Analysis of Adaptability of TBM in Trial Boring Stage of Super long Tunnel（超特长隧洞TBM集群试掘进阶段适应性分析）

The total length of the 2nd stage water transfer project in the northern area of Xinjiang of China is 540 km. The project consists of three tunnels, namely Xi Er (XE) Tunnel, Ka Shuang (KS) Tunnel and Shuang San (SS)〖HJ6.5mm〗 Tunnel, with lengths of 139.04 km, 283.27 km and 92.15 km respectively. All of these three tunnels have deep cover and are super long tunnels, and 95.6% of the total length of these three tunnels is constructed by TBMs. KS Tunnel is the longest water tunnel built or under construction in the world. In the paper, the trial TBM boring scheme and schedule of the water transfer project are introduced; the geological conditions revealed are statistically analyzed; and main project difficulties, i.e. durability of key equipment in long distance driving, passing through fault and fracture zones, water inrush, single head ventilation and transportation in long distance tunneling, anti slope drainage, and rock breaking efficiency and boring efficiency, are put forward. The adaptability of the TBMs used is analyzed from the aspects of adaptability to different surrounding rocks, adaptability to bad geological conditions and countermeasures, long distance ventilation and belt conveyor mucking and countermeasures, and TBM boring stability (such as equipment availability, boring time proportion, system malfunction and operation time). The following conclusions are obtained: (1) Accurate geological survey is the precondition of efficient tunneling. (2) The open type TBM can better adapt to Grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ of surrounding rocks, jointed and fractured zones and small faults; the adaptability of the TBMs used to the large scale fault fracture zones and water rich strata in this project is poor, and it needs to be improved in aspects of TBM equipment, supporting and construction technology. (3) The average availability of the TBM equipment in the trial boring stage is 89.9%, however, the malfunction rate of some ancillary equipment is high, particularly oil leakages occur to the main bearing seals; in order to achieve long distance tunneling, it is necessary to further improve the reliability and durability of the TBM equipment. (4) The average net boring efficiency in the trial boring stage is 296%, and TBM1 in Section Ⅱ of SS Tunnel achieves up to 45.2 % net boring efficiency; and highest monthly progress rate is 1 280 m, which created the highest record of the open type TBM boring in China. (5) TBM need to make great efforts to achieve 90% of the equipment system′s availability and over 40% of the tunneling efficiency.     

金家庄特长螺旋隧道施工通风方案优化分析

为加快长大隧道施工进度，多采用开挖斜井增加工作面，而多工作面同时施工时，通风成为影响掘进速度的重要因素。以金家庄螺旋隧道斜井工区工程为依托，针对左线现有压入式通风方案工作面风量较小、通风效果较差的问题，提出风仓式通风方案。采用三维数值模型对2种方案的“风机-风管-隧道”系统进行计算分析，并将数值计算所得测点风速与现测数据进行校验。计算结果表明： 1）现有压入式通风，风管供风量和洞内风速均不能满足隧道施工通风要求； 2）采用风仓式通风方案后，能较好地控制工作面风管出口风量，使各工作面风量满足要求； 3）风仓式通风具有灵活性，可随着隧道开挖进尺的增加，调节风仓内风机，控制工作面风量； 4）风仓式通风能减少风管长度和转角，从而减少漏风量和风压损失，较好地为工作面提供风量。本文研究成果可为类似工程提供参考，具有实际工程意义。     

桩基施工及承载阶段对运营盾构隧道的影响

针对合肥某立交桥上跨既有盾构隧道工程,通过有限元数值模拟方法对单桩邻近隧道施工进行参数敏感性分析,并进一步研究立交桥单桥墩桩基础与双桥墩桩基础在施工及承载阶段对盾构隧道管片变形与内力的影响;通过对比分析2种立交桥跨越既有盾构隧道方式下的地表沉降、盾构隧道管片及铁轨变形,探讨2种跨越方式在工程应用中的优劣。研究结果表明： 1）单桩对邻近隧道结构的影响,随着桩长、桩径的增加而增大;随着桩隧净间距的增大而近似呈指数函数形式降低。2）当桩长与隧道埋深比值大于1时,增加桩长是减小隧道结构变形的有效途径。3）单桥墩桩基础施工阶段对盾构隧道的影响效应小于承载阶段,管片位移以沉降为主。承载阶段随着荷载的增加,横向轴力与弯矩在靠桩一侧拱腰位置变化最大,纵向轴力与弯矩在拱顶位置变化最大。4）双桥墩桩基施工及承受上部荷载时,较单桥墩而言同一管片处的沉降增大0.3 mm,水平向位移减小0.56 mm。经比较,中间无桩的跨越隧道方式更优。     

光纤光栅传感和光电成像技术在地铁深基坑中的应用

为实时掌握基坑开挖过程中支护结构的变形情况,以宁波某地铁深基坑为依托,建立一套基于光纤光栅传感和光电成像技术的实时监测系统。介绍光纤光栅测量应变、光电式双向位移计测试墙顶水平位移和沉降的原理,并推导利用光纤光栅实测应变计算水平位移的公式。基坑开挖过程中,不同位移测试计算方法的成果对比分析结果表明： 光纤光栅传感技术测量墙体应变数据准确、可靠,计算的水平位移与测斜仪测得的水平位移一致,光电式双向位移计测试墙顶水平位移和沉降精度高于全站仪,可推广应用于基坑工程安全监测。     

既有运营地铁车站结构下换乘节点施工方案比选研究

为保证换乘节点施工安全,结合深圳地铁石厦站换乘节点实际情况,对可能出现的施工风险进行分析,提出应对风险的施工方案,并采用数值方法对不同施工方案进行分析比选。数值结果显示： 换乘节点开挖前注浆封闭止水,采用小导洞注浆+台阶法+临时仰拱分层、分块开挖等综合方案施作换乘节点是合理的。现场对既有结构的自动化监测数据显示,施工过程中3号线车站负2层中板最大竖向位移为5.6 mm,车站既有地下连续墙最大深层水平位移仅为0.6 mm,既有结构变形均远小于监测预警值。     

深埋隧洞TBM超前地质预报及预处理关键技术研究

为有效解决复杂不良地质条件造成的施工风险,系统开展TBM施工超前地质预报工作,综合采用TRT7000、TSP203、超前地质钻孔、微震监测等技术手段,结合地勘、地面物探及已揭露围岩特征,实现对不良地质的准确有效判识;针对隧洞沿线实际地质条件,对TBM设备进行优化设计,提高TBM设备应对断层破碎带、突涌水、挤压大变形及岩爆等灾害的能力;在此基础上,提出TBM施工灾害超前预处理技术方案,以减少卡机现象,避免埋机等事故风险。     

Key Rock Mechanics Problems and Countermeasures on Huge Diversion Tunnel of Baihetan Hydropower Station（白鹤滩水电站巨型导流洞关键岩石力学问题与对策）

The large scale diversion tunnel of Baihetan Hydropower Station has complex geological conditions, thus various problems of rock mechanics appeared during the process of excavation. Typical damage and fracture mechanics are analyzed in depth, including the collapse along weak rock joint, stress controlled spalling, failure modes of fractured rock mass, relaxation damage of fractured rock columnar joints, localized stress affected by structural surfaces and stress controlled problems of superior fracture combinations. Engineering countermeasures are also summarised, which includes supporting measures, construction methods, supporting time, and monitoring and feedback methods for different types of failure. Through these measures, rock mechanics problems are successfully solved. Stability control of the surrounding rock of underground caverns under complicated geological conditions are achieved, ensuring successful completion of the enormous diversion tunnel of Baihetan.      

宁和城际矿山法隧道下穿国铁隧道影响分析

为验证矿山法隧道设计的合理性和下穿货运铁路隧道的安全性,采用数值模拟方法,对宁和城际矿山法区间下穿宁芜货运铁路隧道的影响进行了研究分析。结果表明,区间隧道施工完成后,宁芜货运铁路隧道的最大沉降为6.7 mm,最大水平位移为1.2mm,引起的最大附加弯矩为32 k N·m,变形值满足货运铁路的运营要求,内力值也在结构的设计范围内。说明定向管棚+超前小导管的地层加固措施是可行的,矿山法隧道下穿铁路的设计是合理的,可为类似工程提供参考。     

基于对流-导热耦合作用的寒区隧道保温隔热层研究

寒区隧道的抗冻措施研究对隧道建设有重要意义,基于对流-导热耦合作用的非稳态传热有限差分计算模型,计算分析寒区隧道多年冻土和非冻土段外贴式及中隔式保温隔热层的保温隔热效果,并对寒区隧道纵向铺设保温隔热层后的抗冻效果展开研究。结果表明:1)在非冻土地层外贴式保温层保温效果较佳,在多年冻土地层中隔式隔热层隔热效果较佳,两者效果相差不大;2)受周期性入口风温的影响,隧道衬砌背后温度呈现周期性变化,变化幅度逐年递减。在材料、施工允许的前提下,建议采用外贴式保温隔热层;设计时,保温隔热层厚度应作经济技术比选。本文研究成果可供寒区隧道设计者与研究者参考。