断层错动下节段式隧道设计参数及安全性分析

鉴于山岭隧道穿越地震活动带的逆断层时易受断层滑动的影响,文章采用数值分析方法,对断层错动下的减震型节段衬砌隧道设计参数进行安全性分析。结果表明:隧道施工过程中应进行径向注浆加固,采取?42 mm小导管进行径向注浆,加固圈为开挖轮廓线外3.7 m;逆断层错动下,位于上盘的衬砌节段易发生拉破坏,位于下盘的衬砌节段易发生压剪破坏;最易发生破坏的节段为与断层面相交的3#衬砌节段;随着错距增大,逆断层型式下节段式衬砌结构的抗压、抗裂及抗剪安全系数呈现逐渐降低的趋势,最易发生破坏的位置为与断层面相交的3~#衬砌节段,破坏型式为压剪破坏,破坏的部位常出现在仰拱与拱顶位置;逆断层错动下,处于下盘(固定盘)的衬砌节段抗裂安全性大于上盘衬砌节段,处于上盘(移动盘)的衬砌节段抗压、抗剪安全性大于下盘衬砌节段;去除端部效应,距离断层面越近,衬砌节段安全性越小,需采取加强措施。所得结论对今后类似工程具有重要的参考和借鉴价值。     

鹧鸪山隧道二次衬砌开裂机理及支护时机探讨

隧道二次衬砌开裂成因复杂,只有分清隧道二次衬砌开裂原因,才能对其提出合理的处治对策,以保证隧道施工、运营安全。文章以某高速公路(炭质)千枚岩隧道为例,基于隧道出口段二次衬砌开裂特征,结合现场监控量测以及工程地质条件,分析该隧道二次衬砌开裂主要原因是围岩地质条件差、围岩级别低且二次衬砌施作过早。然后进一步采用数值计算分析不同二次衬砌施作时机下的应力特征,结果表明:二次衬砌施作过早导致边墙和拱腰附近二次衬砌内侧产生较大的拉应力,且二次衬砌施作越早,拉应力越大,这将导致二次衬砌张拉开裂;在初期支护变形量为隧道最终变形收敛值的65%~70%之后施作二次衬砌较适宜。建议在类似隧道施工中加强监控量测,严格控制二次衬砌支护时机。     

新隧道爆破开挖对邻近隧道的影响分析

通过建立静力模型模拟既有隧道衬砌的现有受力状态并分析新隧道开挖时引起既有隧道的衬砌应力重分布;然后建立动力模型分析新隧道爆破时应力波在既有隧道二次衬砌中引起的应力状态;将静力模型和动力模型中隧道衬砌的应力进行矢量叠加,评判新隧道爆破开挖对既有隧道的影响。结果表明新建隧道爆破开挖对既有隧道的应力分布有较大影响,使得既有隧道二次衬砌近新隧道侧边墙处拉应力达到1.57MPa,超出混凝土抗拉强度,建议对新隧道施工采取必要的控制措施,从而保证既有隧道的安全。     

断层错动隧道地震响应规律及减震模拟研究

文章以内马铁路一期项目三标段2号隧道为工程依托,运用ANSYS软件建模,对断层错动和地震作用下隧道地震响应及减震措施进行模拟研究。结果表明:在竖直方向断层位错作用和水平方向的地震作用下,隧道侧壁的地震响应均最为明显;断层错动导致隧道在重力作用以及地震作用下发生应力重分布,其中主应力极值、X-位移极值和最大加速度明显增加,加速度增加幅度最大;断层错动和地震作用下隧道地震响应随减震层阻尼比增加而明显减小,较大阻尼比的减震层可以有效降低断层错动导致的隧道地震响应的应力、位移和加速度增加幅度;砂-橡胶混合物和砾石-橡胶混合物,配合土工格室加筋是一种潜在合适的隧道减震材料。     

走滑断层错动量大小对铁路隧道结构安全性影响的数值分析北大核心CSCD

走滑断层错动容易使穿越活动断裂带的隧道结构遭受严重的破坏。以某铁路隧道穿越某断裂带为工程背景,采用有限差分数值模拟手段,通过分析不同走滑断层错动量下隧道结构的位移、应力和应变,对隧道结构的安全性进行评判。研究表明:走滑断层错动时,除纵向位移外,随着错动量的增加,隧道结构位移越大,且走滑断层错动对在断层区和上盘区域的隧道结构影响最大;在走滑断层错动量>0.6 m后,隧道结构应力受错动量的影响较小,且隧道结构开始破坏,随着错动量增加,破坏范围增大。     

跨走滑断层铰接式隧洞衬砌错断破坏机制研究

以香炉山输水隧洞为研究对象，利用小尺度物理模型试验和数值模拟手段，开展走滑断层错动作用下铰接式隧洞衬砌错断响应特征、破坏形态和错断破坏机制研究。对比分析有无采用铰接设计的隧洞在走滑断层错动条件下的衬砌破坏特征、整体变形和细部破坏形态，系统研究衬砌结构的纵向位移和纵向应力变化趋势，以及包括弯矩、轴力、剪力在内的纵向内力分布规律，揭示穿越走滑断层隧洞错断破坏机理，剖析铰接式隧洞衬砌抗错断机制。研究表明：（1）在走滑断层的错动作用下，断层带附近衬砌应变较大，易发生屈服破坏；（2）断层错动作用使得主动侧隧洞衬砌产生纵向裂纹，随着错动量的增加，纵向裂纹逐渐演变成环形裂纹，衬砌发生隆起破坏，同时衬砌截面形状变为椭圆形；（3）铰接式衬砌破坏主要集中于断层错动面附近，表现为衬砌节段之间发生大角度转动和断层带内变形缝压剪破坏。     

大断面海底隧道二次衬砌结构安全性评价

正在修建的厦门东通道(翔安)海底隧道是我国大陆地区第一条海底公路隧道,主隧道开挖断面达170 m~2,隧道采用钻爆法施工.在海底段穿越了几条破碎带或风化囊槽,最大水深25.7 m,风化囊槽段围岩渗透性好,水压大,隧道拱顶最大静水压力0.68 MPa,为了保证二次衬砌安全,对其进行了现场应力监测。文章通过对现场大量实测数据总结分析,研究了大断面海底隧道二次衬砌的受力特点,为相似条件下海底隧道二次衬砌的设计和施工提供了参考。     

汶川8.0级大地震公路隧道震害调查与震害特征

研究强震作用下隧道结构的震害特征对于后续高烈度区隧道的抗震设防设计具有重要的借鉴意义。文章通过汶川地震公路隧道震害调查及分析,研究并总结了隧道结构各部分的震害特征。洞口结构的震害特征为:洞外结构受次生地质灾害影响严重,隧道洞口硬岩段支护结构震害极少,8度区隧道洞口软岩段出现二次衬砌开裂、渗水等轻微震害,11度区出现二次衬砌垮塌的严重震害;断层破碎带段隧道结构的震害特征为:跨非活动性断层隧道震害较轻,跨活动性断层隧道震害严重(二次衬砌垮塌、围岩垮塌等);普通段隧道结构的震害特征为:隧道硬岩普通段震害极少,8度区围岩软硬交接普通段和9度区软岩普通段衬砌出现开裂、渗水震害,10~11度区围岩软硬交接普通段出现衬砌错台震害,围岩缺陷普通段出现了二次衬砌垮塌的严重震害。     

大断面暗挖区间隧道二次衬砌快速施工工艺

隧道工程二次衬砌结构不允许渗水,表面无湿渍且二次衬砌混凝土必须具有高强度、耐久性等。结合锦江路站台建设项目,对大断面隧道暗挖施工过程中的二次衬砌快速施工展开研究分析,超大断面隧道采用整体移动式模板台车进行隧道二次衬砌施工,介绍混凝土浇筑及振捣施工中衬砌台车结构设计及施工技术。     

衬砌空洞对隧道结构安全性的影响规律研究

为了研究衬砌空洞对隧道结构安全性的影响,文章基于FLAC 3D有限差分软件,建立六种不同工况下的隧道衬砌空洞数值模型(无空洞和衬砌空洞位置分别为拱顶、拱肩、边墙、拱脚和底板),并通过对比不同位置衬砌空洞下隧道模型的变形位移、应力分布特征、最大主应力和最小主应力数值特点,得到了空洞位置对隧道衬砌结构变形和受力的影响规律。     

Survey of R&D in PRT systems

A survey of research and development in advanced transit has been made by Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg in cooperation with Trans21 in Boston. Summary findings are reported for fourteen academic research programs and ten development programs for PRT. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Conference of PRT and other Emerging Systems held in Minneapolis in 1996.     

The Impact of Container Type Diversification on Regional British Port Development Strategies

Abstract

Despite a concentration of container traffic in the southeast of the UK over the last few decades, regional ports are attempting new development strategies to capture or retain specific traffic segments. These include intra-European short-sea traffic and a potentially increasing feeder market. These trends are reflected in the movement of different container types, which result in a number of planning challenges related to changing infrastructural and operational requirements. This paper uses highly disaggregated data on container type movements to address three issues that can inform these planning challenges. First, the imbalance of trade resulting in empty container repositioning; second, the requirement for gauge-cleared rail routes to cater for the increasing proportion of high-cube containers; and third, the specialisation of European short-sea traffic at secondary UK ports. The results reveal the disproportionate repositioning of empty containers at Scottish ports and the importance of 45?ft, high-cube and pallet-wide containers at regional ports, highlighting their focus on intra-European short-sea traffic and raising difficulties relating to their lower quality of landside infrastructure (particularly rail) in comparison to the large south-eastern ports. The potential repercussions on hinterland infrastructure development raise questions about both public and private sector responses to regional port development.     

Modular route bus design – A method of meeting transport operation and vehicle manufacturing requirements

This research examines the problem of route bus specification and vehicle manufacturability. In order for bus operators to provide transport services, a range of vehicle configurations must be available from bus manufacturers, generating variety which has a negative impact on the manufacturing process. Larger part inventories, uncontrolled labour tasks and more troublesome maintenance are known impacts of this variety. This research identifies the functional necessities in route bus interior design and reduces the problems in bus manufacture and operation caused by specification diversity by proposing a modularised system of bus design. In particular, it makes recommendations as to how bus configuration should be carried out, ensuring an optimum mix of operational and manufacturing needs:

• 1.Determine user needs before the bus specification process.
• 2.Designs to be developed by the manufacturer in response to user needs.
• 3.This design should be standardised where possible, as suggested by the user needs.
• 4.Where user needs dictate product variations, apply a mass customisation approach to accommodate these needs.

The recommendations are communicated in design proposals for a modular bus interior, demonstrated by four cases designed to meet the present status quo of bus interior design and predictions for the future of the field.     

Productive efficiency and ownership of urban bus services

The established ownership mix of urban bus operations in Australia provides a unique opportunity to investigate the productivity differences between public and private bus service supply. Using duality theory in economics which links economic indices of factor productivity to the cost structure of a firm, we develop empirical measures of total and partial productivity of inputs, and adjust the differences for the effects of ownership status and operating environment. The evidence supports the notion that private supply of public passenger transport in general has performed more efficiently in the past than public supply, although the differences in productivity need not continue in the future.     

Optimization of bus stop locations for improving transit accessibility

A mathematical model is developed in this paper to improve the accessibility of a bus service. To formulate the optimization model, a segment of a bus route is given, on which a number of demand entry points are distributed realistically. The objective total cost function (i.e. the sum of supplier and user costs) is minimized by optimizing the number and locations of stops, subject to non‐additive users' value of time. A numerical example is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method thus developed to optimize the bus stop location problem. The sensitivity of the total cost to various parameters (e.g. value of users' time, access speed, and demand density) and the effect of the parameters on the optimal stop locations are analyzed and discussed.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

管道风险分析指数评分法中分值调整初探

管道风险分析指数评分法中重要步骤之一就是确定影响管道事故因素的权重,各个管道风险因素在整个管道事故中所占的权重是不相同的。针对目前管道风险分析指数评分法基本假设之一（各因素的分值范围都是0～100分）,为了更加客观、准确、合理地反映各个风险因素对于管道事故的影响程度,提出并论述了依据层次分析法的数学逻辑性进行综合计算得出管道风险因素的权重,然后对评分法中各个因素的最高分值,根据其权重不同进行相应调整,从而增强评价者对风险因素的认识和评判能力,提高管道风险评价结果的准确性。     

天然气站往复式压缩机活塞失效分析

针对天然气站往复式压缩机活塞的断裂事故,运用失效分析方法,开展了活塞断口扫描电镜分析、能谱和金相分析。根据断口形貌的电镜和金相观察结果,结合理论知识,分析确定了该活塞发生断裂事故的主要原因,即在特定工况下该活塞的材料缺陷是造成断裂的主要因素。