Total oil spill costs and compensations

Although counteracting environmental programmes and policies have been strengthened, large oil spills still occur at irregular intervals. The total oil spill costs and their compensations have attracted much interest from various parties, such as local stakeholders, and state and federal governments. This paper addresses five major cost categories whose aggregations are expected to cover the overall direct and indirect costs after the release of an oil spill. Among them, research costs should not be neglected, since they tend to be high if public attention has been drawn to the case. Through an examination of the relationship between the total oil spill costs and their admissible claims, we found that:

1. admissible claims do not cover the overall costs of the oil spill, and
2. admissible claims cannot be compensated in full in the case of large spills.

Clearly, a sound oil spill contingency management aims to minimize both the environmental impacts of areas most at risk and the total oil spill costs. In this paper an economic model for measuring environmental damages following an oil spill is addressed and applied to the Prestige case which happened to be the worst oil pollution in the history of Spain. The model indicates how an ideally a priori economic evaluation may intuitively help managers to make informed as well as fast decisions in contingency cases.     

浅析城市轨道交通之特许经营法律的完善

城市轨道交通项目投资额巨大、建设周期长、政府财政负担重等问题是每个发展轨道交通的城市都要面临的难题。如何改善城市轨道交通投融资环境．减少该领域潜在的风险，已经成为相关政府和企业深思的课题。作者将以北京地铁4号线特许经营为例．浅析城市轨道交通特许经营的有关法律法规并就其完善提出几点建议。     

曲线箱梁剪力滞效应的有限元分析

用有限元分析软件ANSYS模拟了比例为1:7的单箱单室预应力曲线箱梁模型,与实际试验中采集数据相对比,分析不同的箱梁参数对剪力滞效应的影响情况;分析在集中荷载和均布荷载情况下,不同的曲率中心角、宽跨比、宽厚比、板厚比时,箱梁剪力滞效应的变化情况及规律。     

浅谈船舶如何进行航次计划

充分有效的航次计划是保证航行安全的重要措施之一。在制定和实施航次计划的过程中要体现驾驶台团队的作用。本文从航海实践和培训的角度，阐述了制定和实施航次计划的步骤以及在培训中的注意事项。     

Shape Optimization of Elliptical Road Containers Due to Liquid Load in Steady-State Turning

A numerical analysis of liquid load in elliptical road containers undergoing a steady-state turning manoeuvre is presented for containers of unrestricted size and for containers of fixed capacity. The liquid load is expressed in terms of the horizontal and vertical forces and the overturning moment created by these forces around the middle bottom point of the container. The moment is obtained by integrating the liquid free-surface equation and using numerical calculation of the resulting expressions. An optimization study with an objective to minimize the peak overturning moment is performed on containers of fixed capacity to identify the optimal height/width ratio of the container. The results of this investigation being of a general nature, i.e. with no restriction for an application, are particularly intended for road tankers under a steady turning manoeuvre, where they can be applied with high degree of accuracy.     

遥控水下液压绞车的研制

深水救生潜器对接系统液压绞车是载人潜器上不可缺少的救生设备之一。其机械系统要求体积小，重量轻，且具有低转速、大扭矩的工作特性；控制系统要求收放绳能自动检测、显示，极限绳长时能自动控停、报警，且有掉电保护等功能。本文主要从机械系统和控制系统两个方面介绍该液压绞车的基本原理、结构、误差处理方法及试验情况。     

加入WTO对中国国际集装箱运输的影响

作为现代国际货物运输主要载体的国际集装箱,以其优势成为现代货物运输的主要发展方向.加入WTO后的中国将进一步扩大对外商品交流,这需要运输系统强有力的支持.因此,研究分析入世对中国国际集装箱运输的影响,探讨其应对措施,对于中国对外贸易竞争力的提高有着深远的战略意义和重要的现实意义.     

Dynamics of Tracked Vehicles

This paper provides a brief review of the state-of-the-art of tracked vehicle dynamics, including mobility over soft terrain, ride dynamics over rough surfaces and manoeuvrability. It is found that considerable progress has been made in the development of analytical frameworks for evaluating and predicting tracked vehicle mobility over soft terrain, taking into account the characteristics of terrain response to normal and shear loading. Certain computer simulation models for tracked vehicle mobility have been gaining increasingly wide acceptance by industry and governmental agencies in product development and in procurement. It is also found that most of the research on tracked vehicle ride dynamics and manoeuvrability is confined to operations on rigid surfaces. To achieve a realistic evaluation and prediction of the dynamic behaviour of tracked vehicles in the field, the key is to have a better understanding of terrain response to dynamic vehicular loading, including its dynamic stiffness and damping. Challenges that face vehicle dynamicists in this emerging field are identified.     

薄板激光填丝焊工艺研究

研究了一种新的焊接工艺方法——激光填丝焊，改进和设计了该工艺专用的送丝机及其位置精密调整机构，并对其主要工艺参数进行了初步试验与分析，提出了确定送丝速度的经验公式。激光填丝焊是对接焊缝存在较大间隙条件下直用激光焊的一种新工艺，它可以提高激光焊接件在实际生产中装配加工精度。     

Benthic community patterns reflect water column processes in the Northeast Water polynya (Greenland)

Benthic community patterns were investigated in the Northeast Water polynya (Greenland) during the summers of 1992 and 1993 to elucidate to what extent the bottom fauna is influenced by the dynamics of the overlying water. Five different fractions of the benthos (foraminiferans, nematodes, polychaetes, peracarid crustaceans, and epibenthic megafauna), ranging in average adult body size over 6 orders of magnitude (from about 100 μm to about 10 cm), were sampled quantitatively at 69 stations in water depths from 40 to 515 m. Total abundances of nematodes, polychaetes and peracarid crustaceans were found to be primarily correlated with parameters characterizing the potential benthic food supply (water column pigment and nitrate concentrations, sediment bound pigments and sediment biological activity), whereas abundances of foraminiferans and megabenthos were largely associated with seabed properties. Four benthic zones were distinguished by separately analyzing the faunistic composition and distribution of the five community fractions for Ob Bank, Western Westwind Trough, Eastern Westwind Trough, and Belgica Trough. This pattern was shown principally to reflect pelagic regimes differing in surface water hydrography, ice cover and euphotic productivity. This is the first time that a synoptic study of several benthic community portions spanning such a range in sizes and life styles has been performed in a polar shelf ecosystem. Our results indicate that abundances as well as composition of Arctic benthos are largely influenced by mesoscale pelagic processes, and thus provide further evidence for the importance of the benthic-pelagic coupling in high latitude seas.