龙潭湾大跨径隧道断面形状优化设计研究

目前三车道隧道断面形状设计没有统一的标准,合理的断面形状设计既可节约成本,又可保证隧道的安全性.文章以龙潭湾隧道为工程背景,利用ANSYS有限元软件对不同扁平率的断面隧道开挖后的应力分布、位移分布、衬砌受力等进行了数值模拟分析;运用层次分析法对影响隧道安全性与经济性的最大正应力、拱顶下沉、开挖面积、衬砌周长等日标值进行了多目标优化,提出了依托工程条件下的最优化断面形状.     

城市地下立交隧道交叉口施工方法研究

城市立交隧道施工的难点在于两条隧道合并为一条隧道的交叉口施工,该处存在特大断面隧道、偏连拱隧道和小净距隧道型式的多重转换,施工风险高,对工法、工艺要求苛刻。文章以杭州市紫之隧道的地下立交交叉口工程为依托,提出了一种小洞开大洞,然后再横向开挖,最后反向开挖的施工方法和施工工序。结合工程特点,采用有限元数值模拟和监控量测方法验证了该施工方法的合理性。结果表明:对隧道交叉口采用导洞爬坡反向施工方法可以保证分叉段施工安全,解决小洞往大洞方向开挖的难题;分叉隧道开挖过程中,围岩所受拉应力主要集中在拱顶、拱底及中间岩柱上,所受压应力主要集中在中间岩柱及大拱拱腰、小净距外侧拱腰处;衬砌结构最大拉应力出现在拱底,最大压应力发生在拱腰处。     

特大断面铁路隧道施工过程应力特性研究

为了研究隧道施工中围岩的应力特性,采用能够反映围岩三向应力的I1-J2姨曲线来描述应力路径,并结合摩尔库伦准则,定义安全系数。文章以乌蒙山2号隧道为例,采用FLAC3D软件分析了特大断面铁路隧道施工中的应力路径和安全系数的变化规律。研究结果表明:特大断面铁路隧道分部施工中,隧道左右两侧围岩的应力路径和安全系数变化规律表现出一定的"对称性";当开挖至监测点3m范围时,开挖引起监测点应力值、安全系数迅速减小,其主应力方向发生偏转;施作初期支护后,应力值、安全系数得到一定增加,且趋于稳定;及早地施作各部初期支护有利于控制围岩应力变化,边墙处安全系数长时间小于1.0应予以重视;开挖面通过各监测点后,各监测点的安全系数基本趋于稳定并大于1.0,说明该隧道在本次计算中是安全的。     

散岩堆积体中特大断面公路隧道洞口段合理施工工法研究

为研究散岩堆积体中隧道洞口段最适宜的开挖方式,文章以火凤山隧道(双线隧道)为工程背景,采用拉格朗日有限差分软件FLAC3D建立土体三维计算模型,对施工期隧道洞口段分别采用三台阶、三台阶预留核心土、三台阶七步法、CD法和CRD法共五种工法进行数值模拟开挖,分析不同施工工法下围岩应力分布及变形规律,提出适用于散岩堆积体地层条件下的隧道洞口段施工工法。研究结果表明:从隧道竖向位移分析得出,五种工法对应的最大位移分别为28.18cm、25.90cm、21.43cm、18.58cm、14.13cm;从围岩应力来看,五种工法围岩应力分布规律上并未出现明显区别,只是在量值上有一定差异;随着围岩的不断开挖,隧道埋深逐渐增大,隧道各特征点的最大位移值也不断增大;在掌子面前方一定范围内,即开挖断面还未达到监测断面的部分区域已经产生了一定的变形,但是变形较小;当开挖断面推进到监测断面时,随着开挖面的推进,拱顶下沉不断增大,其特点是初期下沉速率很大,而后随离开掌子面的距离变大,其速度逐渐减缓,并趋于稳定,围岩收敛先快速增长后逐渐平稳。     

隧道玻璃纤维锚杆全断面预加固机理与应用

在隧道开挖过程中,围岩应力重分布是一个三维过程,掌子面前方的"待挖核心体"的形变响应与洞室的收敛存在密切联系",待挖核心体"的岩性决定了开挖后的围岩能否自然成拱。因此,对于不能自然成拱的破碎、软弱围岩常采用玻璃纤维锚杆对隧道掌子面进行全断面预加固。文章通过对不同工况下的玻璃纤维锚杆全断面预加固进行模拟分析,得到了隧道开挖过程中掌子面位移变形随开挖进程的变化规律,以及衡量玻璃纤维锚杆全断面预加固效果的位移指标。基于典型软弱围岩条件下的铁路隧道工程实例,结合多种工况条件,给出了玻璃纤维锚杆的优化设计参数和施工方案,可为同类工程提供借鉴。     

大断面黄土偏压隧道开挖侧向边坡稳定性影响分析

大断面黄土偏压隧道穿越边坡时,由于隧道开挖断面大,施工频繁扰动土体,容易诱发滑坡、崩塌等工程风险。文章结合对隧址边坡进行预先加固的具体工程试验段,以边坡的稳定性计算为核心,选用改进的强度折减法,同时考虑抗拉强度指标与抗剪强度指标的折减;利用FLAC3D建立三维数值模型,模拟分析短台阶、CD、CRD三种施工方法对边坡稳定性的影响。工程实践表明:在大断面偏压黄土隧道开挖侧边坡潜在滑面不明确情况下,用改进后的强度折减法,分析开挖对侧向边坡稳定性的影响,其结果与实际情况比较符合;隧道连续开挖对侧向边坡稳定性影响明显;在边坡支护情况下,综合各项因素,大断面偏压黄土隧道宜采用CRD法开挖。     

超大断面隧道大倾角层状围岩力学特性研究

文章以重庆轨道交通环线莲花村车站隧道工程为依托,采用有限元数值模拟对超大断面隧道开挖时大倾角层状围岩的力学特性进行研究。通过建立大倾角岩层数值模型,对隧道进行不同工况的分步开挖计算,分析得到大倾角层状围岩的塑性区、应力和位移变化规律。结果表明:大倾角层状岩体塑性区位于层面内,层面塑性变形最大;围岩最大拉应力发生在上部中导洞围岩开挖支护过程中,上部左导洞以及中导洞外壁围岩产生最大拉应力;最大压应力发生在上部中导洞开挖支护过程中,大倾角岩层上部右导洞以及中部右导洞在各工况中产生最大压应力;隧道中、下部右导洞水平位移在二衬施加后达到最大,围岩最大下沉量位于上部左导洞处。     

新建隧道开挖对既有偏压隧道的影响研究

新建隧道邻近既有隧道施工可能会引起既有隧道结构的较大变形,甚至造成重大事故,这在邻近隧道是浅埋偏压隧道时风险更大。文章依托广西某新建公路隧道的实际情况,使用数值模拟方法计算其开挖对既有隧道应力和变形的影响。结果表明：沿既有隧道纵向,变形最大位置出现在起始开挖断面;沿既有隧道横向,应力变形在断面上反对称分布,变形和应力的最大位置在右侧拱脚处,需加强相应防护监控措施。     

隧道围岩变形影响因素分析

在对岩体工程进行开挖的过程中,可能会破坏岩体中已经达到的平衡状态,并改变岩体结构的应力场分布,致使应力发生重分布问题,从而导致岩体结构发生变形或者破坏。鉴于此,以某隧道工程为实际研究对象,在对其复杂地质条件进行分析的前提条件下,选择下行方向XK20+680断面作为围岩结构力学模拟的工作区域,对隧道围岩结构变形的相关影响因素进行了分析与研究。     

特大断面隧道施工工序优化研究

本文依托重庆火凤山隧道工程的修建开展研究,通过数值模拟,分析了不同施工工序对各断面形状的影响效果,并结合各断面形状所采用的施工工法,提出合理的施工工序.结果表明:(1)对于采用CD法施工的17 m特大断面段与21 m特大断面段而言,优化后的施工工序对围岩位移与塑性区的控制效果较为有限,但能有效改善开挖过程中初期支护应力的应力集中现象、降低应力值,且应力集中分布的位置有所差异.同时,通过优化施工工序能够减小支护结构左右侧应力分布不均匀程度,改善隧道开挖后支护结构的受力状态;(2)通过采用左右交互开挖的施工工序,24 m特大断面段与30 m特大断面段的围岩位移与支护结构应力均有所减小,同时对围岩的扰动也有所下降,但改善效果不及CD法明显.整体而言,优化后的施工工序对24 m特大断面段与30 m特大断面段隧道开挖较为有利,建议采用优化后的施工工序进行施工.     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

The Impact of Container Type Diversification on Regional British Port Development Strategies

Abstract

Despite a concentration of container traffic in the southeast of the UK over the last few decades, regional ports are attempting new development strategies to capture or retain specific traffic segments. These include intra-European short-sea traffic and a potentially increasing feeder market. These trends are reflected in the movement of different container types, which result in a number of planning challenges related to changing infrastructural and operational requirements. This paper uses highly disaggregated data on container type movements to address three issues that can inform these planning challenges. First, the imbalance of trade resulting in empty container repositioning; second, the requirement for gauge-cleared rail routes to cater for the increasing proportion of high-cube containers; and third, the specialisation of European short-sea traffic at secondary UK ports. The results reveal the disproportionate repositioning of empty containers at Scottish ports and the importance of 45?ft, high-cube and pallet-wide containers at regional ports, highlighting their focus on intra-European short-sea traffic and raising difficulties relating to their lower quality of landside infrastructure (particularly rail) in comparison to the large south-eastern ports. The potential repercussions on hinterland infrastructure development raise questions about both public and private sector responses to regional port development.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

A century of evolution of the accessibility concept

The concept of accessibility has acquired numerous meanings along multiple dimensions during the century of its evolution. This essay argues for the salience of two dimensions: application-based and definition-based. In its application, accessibility has incorporated positive and normative dimensions which have varied in prominence over time. In its definition, accessibility has varied between a mode of evaluation incorporating measured mobility and proximity, on the one hand, and a predefined market basket of urbanist improvements to transportation and land use systems, on the other. Advocates of the accessibility shift should emphasize both the measured approach to accessibility and accessibility’s normative side.     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。     

中国城市道路规划方位性问题研究

文章结合中国的传统建筑文化理念和现代科学原理,从历史文化、能源节约、环境保护、房地产定价、交通安全等多方面分析研究了城市道路在规划和设计时所应遵从的定向规则。     

Predicting queue variability to enable analysis of overload risk

ABSTRACT

Predicting the risk of traffic demands and delays exceeding critical limits at road junctions, airports, hospitals, etc., requires knowing how both mean and variance of queue size vary over time. Microscopic simulation can explore variability but is computationally demanding and gives only sample results. A computationally efficient approximation to the mean is used in many modelling tools, but only empirical extensions for variance in particular situations have been available. The paper derives theoretical formulae for time-dependent and equilibrium variance, believed to be novel and to apply generally to queues covered by the Pollaczek–Khinchin mean formula, and offering possible structural insights. These are applied in an extended approximation giving mutually consistent mean and variance estimates with improved accuracy. Tests on oversaturated peak demand cases are compared with Markov probabilistic simulation, demonstrating accuracy (R^2?>?0.99) for typical random, priority-like (M/M/1) and traffic-signal-like (M/D/1) queues. Implications for risk analysis, planning and policy are considered.     

Planning guidelines for metro–bus interchanges by means of a pedestrian microsimulation model

The big paradigm for cities nowadays is to study the movement of pedestrians at the interface between metro and bus systems – metro–bus interchanges. When these interchanges are not well designed, walking is inefficient and can be unsafe for pedestrians. This paper analyses, by means of a pedestrian microsimulation model, metro–bus interchange spaces in order to propose planning guidelines for the city of Santiago de Chile. Specific objectives are (1) to identify the variables that provide efficiency and safety in those spaces; (2) to simulate different scenarios using the pedestrian simulation model LEGION; (3) to propose planning and design guidelines for pedestrian spaces at metro–bus interchanges; and (4) to contrast the recommendations in the recently opened terminal station on Line 1 of Metro de Santiago: Los Dominicos Station.     

生命大过天

文章介绍了广西壮族自治区公路管理局开展专项行动,治理以桥梁为重点的交通基础设施安全隐患的情况,针对在役桥梁、在建桥梁和农村公路桥梁存在的安全隐患提出了相应的治理措施。