承运人主张舱面货免责的条件

关于承运人是否可对舱面货免责，应从是否与托运人就此达成协议，是否符合航运惯例，是否符合有关法律、行政法规规定逐一进行分析。本案中承运人未与托运人就舱面货装运达成协议，新车装载于舱面并不符合航运惯例，且有关法律、行政法规对此亦无规定，因而承运人不能对舱面货享受免责。     

载货集装箱丢失的仲裁

某轮根据承运人与托运人签订的支线运输协议，从中国天津新港装载载货集装箱运往香港卸载。在香港卸载后，由他轮运往欧洲港口。托运人作为全程运输的承运人向欧洲收货人签发了新港至欧洲港口的全程运输提单。该轮于1994年10月31日到达香港，托运人委托香港H公司所属     

无船承运人服务协议制度问题的探讨

美国《1998年远洋航运改革法》(以下简称《航运改革法》)与我国《中华人民共和国国际海运条例》(以下简称《国际海运条例》)仅允许无船承运人(Non Vessel Operating Common Carrier,NVOCC)通过运价本与托运人订立运输合同,并不享有海上公共承运人通过服务合同与托运人订立运输合同的权利。2005 年1月19日,美国联邦海事委员会(FMC)制定的《无船承运人服务协议》(NVOCC Service Arrangement,     

信用证下正本提单的签发份数

为探究航运习惯中签发3套正本提单的必要性,通过对信用证下签发3份正本提单的风险分析,以"1/3正本提单邮寄收货人"做法为切入点,提出此类风险的预防措施以及解决办法,认为承运人或其代理人签发3份正本提单的做法不仅造成浪费,而且可能引发海运风险,因此,除非托运人明确要求,承运人或其代理人应该只签发1份正本提单。     

提单运输中托运人支付运费的义务

从法律意义上说，运费是托运人对承运人履行货运合同、完成货物运输而支付的对价。在提单运输中支付运费．从一般法理和各国的法律规定而言．是托运人应负担的义务。然而．在航运实践中．令承运人最为关心却又最头痛的莫过于运费的收取。以下略举二例：     

关于NVOCC若干问题的探究（1）

NVOCC的由来与发展 传统上,货运代理代托运人办理货物托运手续,这时仅是一般代理人,而非承运人.因此,其业务范围基本上是照顾货物.货运代理人向托运人收取货物后,发给收货凭证(Forwarder's Cargo Receipt-FCR),然后以自己名义与实际承运人签定货物运输合同,使承运人运送货物至目的地,但却不负实际承运责任.货运代理人也可兼营与货物流通有关的其他方面业务,如报关、保险等.其主要的收益是来自实际承运人所支付的佣金,制作文件的报酬及其他兼营项目的服务费.     

船舶承运镍矿石安全建议

为有效防范船栽镍矿石事故发生，针对近年来多起承载镍矿石船舶的倾覆事故，分析镍矿石原产地情况，提出船舶载运矿石事故防范措施：托运人在装货前，应尽早向承运人以书面形式提供与货物相关的所有信息及证明文件，以保障货物装船、运输及卸载安全；承运人应始终恪尽职守，监督装船作业，在发现货物状况有可能影响船舶安全时，应及时拒绝或停止装载货物，并委托符合资质的检验员代为协助处理相关事宜；从源头抓起，明确租船合同中托运人与承运人的责任和义务，尽力规避风险，以保障船舶安全，避免事故发生。     

无正本提单交货纠纷的有关问题

本文首先提出了可以主张提单项下的权利的权利人是托运人、银行、提单持有人，而被告常多为承运人、承运人的代理人、装卸公司、港口仓库和收货人等。其次，介绍了托运人凭正本提单主张权利的情况。再次，介绍了承运人的代理人的责任及无单放货行为是否构成越权代理，是否应单独承担责任。最后，介绍了无单放货纠纷中，托运人向收货人提出索赔的情况。并总结全文通过合法途径取得正本提单的托运人或提单的受让人凭提单以其违反运输合同可以向承运人提出索赔，也可以以收货人侵犯其提单项下的货物所有权为由诉其侵权责任。     

合谋共赢新常态推进海运业持续健康发展

金融危机以来,全球海运市场进入了一轮漫长的调整期,海运法规向更加注重协调承运人与托运人之间关系、海运节能减排、安全防污、保安与反海盗和国际海运劳工保护方向调整.调整船队结构、加强节能减排技术应用、加强信息化技术应用和沿产业链创新服务,成为企业有效应对长期供需失衡、竞争加剧新常态的基本选择,也就是说,航运及其产业链上的企业必须抱定壮士断腕、背水一战的决心和勇气,痛下杀手降低经营和管理成本,做精做强航运服务以赢得市场。     

运费如何保持稳定

越来越多的托运人和承运人认为未来运费的稳定性将取决于市场的定价策略。     

Valuation mismatch and shipping q indicator for shipping asset management

ABSTRACT

This paper aims to develop an adaptation of the Tobin Q investment model for the shipping asset management in order to monitor valuation mismatch and bubble pricing of shipping assets. In this circumstance, the market prices of various shipping assets (e.g., Capesize or Panamax dry bulk carriers in different age profiles) are compared to the measured long-term asset value with second-hand ship prices. The mark-to-market prices of shipping assets are led by current market trends and freight rates, while the long-term asset value is estimated by using past data under certain assumptions (mean reversion, trend reversion). The discrepancy between market prices and the long-term nominal value of a shipping asset reflects any mispricing, which in turn sheds light on investment timing and market entry-exit decision.     

An optimal containership slot allocation for liner shipping revenue management

In the competitive liner shipping market, carriers may utilize revenue management systems to increase profits by using slot allocation and pricing. In this paper, related research on revenue management for transportation industries is reviewed. A conceptual model for liner shipping revenue management (LSRM) is proposed and a slot allocation model is formulated through mathematical programming to maximize freight contribution. We illustrate this slot allocation model with a case study of a Taiwan liner shipping company and the results show the applicability and better performances than the previous allocation used in practice.     

An optimal containership slot allocation for liner shipping revenue management

In the competitive liner shipping market, carriers may utilize revenue management systems to increase profits by using slot allocation and pricing. In this paper, related research on revenue management for transportation industries is reviewed. A conceptual model for liner shipping revenue management (LSRM) is proposed and a slot allocation model is formulated through mathematical programming to maximize freight contribution. We illustrate this slot allocation model with a case study of a Taiwan liner shipping company and the results show the applicability and better performances than the previous allocation used in practice.     

国际航运电子市场分析

从介绍近年来电子商务革命对航运业发展的深刻影响入手，阐述了国际航运电子市场的优点、发展演化。根据市场规模和交易频率、市场套利能力和市场信息不均衡性等3个重要因素，分析了国际航运电子市场的定价形态，并进一步分析了相应的定价政策。从而为航运交易的各方进入国际航运电子市场，实现其盈利目标提供了有益的参考。     

The Nigerian shipping industry and indigenous shipping companies

The shipping industry in Nigeria since the early 1990s has been experiencing a continuous disastrous downturn. Nigerian shipping companies' participation in international shipping has continued to be very limited. Their presence and impact is hardly felt in the world's shipping industry. Both the national carriers (that is shipping companies with national carrier status) and other indigenous private shipping companies have vessel as well as management problems. These problems have led to the poor performance of the Nigerian shipping industry for over a decade now. The carriers in the industry are not attaining for the country the gains that are supposed to emanate from shipping. This paper points out the importance of shipping to a nation, identifies the problems the country's shipping companies are facing and proffers solutions that include merging of the companies to have strong financial standing and a competitive edge.     

Spatial pattern of the global shipping network and its hub-and-spoke system

Port system is a research focus of transport geography, and most studies believe carriers are important factors in the development and concentration of the port system. Since the 1990s, carriers have played an important role in organizing the global shipping network and reorganizing the port system. But there isn’t a perfect method to evaluate carriers’ influence and the roles of each port in the maritime shipping networks. In this paper, we use the monthly schedule table of international carriers to describe and model the spatial pattern of the global shipping network and identify its hub-and-spoke system. The result shows that a hierarchical structure exists in the global shipping network. The North Hemisphere, especially the East Asia and the Southeast Asia, is a dominant region of the worldwide shipping network. East Asia, Southeast Asia, Northeast Europe, and East coast of the USA are the concentration regions of worldwide shipping lines. The ports of Hong Kong, Singapore, Shenzhen, Shanghai, and Kaohsiung etc have advanced capacity for maritime shipping and high potentials for being hub ports in the global shipping network. Today, the worldwide shipping network is transforming from the multi-port calling system to 44 regional hub-and-spoke systems. Meanwhile, the sub-networks with hub ports of Antwerp, Singapore, and Hong Kong have become the most important ones and dominate the whole global shipping network.     

An analysis of the pricing system in the Greek–Italian coastal routes

Price discrimination is practiced by oligopolistic coastal shipping companies in the ‘unregulated’ Greece–Italy routes in the year 2002. Investigation has been carried out ‘per route’—in a doctoral thesis—instead of ‘per market’ which was the so-far erroneous approach of shipping economists. This is so for a host of differentiating factors play a considerable and non-negligible role (like geography, distance, demand, seasonality and others). Service—and price-discrimination—in coastal shipping is affected also by the predetermined ship design which thus is a special feature—but not exclusively—in coastal shipping. Companies in the Adriatic Sea try to extract the greater possible value of the user's willingness to pay, peak and off-peak, group and ungrouped, for social groups (clubs, families and students). Marketing and economics interfere in a complicated—far from the nice world of theory—situation, where maximization of revenue and profit, capacity utilization, intense seasonality and high fixed cost (common and joint costs as well) are a few of the factors that interplay. This paper can be considered as a case study for applied pricing. Excess capacity is also a strategic factor affecting pricing. It is our opinion that the analysis here gives for the first time a complete theoretical and practical account—based on the price lists of the companies—of the pricing policy of the ferry boats running in the Adriatic Sea belonging to coastal shipping companies connecting Italy with Greece and Greece with the European Union (EU). We believe this work to be useful for maritime Europe.     

An analysis of the pricing system in the Greek-Italian coastal routes

Price discrimination is practiced by oligopolistic coastal shipping companies in the 'unregulated' Greece-Italy routes in the year 2002. Investigation has been carried out 'per route'—in a doctoral thesis—instead of 'per market' which was the so-far erroneous approach of shipping economists. This is so for a host of differentiating factors play a considerable and non-negligible role (like geography, distance, demand, seasonality and others). Service—and price-discrimination—in coastal shipping is affected also by the predetermined ship design which thus is a special feature—but not exclusively—in coastal shipping. Companies in the Adriatic Sea try to extract the greater possible value of the user's willingness to pay, peak and off-peak, group and ungrouped, for social groups (clubs, families and students). Marketing and economics interfere in a complicated—far from the nice world of theory—situation, where maximization of revenue and profit, capacity utilization, intense seasonality and high fixed cost (common and joint costs as well) are a few of the factors that interplay. This paper can be considered as a case study for applied pricing. Excess capacity is also a strategic factor affecting pricing. It is our opinion that the analysis here gives for the first time a complete theoretical and practical account—based on the price lists of the companies—of the pricing policy of the ferry boats running in the Adriatic Sea belonging to coastal shipping companies connecting Italy with Greece and Greece with the European Union (EU). We believe this work to be useful for maritime Europe.     

国内两起干散货船自沉事故引发的思考

干散货船在水上货物运输中有着举足轻重的地位,然而在繁忙运输中与其相关的事故也频频发生,文中通过分析国内两起干散货船自沉事故背后潜藏的隐患和问题,提出强化航运企业、船舶和监管部门各方薄弱环节管理的建议和意见,以期共同为航运业发展和海上安全运输贡献力量.     

Revisiting port pricing; a proposal for seven port pricing principles

A review of seven large landlord port authorities around the world reveals a notable diversity of pricing structures. While port authorities increasingly act as commercial undertakings, port pricing often seems to be not driven by commercial considerations. In this paper, we argue that ports can be regarded as “business ecosystems” with multiple users. This provides a valuable perspective on pricing and raises the question of whether ports can be regarded as two-sided markets. We argue this is not the case. The business ecosystem perspective provides a basis for deducing seven pricing principles for port authorities that are detailed in the paper and illustrated with cases these principles. These pricing principles are broadly follow a direct user pays approach; capture value from “non-core” tenants; price aggressively for activities with a high strategic value; differentiate pricing based on price elasticity and connectivity improvements; maximize revenue from long-term lease agreements, price port dues competitively; critically consider differentiation of charges based on environmental performance; and finally use incentives to align interests of terminal operators and shipping lines. We conclude that the ecosystem perspective is central to the understanding of pricing decisions of port authorities and that various pricing issues deserve more attention.