有、无柱地铁地下车站地震响应对比分析

为了解有柱与无柱地铁地下车站结构地震响应特性的异同,采用ABAQUS软件对2种地铁车站结构进行了水平向的非线性地震响应数值模拟,对比分析了在3种地震波不同峰值加速度作用下2种结构的响应特性。结果表明:1)2种车站结构的地震响应规律基本相似,在强震作用下均会受到严重的损伤,除侧墙与顶底板的连接处外,有柱车站的中柱与无柱车站的底板均为抗震的薄弱点,应注重加强其抗震性能;2)顶底板间最大的相对水平位移与输入波峰值加速度近似呈线性增大关系,且与波的频谱特性密切相关;3)在地震作用过程中产生的单向累积残余变形沿侧墙高度的变化曲线呈波浪状,最终摆向与最大摆幅的摆向一致;4)2种车站结构的加速度时程曲线形状相似,且相对基岩输入波有明显的放大。     

TBM拆卸洞及拆机起重系统优化设计研究

TBM洞内拆机一般是在隧道内修建大断面拆卸洞,安装桥式起重机拆机。大断面拆卸洞施工难度较大,施工工期长,成本投入大。为了缩短TBM拆卸洞施工及拆机时间,减小施工难度,以南疆铁路吐库二线中天山隧道TBM拆机为例,研究设计适应性更好的小车式电动葫芦+倒链起重系统。该系统采取在隧道拱顶布设锚杆来固定导轨和独立吊点。通过对拆卸洞结构原设计方案与优化设计方案进行比选,确定优化断面的结构形式和断面尺寸,优化后拆卸洞断面缩小1/3,施工难度降低,达到安全快速拆卸TBM的目的。     

Analysis of Adaptability of TBM in Trial Boring Stage of Super long Tunnel（超特长隧洞TBM集群试掘进阶段适应性分析）

The total length of the 2nd stage water transfer project in the northern area of Xinjiang of China is 540 km. The project consists of three tunnels, namely Xi Er (XE) Tunnel, Ka Shuang (KS) Tunnel and Shuang San (SS)〖HJ6.5mm〗 Tunnel, with lengths of 139.04 km, 283.27 km and 92.15 km respectively. All of these three tunnels have deep cover and are super long tunnels, and 95.6% of the total length of these three tunnels is constructed by TBMs. KS Tunnel is the longest water tunnel built or under construction in the world. In the paper, the trial TBM boring scheme and schedule of the water transfer project are introduced; the geological conditions revealed are statistically analyzed; and main project difficulties, i.e. durability of key equipment in long distance driving, passing through fault and fracture zones, water inrush, single head ventilation and transportation in long distance tunneling, anti slope drainage, and rock breaking efficiency and boring efficiency, are put forward. The adaptability of the TBMs used is analyzed from the aspects of adaptability to different surrounding rocks, adaptability to bad geological conditions and countermeasures, long distance ventilation and belt conveyor mucking and countermeasures, and TBM boring stability (such as equipment availability, boring time proportion, system malfunction and operation time). The following conclusions are obtained: (1) Accurate geological survey is the precondition of efficient tunneling. (2) The open type TBM can better adapt to Grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ of surrounding rocks, jointed and fractured zones and small faults; the adaptability of the TBMs used to the large scale fault fracture zones and water rich strata in this project is poor, and it needs to be improved in aspects of TBM equipment, supporting and construction technology. (3) The average availability of the TBM equipment in the trial boring stage is 89.9%, however, the malfunction rate of some ancillary equipment is high, particularly oil leakages occur to the main bearing seals; in order to achieve long distance tunneling, it is necessary to further improve the reliability and durability of the TBM equipment. (4) The average net boring efficiency in the trial boring stage is 296%, and TBM1 in Section Ⅱ of SS Tunnel achieves up to 45.2 % net boring efficiency; and highest monthly progress rate is 1 280 m, which created the highest record of the open type TBM boring in China. (5) TBM need to make great efforts to achieve 90% of the equipment system′s availability and over 40% of the tunneling efficiency.     

金家庄特长螺旋隧道施工通风方案优化分析

为加快长大隧道施工进度，多采用开挖斜井增加工作面，而多工作面同时施工时，通风成为影响掘进速度的重要因素。以金家庄螺旋隧道斜井工区工程为依托，针对左线现有压入式通风方案工作面风量较小、通风效果较差的问题，提出风仓式通风方案。采用三维数值模型对2种方案的“风机-风管-隧道”系统进行计算分析，并将数值计算所得测点风速与现测数据进行校验。计算结果表明： 1）现有压入式通风，风管供风量和洞内风速均不能满足隧道施工通风要求； 2）采用风仓式通风方案后，能较好地控制工作面风管出口风量，使各工作面风量满足要求； 3）风仓式通风具有灵活性，可随着隧道开挖进尺的增加，调节风仓内风机，控制工作面风量； 4）风仓式通风能减少风管长度和转角，从而减少漏风量和风压损失，较好地为工作面提供风量。本文研究成果可为类似工程提供参考，具有实际工程意义。     

Key Rock Mechanics Problems and Countermeasures on Huge Diversion Tunnel of Baihetan Hydropower Station（白鹤滩水电站巨型导流洞关键岩石力学问题与对策）

The large scale diversion tunnel of Baihetan Hydropower Station has complex geological conditions, thus various problems of rock mechanics appeared during the process of excavation. Typical damage and fracture mechanics are analyzed in depth, including the collapse along weak rock joint, stress controlled spalling, failure modes of fractured rock mass, relaxation damage of fractured rock columnar joints, localized stress affected by structural surfaces and stress controlled problems of superior fracture combinations. Engineering countermeasures are also summarised, which includes supporting measures, construction methods, supporting time, and monitoring and feedback methods for different types of failure. Through these measures, rock mechanics problems are successfully solved. Stability control of the surrounding rock of underground caverns under complicated geological conditions are achieved, ensuring successful completion of the enormous diversion tunnel of Baihetan.      

宁和城际矿山法隧道下穿国铁隧道影响分析

为验证矿山法隧道设计的合理性和下穿货运铁路隧道的安全性,采用数值模拟方法,对宁和城际矿山法区间下穿宁芜货运铁路隧道的影响进行了研究分析。结果表明,区间隧道施工完成后,宁芜货运铁路隧道的最大沉降为6.7 mm,最大水平位移为1.2mm,引起的最大附加弯矩为32 k N·m,变形值满足货运铁路的运营要求,内力值也在结构的设计范围内。说明定向管棚+超前小导管的地层加固措施是可行的,矿山法隧道下穿铁路的设计是合理的,可为类似工程提供参考。     

基于对流-导热耦合作用的寒区隧道保温隔热层研究

寒区隧道的抗冻措施研究对隧道建设有重要意义,基于对流-导热耦合作用的非稳态传热有限差分计算模型,计算分析寒区隧道多年冻土和非冻土段外贴式及中隔式保温隔热层的保温隔热效果,并对寒区隧道纵向铺设保温隔热层后的抗冻效果展开研究。结果表明:1)在非冻土地层外贴式保温层保温效果较佳,在多年冻土地层中隔式隔热层隔热效果较佳,两者效果相差不大;2)受周期性入口风温的影响,隧道衬砌背后温度呈现周期性变化,变化幅度逐年递减。在材料、施工允许的前提下,建议采用外贴式保温隔热层;设计时,保温隔热层厚度应作经济技术比选。本文研究成果可供寒区隧道设计者与研究者参考。     

高地应力深埋层状围岩隧道非对称变形受力机制研究

为深入研究高地应力层状围岩中隧道和支护结构的非对称变形受力特性和机制,以绵茂公路篮家岩隧道为工程背景,采用现场监测和数值模拟相结合的方法,研究不同层理角度和地应力方向下隧道变形、钢拱架应力以及二次衬砌弯矩和轴力的变化规律。结果表明： 1）层状围岩中隧道结构受力的最不利位置常出现在层理面法向方向; 2）隧道的非对称变形机制在于地应力对层理面产生的法向挤压作用和切向滑移作用,当层理面角度缓倾时,隧道拱顶和拱底承受较大挤出变形,当层理面角度陡倾时,地应力方向与层理面夹角越小,隧道衬砌在主应力作用位置产生的滑移变形越大。最后,根据层状围岩隧道变形和衬砌受力特征,提出合理的支护优化措施。     

地铁施工扰动区探测及注浆效果评价

地铁施工引起土体疏松、松散和空洞,进而影响地铁运营和地铁周边建筑物的安全。为探索地铁施工扰动区探测及注浆效果评价的有效手段,介绍了SSP技术的原理和特点,并结合SSP技术在北京地铁14号线甜水园中街区段的应用实例,说明了该技术在地铁施工引起的土体扰动探测及注浆效果评价中的应用效果。结果表明： 注浆区在SSP的波速图像中表现为高速异常,扰动区表现为低速异常,根据SSP波速图像中高、低波速异常的分布可判定注浆区与地铁施工扰动区的位置与形态。该技术还具有抗干扰能力强、探测深度大和分辨率高等特点,是城市地铁施工与环境影响探测与评价的有效手段。