As a consequence, transportation and communication technologies and the changing needs of customers and shippers have resulted in Asian and Taiwan's logistics being in transition. This paper discusses why logistics changes, and explores the opportunities for Asian logistics development. The issues of logistics perspectives of private sectors in Taiwan are then raised. Finally, logistics development in Taiwan is described.     

Changes in transport risk perception in urban populations in Norway from 2004 to 2013

Urban populations transport risk perception is interesting because it is associated with travel mode choices and use. This study investigates changes in transport-related risk constructs in the urban population in Norway in 2004 and 2013, and describes whether people perceive private or public to be associated with the highest risk. The results are based on self-completion questionnaire surveys conducted in two independent representative samples living in the same urban areas in 2004 (n?=?592) and 2013 (n?=?1035). Overall, the respondents perceived the risk as lower in 2013 than in 2004. For both time periods, people consistently assessed the risk constructs related to private motorized transportation as higher than corresponding risk in public transportation. The findings suggest that while transportation risk perception in urban populations may change over time, the pattern that private motorized transportation is associated with a higher perceived risk than public transportation remains stable.     

Role of transport in rural development in Africa

Rural Africa is starved of transport services. The transport routes run towards the export enclaves and the coast.

The political, social and developmental rural transport benefits are discussed. Rural transport will help (i) integrate the country and ease its governance; (ii) widen markets; (iii) induce increased agricultural output, through new technologies, reduced transport costs, etc. The transport cost savings should be passed on to rural firms and producers. The paper warns against their accruing only to middlemen — agricultural parastatals inclusive, thereby stifling the benefits to production. This could happen under some forms of pan‐territorial pricing. Negative aspects of road development, e.g. the substitution of local goods by imports, increased migration and noise, are noted.

The place and role of project appraisal in rural road planning is acknowledged. The broad‐based development packages approach associated with Integrated Rural Development Projects has, despite its attractions, some pitfalls. It favours well established villages and ignores distribution benefits within villages.

Project appraisal can be used to justify socially uneconomic transport developments. However, rural road investment projects with immediate negative returns are unlikely to be funded. Given clear priorities, short of elaborate cost/benefit analysis, obvious road investments choices can be made by the local community. Greater public accountability of transport planners and peoples’ participation in determining rural transport needs and priorities is emphasized. Increased rural road maintenance especially through self‐help schemes and increased use of traditional modes of transport, e.g. walking, animal and water transport, is recommended.     

Mapping minibuses in Maputo and Nairobi: engaging paratransit in transportation planning in African cities

ABSTRACT

Often called paratransit because of their flexible stops, schedules and routes, minibuses make up the bulk of public transport in African cities. Despite their ubiquity and importance, these systems are poorly understood by transportation planners who tend to focus on large-scale urban infrastructure projects such as highways, commuter rail or bus rapid transit systems. The assumption within much of this planning is that these minibus systems are barriers to change and will become at most secondary “feeder” buses within large-scale projects, but structured plans detailing this vision are lacking. This paper argues that frequent failure to collect data and value important paratransit systems as a critical part of transportation in their own right is deeply problematic from the point of view of equity, access and inclusive and effective planning. We ask whether the growing number of bottom up mapping projects of minibus systems can disrupt this status quo. By comparing two mapping projects, Digital Matatus in Nairobi and the Mapa Dos Chapas in Maputo, we find that inclusive, collaborative mapping can help render these minibuses more visible in planning and provoke more grounded and inclusive “planning conversations” on multi-modal integration, passenger information and minibus upgrading, all key but relatively marginalised aspects of creating accessible, low emission, high quality and safe public transport in African cities.     

Passenger rail in North America in the light of developments in Western Europe and Japan

Because of different geo‐demographic and economic conditions, the impact of the new passenger modes (road and air) on rail travel was much larger in North America than in Europe. In 1960s and 1970s, as the railway share of intercity traffic in North America shrunk to a negligible one or two percent, the passenger trains were abandoned by private railway companies and taken over by state organizations, which have continued to operate traditional trains and generate mounting losses. On the technology side, no attempts have been made to improve competitiveness of trains vis‐a‐vis automobiles and airplanes.

In Europe and Japan, the railways responded to the challenge by (i) upgrading the performance (speed) and comfort of traditional trains operating on existing tracks and (ii) developing trains which could, on short and intermediate range distances, compete successfully, in terms of speed and economy, with the road and air modes. The Japanese (Shinkansen trains) and French (TGV trains) experience clearly shows that trains operating on dedicated lines at average speeds of 150 to 200 km/hr provide a superior transportation service and economy on high‐traffic intercity routes of up to about 500 km length. In this paper the factors responsible for the present status of passenger rail in North America are analysed, the current policies in the U.S. and Canada are evaluated in the light of experience to date and developments abroad, and suggestions for a long‐term passenger rail policy are made. This includes examination of (i) the viability of continued subsidization of traditional train services, (ii) the viability of operation of faster trains on existing tracks, (iii) the scope for introduction of modern, fast trains on dedicated lines in high‐density, intercity corridors, (iv) the application of fast trains as access to major airports and integration of airports with fast intercity lines, and (v) the impact of energy (oil) consumption in transportation.

     

Heterogeneity among motorists in traffic-congested areas in southern California

Estimation of congestion costs, presumed to be one of the largest external costs of automobile travel, is typically based on a single value of time delay for motorists in metropolitan areas. However, the estimation may be wrong if the profiles of motorists are different at different times of day. This study uses a survival model to examine the demographic and socioeconomic profiles of motorists at different times of day at congested locations in southern California, by using on-road remote-sensing measurements and license plates images obtained in 2007 and 2008 by the California South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD). More than 80,000 vehicles were observed from fifteen selected study sites over fifteen days. Their plates, through anonymized registration records, revealed addresses at the census block group level, which have homogenous profiles by construction. Motorists’ profiles at different times of day display large variation, however, according to extended Cox model with a non-parametric baseline hazard, which is used to accommodate both the time-invariant and time-varying effects of the covariates. This study thus proposes a new approach to examine heterogeneity among motorists.     

Gender inequality in mobility and mode choice in Pakistan

Using the nationally representative dataset of the 2007 Pakistan Time-Use Survey, this paper examines gender differences in daily trip rate, mode choice, travel duration, and purpose of travel, which are previously unreported because of limited data availability. Wide gender mobility gaps are observed in the country, where women are less likely to travel, are half as mobile as men and may rely heavily on walking. The particular social and cultural context of the country, that renders women as private, secluded and family honor, seems influential in shaping their mobility and choice of activities. Demographic factors such as age, household income, and marital status significantly decrease female mobility levels. Hence, these findings call for a gender-based culturally responsive transportation policy in the country.