Analysis of Adaptability of TBM in Trial Boring Stage of Super long Tunnel（超特长隧洞TBM集群试掘进阶段适应性分析）

The total length of the 2nd stage water transfer project in the northern area of Xinjiang of China is 540 km. The project consists of three tunnels, namely Xi Er (XE) Tunnel, Ka Shuang (KS) Tunnel and Shuang San (SS)〖HJ6.5mm〗 Tunnel, with lengths of 139.04 km, 283.27 km and 92.15 km respectively. All of these three tunnels have deep cover and are super long tunnels, and 95.6% of the total length of these three tunnels is constructed by TBMs. KS Tunnel is the longest water tunnel built or under construction in the world. In the paper, the trial TBM boring scheme and schedule of the water transfer project are introduced; the geological conditions revealed are statistically analyzed; and main project difficulties, i.e. durability of key equipment in long distance driving, passing through fault and fracture zones, water inrush, single head ventilation and transportation in long distance tunneling, anti slope drainage, and rock breaking efficiency and boring efficiency, are put forward. The adaptability of the TBMs used is analyzed from the aspects of adaptability to different surrounding rocks, adaptability to bad geological conditions and countermeasures, long distance ventilation and belt conveyor mucking and countermeasures, and TBM boring stability (such as equipment availability, boring time proportion, system malfunction and operation time). The following conclusions are obtained: (1) Accurate geological survey is the precondition of efficient tunneling. (2) The open type TBM can better adapt to Grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ of surrounding rocks, jointed and fractured zones and small faults; the adaptability of the TBMs used to the large scale fault fracture zones and water rich strata in this project is poor, and it needs to be improved in aspects of TBM equipment, supporting and construction technology. (3) The average availability of the TBM equipment in the trial boring stage is 89.9%, however, the malfunction rate of some ancillary equipment is high, particularly oil leakages occur to the main bearing seals; in order to achieve long distance tunneling, it is necessary to further improve the reliability and durability of the TBM equipment. (4) The average net boring efficiency in the trial boring stage is 296%, and TBM1 in Section Ⅱ of SS Tunnel achieves up to 45.2 % net boring efficiency; and highest monthly progress rate is 1 280 m, which created the highest record of the open type TBM boring in China. (5) TBM need to make great efforts to achieve 90% of the equipment system′s availability and over 40% of the tunneling efficiency.     

金家庄特长螺旋隧道施工通风方案优化分析

为加快长大隧道施工进度，多采用开挖斜井增加工作面，而多工作面同时施工时，通风成为影响掘进速度的重要因素。以金家庄螺旋隧道斜井工区工程为依托，针对左线现有压入式通风方案工作面风量较小、通风效果较差的问题，提出风仓式通风方案。采用三维数值模型对2种方案的“风机-风管-隧道”系统进行计算分析，并将数值计算所得测点风速与现测数据进行校验。计算结果表明： 1）现有压入式通风，风管供风量和洞内风速均不能满足隧道施工通风要求； 2）采用风仓式通风方案后，能较好地控制工作面风管出口风量，使各工作面风量满足要求； 3）风仓式通风具有灵活性，可随着隧道开挖进尺的增加，调节风仓内风机，控制工作面风量； 4）风仓式通风能减少风管长度和转角，从而减少漏风量和风压损失，较好地为工作面提供风量。本文研究成果可为类似工程提供参考，具有实际工程意义。     

Key Rock Mechanics Problems and Countermeasures on Huge Diversion Tunnel of Baihetan Hydropower Station（白鹤滩水电站巨型导流洞关键岩石力学问题与对策）

The large scale diversion tunnel of Baihetan Hydropower Station has complex geological conditions, thus various problems of rock mechanics appeared during the process of excavation. Typical damage and fracture mechanics are analyzed in depth, including the collapse along weak rock joint, stress controlled spalling, failure modes of fractured rock mass, relaxation damage of fractured rock columnar joints, localized stress affected by structural surfaces and stress controlled problems of superior fracture combinations. Engineering countermeasures are also summarised, which includes supporting measures, construction methods, supporting time, and monitoring and feedback methods for different types of failure. Through these measures, rock mechanics problems are successfully solved. Stability control of the surrounding rock of underground caverns under complicated geological conditions are achieved, ensuring successful completion of the enormous diversion tunnel of Baihetan.      

宁和城际矿山法隧道下穿国铁隧道影响分析

为验证矿山法隧道设计的合理性和下穿货运铁路隧道的安全性,采用数值模拟方法,对宁和城际矿山法区间下穿宁芜货运铁路隧道的影响进行了研究分析。结果表明,区间隧道施工完成后,宁芜货运铁路隧道的最大沉降为6.7 mm,最大水平位移为1.2mm,引起的最大附加弯矩为32 k N·m,变形值满足货运铁路的运营要求,内力值也在结构的设计范围内。说明定向管棚+超前小导管的地层加固措施是可行的,矿山法隧道下穿铁路的设计是合理的,可为类似工程提供参考。     

基于对流-导热耦合作用的寒区隧道保温隔热层研究

寒区隧道的抗冻措施研究对隧道建设有重要意义,基于对流-导热耦合作用的非稳态传热有限差分计算模型,计算分析寒区隧道多年冻土和非冻土段外贴式及中隔式保温隔热层的保温隔热效果,并对寒区隧道纵向铺设保温隔热层后的抗冻效果展开研究。结果表明:1)在非冻土地层外贴式保温层保温效果较佳,在多年冻土地层中隔式隔热层隔热效果较佳,两者效果相差不大;2)受周期性入口风温的影响,隧道衬砌背后温度呈现周期性变化,变化幅度逐年递减。在材料、施工允许的前提下,建议采用外贴式保温隔热层;设计时,保温隔热层厚度应作经济技术比选。本文研究成果可供寒区隧道设计者与研究者参考。     

高地应力深埋层状围岩隧道非对称变形受力机制研究

为深入研究高地应力层状围岩中隧道和支护结构的非对称变形受力特性和机制,以绵茂公路篮家岩隧道为工程背景,采用现场监测和数值模拟相结合的方法,研究不同层理角度和地应力方向下隧道变形、钢拱架应力以及二次衬砌弯矩和轴力的变化规律。结果表明： 1）层状围岩中隧道结构受力的最不利位置常出现在层理面法向方向; 2）隧道的非对称变形机制在于地应力对层理面产生的法向挤压作用和切向滑移作用,当层理面角度缓倾时,隧道拱顶和拱底承受较大挤出变形,当层理面角度陡倾时,地应力方向与层理面夹角越小,隧道衬砌在主应力作用位置产生的滑移变形越大。最后,根据层状围岩隧道变形和衬砌受力特征,提出合理的支护优化措施。     

地铁施工扰动区探测及注浆效果评价

地铁施工引起土体疏松、松散和空洞,进而影响地铁运营和地铁周边建筑物的安全。为探索地铁施工扰动区探测及注浆效果评价的有效手段,介绍了SSP技术的原理和特点,并结合SSP技术在北京地铁14号线甜水园中街区段的应用实例,说明了该技术在地铁施工引起的土体扰动探测及注浆效果评价中的应用效果。结果表明： 注浆区在SSP的波速图像中表现为高速异常,扰动区表现为低速异常,根据SSP波速图像中高、低波速异常的分布可判定注浆区与地铁施工扰动区的位置与形态。该技术还具有抗干扰能力强、探测深度大和分辨率高等特点,是城市地铁施工与环境影响探测与评价的有效手段。     

新建花东铁路过河隧道案例探讨

花东铁路电气化新建工程之溪口隧道(3 140 m)及光复隧道(2 360 m)是平原区浅覆盖隧道,内空净宽11.3 m,布设2股轨道及两侧维修步道。隧道施工以明挖覆盖工法为主,但在过河段穿越寿丰溪北岸(75 m)及南岸(85 m)堤防段、马太鞍溪北岸(170 m)及南岸(120 m)四处堤防段则采用隧道钻掘工法施作。钻掘隧道覆土高6～18 m,穿越砾石层,开挖断面宽度13.7 m,断面积131.3 m2。钻掘隧道开挖采新奥工法(NATM)进行,因覆土浅且地质松软,拱作用难以形成,开挖时需配合地盘改良及先撑管幂进行。施作方式依序为地表垂直钻孔进行固结灌浆、打设先撑管幂,隧道开挖时则以钢支保、喷混凝土及岩栓作为临时支撑,最后施筑钢筋混凝土内衬砌。     

高海拔寒区隧道施工粉尘及有害气体监测与控制技术

高海拔寒区隧道恶劣的施工环境是限制施工进度的瓶颈,为了研究施工粉尘、有害气体的浓度及分布规律,采用滤膜测尘法和便携式CO检测仪分别对鸡丑山隧道粉尘和CO进行现场监测,用统计法对数据进行处理。结果表明： 不同的施工工序粉尘和有害气体含量差别较大,喷浆作业粉尘浓度最高,爆破作业有害气体浓度较高,出渣作业粉尘和有害气体浓度均较高,只有立架作业时隧道空气条件相对较好,无轨出渣是制约高海拔寒区隧道施工环境问题的最关键因素。结合高海拔地区隧道施工环境的特殊性,提出粉尘和有害气体的控制措施,并对提出的措施进行现场监测效果验证。研究结果对高海拔寒区隧道施工环境的控制具有借鉴意义。